The famous Soviet-era linguist Lev Uspensky calls it the most expensive letter in the world. In his work on the origin of words, one can see how he relates to it. In his words, “she absolutely does nothing, helps nothing, expresses nothing.” A pertinent question arises - how did the letter Ъ appear in the Russian language, and what role did the creators assign to it?
The history of the appearance of the letter Ъ
The authorship of the first Russian alphabet is attributed to Cyril and Mythodius. The so-called Cyrillic alphabet, which was based on Greek language, appeared in 863 after the birth of Christ. In their alphabet, the hard sign was number 29 and sounded like ER. (before the reform of 1917-1918 - 27th in a row). The letter Ъ was a short semi-vowel sound without pronunciation. It was placed at the end of a word after a hard consonant.
What then is the meaning of this letter? There are two tractable versions of this explanation.
The first option concerned the Old Slavonic letter itself. Since the familiar spaces at that time simply did not exist, it was she who helped to correctly divide the line into words. As an example: “to God’s chosen king.”
The second explanation is associated with the Church Slavonic pronunciation of words. It was ER that did not muffle the voiced consonant when reading a word, as we see in modern Russian.
We pronounce the words flu and mushroom, which have different meanings, the same way – (flu). There was no such sound phonetics in the Old Church Slavonic language. All words were both written and pronounced. For example: slave, friend, bread. This was explained by the fact that the division of syllables in the Old Church Slavonic language was subject to one law, which sounded like this:
“In the Old Church Slavonic language, the ending of a word cannot have consonants. Otherwise the syllable will be closed. What cannot happen according to this law.”
In view of the above, we decided to assign ERb (Ъ) at the end of words where there are consonants. So it turns out: Deli, Tavern, Pawnshop or Address.
In addition to the above two reasons, there is also a third. It turns out that the letter Ъ was used to indicate male. For example, in nouns: Alexander, wizard, forehead. They also inserted it into verbs, for example: put, sat, (past tense masculine).
Over time, the letter Ъ performed the function of a word separator less and less often. But the “useless” Kommersant at the end of the words still held its position. According to the aforementioned linguist L.V. Uspensky. this small “squiggle” could take up up to 4% of the entire text. And these are millions and millions of pages every year.
18th century reforms
Anyone who believes that the Bolsheviks fired a control shot at the “head” of the ill-fated letter Kommersant and thereby cleansed the Russian language of church prejudices is a little mistaken. The Bolsheviks simply “finished off” her in 1917. It all started much earlier!
Peter himself thought about language reform, especially about Russian writing. An experimenter in life, Peter had long dreamed of inhaling new life in "decrepit" Old Slavonic language. Unfortunately, his plans only remained plans. But the fact that he got this issue off the ground is his merit.
The reforms that Peter began from 1708 to 1710 primarily affected the church script. Filigree squiggles church letters there were replacements with general civilian ones. Letters such as “Omega”, “Psi” or “Yusy” have disappeared into oblivion. The familiar letters E and Z appeared.
The Russian Academy of Sciences began to think about the rationality of using certain letters. So the idea of excluding “Izhitsy” from the alphabet arose among academicians already in 1735. And in one of the printing publications of the same academy, a few years later an article was published without the notorious letter B at the end.
Control shot for the letter Ъ
In 1917, there were two shots - one on the cruiser Aurora, the other at the Academy of Sciences. Some people believe that the reform of Russian writing is the merit of the Bolsheviks exclusively. But historical documents confirm that in this matter, tsarist Russia also moved forward.
In the first years of the 20th century, Moscow and Kazan linguists were already talking about the reform of the Russian language. 1904 was the first step in this direction. A special commission was created at the Academy of Sciences, the purpose of which was to simplify the Russian language. One of the questions at the commission was the notorious letter B. Then the Russian alphabet lost “Fita” and “Yat”. New spelling rules were introduced in 1912, but, unfortunately, they were never censored then.
Thunder struck on December 23, 1917 (01/05/18). On this day, People's Commissar of Education Lunacharsky A.V. signed a decree on the transition to a new spelling. The letter Kommersant, as a symbol of resistance to the Bolsheviks, breathed its last.
