Main aspects of organizing and maintaining accounting records of finished products and their sales at LLC “SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya”

According to the Order on the accounting policy of LLC SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya, accounting is maintained by the accounting service, taking into account all regulatory and legislative acts of the Russian Federation, using computer equipment and the accounting program 1C: Enterprise.

Finished products are part of an organization’s inventory, intended for sale, which is the end result of the production process, completed by processing, the technical and quality characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Due to the fact that a very large number of forms are used, in the accounting service of SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC, three accountants deal with this directly, without being distracted by other areas. They fill out forms of primary documentation for the receipt and consumption of products; on the movement of products; for shipping products outside the Company; for selling products. Fill out registers and statements of product movement, issue vouchers for the export of products.

At SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC, finished products are valued at actual cost.

SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC has adopted a simple cost accounting method: they are written off directly to the corresponding facility. In this case, costs are grouped by type of production: main, auxiliary, service.

The costs of main production are differentiated according to their economic content into the costs of consumed fixed and working capital and labor costs; according to its technological characteristics - for basic costs, that is, those that arose directly in connection with the production process: labor costs, costs for the purchase of materials and raw materials, operation of fixed assets, and overhead, that is, management.

General production expenses of SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC are collected on account 25 “General production expenses. The debit records expenses, and the credit records their distribution. For example:

D 25 K 70 - wages accrued to employees engaged in production maintenance;

D 25 K 10 - material used for production, etc., is written off.

At the end of the year, general production costs are distributed and included in the cost of specific types of products indirectly, that is, by distribution in proportion to the selected base. General production costs are distributed in proportion to the main costs.

According to the accounting policy of the enterprise, the sequence of closing cost accounts is as follows: 23, 25, 26.

At SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC, sales of manufactured products are carried out directly. The direct method involves delivering goods from the manufacturer directly to the consumer. Among the largest corporate clients of SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC are: SVS Holding; JSC Russian Railways; CJSC MF "Stalkonstruktsiya"; CJSC "Stalkonstruktsiya-V"; JSC VU "Stalkonstruktsiya"; LLC "Steel Structures-1"; LLC "Sigma-M"; JSC "Stalmontazh"; MegaMechStroy LLC; LLC "Construction Company Temp 21 Century"; SK Promstroy Service LLC, Troy Rus LLC and others.

Settlements for such operations are made to account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”.

According to the accounting policy of the enterprise, shipment of manufactured products is carried out only upon prepayment, after shipment an invoice is issued. The products themselves are written off to the sales account.

Analytical accounting for account 62 is carried out for each invoice submitted by the buyer, and when making payments by scheduled payments - for each buyer or customer in the 1C: Accounting system. At the end of the month, data on account 62 is automatically transferred to the order journal, and from it to the General Ledger. Revenue from the sale of products is reflected in account 90 “Sales”:

D 62 K 90 - revenue from sales of products (works, services) is reflected.

Accounting for sales expenses at SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC is carried out as standard. For analytical accounting, account 44 “Sales expenses” is used.

At the end of the year, LLC SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya determines the financial result of its activities. Indicators characterizing the economic efficiency of production activities are gross income, net income, profit. The financial accounting system, as a final stage, includes the derivation of financial results of activities in the form of profits and losses. For this purpose, account 99 “Profits and losses” is used, where losses are reflected in debit, and profits are reflected in credit. A comparison of debit and credit turnover for the reporting period shows the final financial result of the reporting period - profit (loss).

In the accounting records of the organization, these business transactions are reflected as follows.

Accounting for the release of metal from the warehouse to the procurement shop

Accounting for metal cutting using application cards

Calculation of metal consumption efficiency

The cost of materials in the structure of the cost of mechanical engineering products constitutes a significant share, therefore control over metal consumption has a positive effect on the profitability of production. The rational and standardized use of metal and the reduction of material costs are largely determined by the establishment of primary accounting and the organization of analytical work.