In order to speed up the funeral of everything that was associated with the “tsarist regime,” on November 4, 1918, the Bolsheviks issued a decree on the removal of the matrix and letters of the letter Kommersant from printing houses. As a result of this, a spelling miscarriage of the Bolsheviks appeared - the apostrophe. The function of the separator was now played by a comma (lifting, moving).
One era has ended and another has begun. Who would have thought that the small letter B would become so big and important in the confrontation between two worlds, white and red, old and new, before the shot and after!
But the letter Ъ remained. It remains simply as the 28th letter of the alphabet. In modern Russian it plays a different role. But that's a completely different story.
3. SOUNDS AND LETTERS
What are the names of the signs ь and ъ? What do their names have in common and how do they differ? What is it used for?
The dividing hard sign (ъ) is written after consonants denoting hard sounds, before the vowels e, e, yu, ya. For example: departure, rise.
1. Read the words connecting their parts.
2. Write down the resulting words. Label the spellings.
3. Come up with one of the words interrogative sentence. Write it down.
Who will hang the toys faster and more correctly: from ъ - on a small tree, from ь - on a large one. Which toys ended up on the big tree and which ones on the small one?
V..junk monkey..yana sparrow..and leaf..I am friend..I
1. Listen to an excerpt from the story “Pichugin Bridge”, which the teacher will read.
On the way to school, the boys loved to talk about their exploits.
“It would be nice,” explains one, “to save a child in a fire!”
“Even catching the biggest pike is bad,” the second one dreams. “They’ll find out about you right away.”
It’s better to fly to the moon,” says the third boy. - They will know you in all countries.
But Syoma Pichugin never dreamed of anything like that. He decided to throw the bridge directly across the wide river so that everyone could walk comfortably. Helped him de... Since then they began to call it “Pichugin Bridge”.
According to E. Permyak
2. Write out the highlighted words, inserting the missing letters where necessary. Label the spellings. Exchange notebooks and check each other's work.
3. Discuss what a feat is. Which of the guys dreamed of a feat? Who did it? Write down the dialogue, formatting it correctly.
1. Tell us what you know about the sound [th], dividing soft and hard signs, using helping words. In the story, use the following words as examples: stop, iodine, ate, anchor, sparrows, I will announce.
Helping words: sound [th]; letters e, e, yu, i, and; separating soft sign; dividing solid sign.
2. Come up with two or three words that are related to each other.
1. Restore the circuit. What's missing?
2. Pick a pair.
[b] – [?], [c] – [?], [d] – [?], [d] – [?], [g] – [?], [h] – [?]
1. Find the rule “Dividing solid sign” at the end of the textbook. Compare it with the “Separating soft sign” rule. What is the difference?
2. Write down examples with the spelling “Dividing solid sign”, label it. Learn the rule by heart.
3. Come up with and write down sentences with these words.
Write down the answers to the game “Yes - No” and check them with the help of your teacher.
1. Can the vowel letters e, e, yu, i represent one or two sounds?
2. Can soft and hard signs indicate any sound?
3. The softness of consonant sounds in writing can be indicated by the letter ь?
4. The dividing hard sign is written after consonants denoting hard sounds, before the vowels e, e, yu, i?
1. Read the poem by V. Lunin. Find in explanatory dictionary the meaning of the word obegorat.
The wolf is terribly angry...
S..he can’t eat the hedgehog.
The hedgehog, although it is edible,
For eating...I'm inconvenient:
Shrinking, I put out the needles -
Burned the evil wolf.
2. Come up with a title. Write the poem, inserting the missing hard or soft sign.
3. Do a sound-letter analysis of the highlighted words.
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Although the letters b and b themselves do not represent any sounds, they are written in order to pronounce words correctly. Compare, for example: seed (without a soft sign) and family (with a separating soft sign). To remember when to write a soft sign and when to write a hard sign, you need to learn the following rules.
The dividing b is written inside a word (in the root or suffix, but not after the prefix) before the letters E, E, Yu, Ya, I (blizzard, weeds, fox), as well as in some borrowed (foreign) words before the letter O (broth , signor, guillotine). A soft sign usually softens the consonant sound preceding it and, in addition, forces us to pronounce an additional sound [Y].