Let's consider the specifics of the work of the procurement shop of a machine-building plant, in which about 70% of the metal is processed.

Release of metal from warehouse

Mechanical engineering production requires the presence of a large number of different types of metal in stock. And in order to control its use, enterprises, as a rule, develop lists of consumed metal according to its homogeneous characteristics; they use a detailed grouping of metal according to technical characteristics and properties, for example, ferrous and non-ferrous metal. Within groups and subgroups, metal is taken into account in the context of individual types, brands, grades and standard sizes.

Note!

Metal must be released from the warehouse to the procurement shop by weight in strict accordance with consumption standards for a given production volume, within pre-established limits.

Vacation limits are set on the basis of material consumption standards developed by the chief technologist's service, production programs of workshops, taking into account the remaining metal at the beginning and end of the planning period.

To control the consumption of metal at an enterprise, you can establish the following procedure: metal is released into metal (for example, sheets, channels, pipes) only to the procurement shop. All other workshops receive metal in the form of blanks, which are cut to a given size by the procurement workshop.

For example, a mechanical or welding shop will receive from a blank shop for processing, welding or installing a workpiece on a part - rib, wall, flange, etc.

The metal audit must be carried out simultaneously in the metal warehouse and in the procurement workshop. At some enterprises (usually not large ones), the division into a metal warehouse and a procurement shop (section) is very arbitrary, only documented - according to the staffing table, according to reporting in the accounting department.

Metal arrives from the warehouse to the procurement shop. on limit-fence cards.

For your information

The enterprise has the right to develop its own forms of accounting documents for the movement of metal, taking into account the specifics. The main thing is that the documents contain the entire set of necessary details established for primary documents.

The intake limit card is a supporting document for writing off metal from the warehouse. Based on the planned demand, products that are already being launched or are planned to be launched, economists from the Planning and Economic Department (PED) issue limit cards in duplicate for a month. One copy of the card is transferred to the procurement workshop, the second to the warehouse.

Each copy indicates the limit, name, cost code and other data.

Metal is released into production from the warehouse upon presentation by the foreman (storekeeper) of the procurement shop of his copy of the limit-receipt card. The warehouse storekeeper notes in both copies the date and quantity of materials issued, and then displays the remainder of the limit.

The limit and intake card of the procurement shop is signed by the warehouse storekeeper, and the limit and intake card of the metal warehouse is signed by the workshop foreman/storekeeper. This ensures mutual control over the correctness of the entries made in the primary document.

At the end of the month, both copies of limit and intake cards are transferred to the accounting department, where their results are verified and the consumption of metal from the warehouse and registration in the procurement workshop is reflected.

Note!

Limit-fence cards allow you to control the receipt of metal from the warehouse within the prescribed limit and reduce the number of one-time documents.

If unused metal is returned, a record of this is also made in limit-fence card(usually on the reverse side) without drawing up additional accompanying documents.

For your information

A limit-receipt card can be issued to receive metal for one type of product, or for a list of products that are already partially launched or that are just planned to be launched - it all depends on the size, capacity of the metal warehouse and the storage room of the procurement workshop.

What are the features of metal tempering? Metal comes, for example, in sheets, is recorded in kilograms, and according to standards, products require a weight equivalent to 2/3 of this sheet. At the stage of obtaining metal according to the limit-fence card, there is no point in cutting this sheet: if you cut it now, then when cutting into blanks there may not be enough metal for large-sized parts.

Such a sheet is sent to the procurement shop in its entirety, and after it is cut, the remainder will be processed into blanks. These balances will be tracked in the procurement department. If necessary, the remainder can be returned to the metal warehouse if it is large. Therefore, when metal is sent from a warehouse to only one workshop - the procurement workshop, you always know where to look for a shortage item: either in the metal warehouse, or in the procurement workshop.

Therefore, in the presented limit-fence card, deviations from the norms are observed: for the position “Sheet S8 Steel 45 art. 11478" was released to the workshop with 0.73 kg less, and for the position "Pipe Prof. 25×25×2 art. 15784" - 14.6 kg more. Of course, this may also be the result of inaccuracies in accounting and abuse.

At this stage, we can suggest the following:

• when receiving metal from a supplier, indicate on the registration card the weight of one unit of sheet or pipe (for example, they brought 10 pieces of sheets and put them on receipt under one article and total weight);
• allow over-expenditure or shortfall according to the standards in accordance with the limit-fence card, no less/more than the weight of one piece of the corresponding name of metal.

For your information

Deviations in the limit-fence map, when accounting is properly structured, do not affect the cost of production, but only affect the level of warehouse balances for each division and metal supply plans.

Cutting into blanks

Operations for cutting metal into workpieces, identification of these workpieces, metal consumption according to technological documents for a specific part according to the standard are documented using application cards for receiving supplies. The cost of blanks according to this document should be reflected in the cost of production.

An application card for obtaining workpieces is issued by an authorized employee of the workshop who needs the workpieces (these are, as a rule, foremen and technologists of the mechanical, assembly and welding, and experimental shops). The customer workshop indicates:

• purpose of the workpiece (product code, which will include the finished part);
• identification details of the part (name, decimal number of the drawing);
• the number of required blanks.

Data on the final size of the workpiece and on the size of the workpiece with allowance (consumption rate) are technical documentation data processed by the chief technologist’s department, therefore they are included in the application card automatically or are entered manually by the customer from the technical documentation.

Note!

The foreman of the customer workshop and the head of the procurement workshop only control such parameters as the final size of the workpiece and the size of the workpiece with allowance. They should not be directly responsible for the consumption rate - only for the fact.

Data on actual consumption is filled out by the master or technologist of the procurement shop based on the actual metal consumed. Ideally, the columns “Workpiece size with allowance” and “Actual consumption” should not differ (see example of an application card below). This happens with a circle, a pipe, channels - metal consumed by the meter.

If the workpiece is cut from a sheet, then simultaneously with the part, pieces can be formed that are suitable for cutting smaller parts - business waste and much smaller ones that are not suitable for use - scrap metal. To judge whether such waste existed or not, the application card provides space for a sketch. Data on the amount of business waste and scrap metal generated is also indicated in this primary document and placed on the parish.

An application card for receiving workpieces allows you not only to control the actual write-off, its compliance with standards, to identify savings/overexpenditures for each individual workpiece or batch of workpieces: the procurement shop foreman cannot just cut the metal into pieces that may not be needed at all later . To consume metal, it must have a reason.

For example, the foreman of the procurement shop has a shortage of the item “Circle D 75 Steel 20”. He knows that an audit is planned for the metal warehouse and the procurement workshop - they will audit the metal, but not the workpieces, and he can record the cutting of the workpiece without actually cutting it down - the shortage will not be identified.

Important

Blanks should be manufactured only on the basis of an application from workshop specialists, who then process these blanks - turn them into a finished part, a finished product. Depending on the high cost of the metal used and the quality of planning, the application card, in addition to the customer workshop, can be additionally endorsed by specialists from the production and dispatch department. This will confirm that the manufacture of products that include this part is actually provided for in the production program.

The procurement shop transfers the workpieces to the processing shops by invoices one by one, but preserving the analytics of the source material.

Consumption efficiency

A separately taken card, a card-application for receiving blanks, does not give an idea of ​​how fully, for example, a sheet of metal was used, what the total losses were for one nomenclature item of metal (article, one receipt, one sheet), since the card provides consumption analytics only for one part blank or a batch of identical blanks. In this regard, it is advisable to draw up a consolidated document - “Control analytics of metal consumption by article”, which reflects the entire list of blanks cut from this sheet, the resulting business waste and scrap metal. If necessary, the economist can raise each individual application card to which there is a link.

In this document, the following efficiency coefficients are derived for one article:

1. Metal efficiency factor- is determined by dividing the amount of metal used for workpieces (taking into account allowances for cutting, cutting) by the total initial weight of this metal:

16,095 / 16,95 = 0,9496.