The letter ъ is written only before e, e, yu, i in the following cases:
1. When combining a prefix ending in a consonant and a root, for example: entrance, volume, supernatural, expression of will, inter-tier.
2. In complex words after the numerals two-, three-, four-, for example: three-tiered.
3. In foreign words after foreign language prefixes ab-, ad-, dis-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, trans- and after the initial compound particle pan-, for example: adjutant, disjunction , injection, interactional, conjuncture, counter-tier, object, subject, trans-European, pan-European.
Examples of words with the separator ъ
Arrival, approach, departure, departure, volume, pre-anniversary, express, will, manifestation, embrace, immense, furious, super natural, shooting, ruffle (hair), cower, clarified (sky), combine, ad, edible, lifting (crane).
Two-language, three-tier, four-tier.
Adjutant, injection, conjuncture, object, subject, trans-European, pan-European.
Examples of words with separator ь
Health, happiness, pours, beats, winds, curls, winds of the south, seven, another sparrow, flake, play, barrier, linen, brilliant, buryan, wind, interview , fox and, gun, I'm naughty, crawl, drink, drink, friend, serious, Tatyana, Mary, sew, sew, spill, monkey, night, leaf, tree I, bird and climbing plants, in the hive, studio, zealous (worker), (make) a speech, (own) a thing.
He’s a battle, he’s a postman, he’s a broth, he’s a pavilion, he’s a company, he’s a medal, he’s a min, he’s a champigne.
Assignment: write down 20 words each with a hard separator and a soft separator.
Filming, entry, went, entrance, announce, separation, announcement, explanation, congress, notorious, lift, scraps, embraced, cringed, pre-anniversary, explain, unwind, eaten up, furious, edible.
Lukomorye, curling, flakes, chickens, blizzard, Tatyana, monkey, serious, barrier, sparrows, linen, dress, hare, rural, trees, animals, harmony, happiness, family, girlish.
The letter Ъ - “hard sign” - is the 28th letter of the Russian alphabet. IN modern language the hard sign does not indicate a sound and serves as a kind of guide for the correct pronunciation of a number of words. However, the hard sign is one of the symbols that formed the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet and, to this day, has gone through a long and difficult path along with the development of the language.
Words with a hard sign: a little history
The hard sign has been known in Cyrillic graphics since ancient times. In the Old Russian language, the letter had a different name - “er” and in some roots it could be pronounced as “o”, and was also written at the end of words ending in a consonant, and after a prefix with a consonant before a root starting with a vowel. This use was practiced until the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1918, during the reform of Russian spelling, the writing of a hard sign at the end of words ending in a consonant was abolished. Today, words with a hard sign in the Russian language are characterized by a total number of more than 140, and the use of this letter is clearly regulated. Let's talk about this in more detail.
Basic groups of words with a hard sign and their spelling norms
Modern Russian language uses the symbol “Ъ” as a separator. The hard sign is used after consonants before iotated vowels e, e, yu, i, mainly at the junction of morphemes.
Solid sign between prefix and root
1. After prefixes ending in a consonant, before a root beginning with a vowel, and in words with native Russian prefixes ( eat, departure, go around, cringe, sarcastic), and in words with borrowed prefixes ( counter-tier, sub-core, trans-European).
2. A separate group consists of borrowed words with a solid sign, starting with combinations ob-, sub-, ad-, ab-, diz-, inter-, con- and others, which were originally prefixes, but in modern Russian are identified as part root: object, subject, adjutant, abjuration, disjunction, intervention, conjuncture.
Solid sign between parts of compound words
1) before the second root after parts two-, three-, four- ( two-tier, three-anchor, four-capacity);
2) words with a separating solid sign are highlighted separately, such as courier And pan-European;
3) if we're talking about about the spelling of complex abbreviated words with a similar structure, then a hard sign is not used in them: specialist, owner, military officer, state language and others.
Hard sign in proper names and their derivatives
There are a number of nouns and their derivatives (names of people and geographical names), where the hard sign is also used: city Kizilyurt, village Toryal, lake Jyväsjärvi, artist Guo Hengyu.