For your information

Each enterprise should strive to maximize this coefficient, because the higher it is, the more efficient the cutting, the more economical the metal consumption, and, as a result, savings on the purchase of materials.

2. Business waste rate (residues)— is determined by dividing the weight of the pieces of the resulting business waste by the total initial weight:

0,721 / 16,95 = 0,0425.

3. Waste ratio (scrap metal)— the weight of the scrap metal received is divided by the total weight:

0,134 / 16,95 = 0,0079.

Depending on the accounting policy and management’s attitude towards the standards, the following manipulations may occur on the part of the procurement shop staff:

• or more metal is written off for the weight of the workpiece, and then there is an overexpenditure of norms for individual parts;
• or more is written off as business waste and metal - hence the high and ineffective values ​​of the coefficients of useful use of metal, business waste and scrap metal.

An economist should not refuse to work with such coefficients. It is important to organize the receipt of such analytics, accumulate statistics on these coefficients, analyze it taking into account the range of manufactured products, the equipment used for cutting/cutting blanks, craftsmen, storekeepers, and procurement shop workers.

Statistics and analysis must be performed separately for each standard size, for example separately for sheets S8 and S20. Based on the results of the analysis, standard values ​​for each coefficient should be approved by management. Then, if in the current reporting period the metal utilization rate is below the approved level, the economist will have the right to demand an explanation from the shop management.

Another direction of analysis of cutting efficiency is determining the coefficient of metal utilization per part. Calculated using the formula:

K m = M d / M n,

where Km is the coefficient of metal utilization per part (a measure of the density of workpieces);

M d - mass of the part, kg;

M n - rate of material consumption per part, kg.

The coefficient shows the level of efficiency in the use of metal, compliance with consumption standards, as well as the degree of accuracy of the manufactured workpieces:

• rude - Km< 0,5;
• reduced accuracy: 0.5 ≤Km<0,75;
• precise: 0.75 ≤Km ≤0.95;
• increased accuracy, for which Km >0.95.

Let's calculate the metal utilization factor for the part “Flange ABC 1544.01.008” (the result is presented in Table 1).

Table 1

Calculation of the metal utilization factor for the part “Flange ABC 1544.01.008”

The difference in coefficients is insignificant:

0,647 - 0,653 = -0,006.

Both coefficients fall into the group of reduced precision blanks. It can be argued that 0.353 of the workpiece went into scrap metal, shavings, and waste. Of course, the efficiency of using metal is determined by the shape of the part. And if, according to the previous three coefficients, the economist needs to work with the employees of the procurement shop, then in this case - with the technologists, because they are the ones who describe the manufacturing technology, lay down the raw materials and consumption rates.

To increase the metal utilization rate per part, you should:

• for the most material-intensive, most frequently manufactured parts - perform the calculation indicated above;
• for rough and reduced precision workpieces - compile a separate list and submit it to the chief technologist;
• request the chief technologist to reconsider the manufacturing technology of the parts on the list; it may be possible to manufacture the part using a different technology or with the involvement of third-party cooperation;
• simultaneously transfer the list to the chief designer so that he revises the design of the manufactured products and, if possible, replaces the parts listed in the list with ones close to K m >0.95;
• if a particular product contains too many rough parts, suggest that management abandon its production, and designers instead develop a design that is more efficient in terms of metal consumption.

Let's look at an example. Thus, the initial cost of materials for Flange ABC 1544.01.008 is 5.3 × 120 = 636 rubles, of which only 0.647 × 636 = 411.49 rubles. the part costs 224.51 rubles. "gone" into waste.

If it is possible to increase K m to 0.95, then the cost of materials in the workpiece will be 411.49 / 0.95 = 433.15 rubles.

The savings on one part will be 636 - 433.15 = 202.85 rubles.

If 1000 such parts are produced per year, the savings will be 202,850 rubles. per year on only one part. And there may be more than one of these on the list.