Thus, words with a hard sign in the modern Russian language are a separate group with their own patterns in spelling. Unlike a soft sign, which can be used several times in the same word, a hard sign can only be used once in one word. The above cases of using a hard sign are clear rules that must always be followed. In situations not discussed in this article, under similar conditions, a soft separating sign is used.
DividingKommersantwritten after consonants before lettersI, Yu, Yo, E,conveying combinations [j] with vowels, in the following cases.
1. After prefixes ending in a consonant .
For example:
a) in words with Russian prefixes: non-nuclear, reveal, enraged, become enraged, worn out, interlingual, get fed up, go around, departure, lift, pre-anniversary, present, disperse, detachable, eat, shrink, sarcastic, supernatural, super-capacious, super-bright.
Letter ъ traditionally it is also written in the word flaw, Although from- is not a prefix in it.
b) in words with prefixes of foreign origin : counter-tier, post-nuclear, post-anniversary, subunit, sub-core, superyacht, trans-European .
Words of foreign origin with initial parts are also written ab-, ad-, dis-, in-, inter-, con-, ob-, sub- , which in the source language are prefixes, but in the Russian language they are usually not distinguished as prefixes. These include: abjuration, adjective, adjectivation, adjunct, adjustage, adjutant, disjunction, injection, injected, interjection, coadjutor, conjecture, conjugates, conjugation, conjunctiva, conjunctiva, conjunctivitis, conjuncture, conjunction, object, objective, subject, subjective .
2. In complex words:
a) after the initial parts two-, three-, four- , For example: double-anchor, double-capacity, triple-core, quadruple-tier ;
b) in words pan-European, courier .
After the initial parts of compound words, a separator ъ traditionally it is not written, for example: military lawyer, state language, children, party cell, food fair, special education, household unit, foreign language, Inyurkollegiya, Ministry of Justice.
3. The letter ъ is also written when transmitting foreign proper names and words derived from them (after letters containing paired hard consonants), for example: Kizilyurt(city in Dagestan), Toryal(village in the Republic of Mari El), Guo Hengyu(Chinese personal name), Hengyang(city in China), Tazabagyab culture(archaeological), Jyväsjärvi(lake in Finland), Manyoshu(anthology of ancient Japanese poetry).
In this case, the separating ъ also possible before the letter And , For example: Junichiro(Japanese name).
Note!
1) The letter ъ is not written before letters a, o, y, e, and, s.
For example: interatomic, counterstrike, transoceanic, three-story.
2) The letter ъ is not written in the middle of a word (not after a prefix!), for example: dress, clerk Exception – courier.
3) The letter ъ is not written at the junction of parts of a compound word.
For example: detyasli (nurseries), Inyaz (Institute of Foreign Languages).
4 ) The letter ъ is not written in a noun clerk(there is no prefix in this word under- !). A separator is written in the middle of the word b , since the prefix stands out here By- and the root dyak (-dyach-).
5) In the middle of a word (at the root) rearguard write separator ь , but not ъ , since prefixes ar- not in Russian.
6) In a word flaw (Turk.) written ъ by analogy with the verb take away.
Dividing b written after consonants before letters i, yu, e, e, and, conveying combinations [j] with vowels.
For example:
- ya : devil, yudyachiy, monkey, billiards, family, drunk, ears of corn, draw, shepherd's, Lukyan;
-yu : loach, interview, pour, family, drink, trot, fifty, sew, fut(interjection);
- yo : nightingale, gun, drinking, crow, serious, life, whose, sewing;
-ye : premiere, play, courier, entertainer, jam, calm, Vietnam, Fourier;
-y : passerine, nightingales, pancakes, bearish, vary, articles, whose, Vigny.
1) The separating b is written in the middle of the word (not after the prefix!) after a consonant before letters e, e, yu, i, if after a consonant before a vowel it sounds [j]; for example: vVyot [v’jot], loach [v’jun], clerk [d’jak]).
2) The separative b is written in some borrowed words (as a sound signal [j]) after a consonant before a letter O.
For example: bouillon[bul'jon], sir[sin'jor], minion[min'jon].