In general, this is a rather interesting area of ​​​​working with technologists. But you need to remember that if savings of 202.85 thousand rubles are planned on materials, then the enterprise should not receive a significant increase in labor costs (with all the charges and labor-related overhead costs) - such savings are meaningless, and you can’t call it savings .

Replacement permit

Reduced values ​​of the coefficient of metal utilization per part (actual to planned) are often observed when an enterprise replaces one item with another, for example, instead of sheet S8, sheet S12 was taken. Such metal replacement is usually carried out after obtaining a permit - certificate of permission for replacement.

When replacing, the limit and intake card indicates: “Replacement according to act No. _”, while necessarily reducing the balance. The effect of such an act is usually limited by time, type of product or a single detail. Usually issued for a period of no more than 3 months.

All details are filled out in the act: quantity, batch size, document validity period, etc. Its validity period can be adjusted by the manager approving the permit.

In cases where the metal required by the technology is not currently available, on the basis of the act, another permitted, but not provided for by the standards, metal with identical properties can be used.

The authorization certificate must be endorsed by the heads of the logistics department (OMTS), the production dispatch department (PDO), PEO, the departments of the chief designer and chief technologist, according to the production director.

Read more in the next issue.

Accounting is the most important area of ​​work for employees of an industrial enterprise. Based on what principles should it be built? What accounting accounts are used to record business transactions in production?

Accounting as a system

Among Russian experts, there is a widespread approach according to which accounting in production should be considered as a special system. Optimally - as an information one, along with others that belong to the corresponding category (for example, with technological, regulatory systems). From this point of view, accounting in production can also be a part of the financial system, and the most important one, since it is on the basis of data generated by competent specialists with a financial education that the economic indicators of the enterprise are assessed.

Using synthetic and analytical methods, the accountant creates an information base that reflects the assets, liabilities of the company, and the results of its economic activities. Accounting as a system can be a resource useful both for enterprise managers who make various management decisions, and for the owners of the company, its shareholders, investors, and creditors.

The data contained in industrial accounting can be used when planning business development, making decisions regarding changes to the company’s management model, and setting priorities when investing in various projects.

Very stringent requirements may be put forward for maintaining this type of accounting, both at the legislative level and in local regulations. Actually, this may be another confirmation of the importance of such an information collection system as accounting.

As for the sphere of production itself, even more serious attention can be paid to the regulation of accounting. The corresponding segment of the economy is related to the real sector; it controls the turnover of real assets of the enterprise, raw materials, materials, and all this requires the implementation of clearly regulated approaches to organizing accounting.

Main requirements for industrial accounting

Accounting in production is a type of activity of competent specialists, the results of which may be subject to a number of serious requirements. Thus, the information recorded in accounting should be:

Objective;

Timely;

Operational;

Verifiable.

Another significant criterion here is the suitability of accounting information for reading, if necessary, by a person who is not an accounting specialist. This could be, for example, an investor or shareholder who has a general understanding of accounting, but at the same time expresses an interest in getting acquainted with information reflecting the state of affairs in the business.

Main sources of data for accounting

In any industry, be it electronics or furniture manufacturing, accounting is maintained using similar types of sources. They will be classified on the following basis:

Purpose;

Duration of formation;

Level of generalization.

Based on their composition, accounting documents are divided into:

Incoming - those that come to the organization from third-party business entities;

Outgoing - which are transferred from the company to other organizations;

Internal - their turnover is carried out within the enterprise.

According to their purpose, accounting documents are classified:

On administrative ones - those that reflect management decisions regarding certain business transactions;

The executive ones are those that legally secure the relevant operations.

Of course, in the document flow of an enterprise, documents that are difficult to unambiguously be classified as administrative or executive can also be used. For example, these can be certificates, various calculations and registers, through which, for example, a competent specialist can reflect production costs in accounting.

Based on the duration of their formation, accounting documents are divided into:

For one-time ones - those that reflect a single business transaction;

Cumulative - those that are formed during a particular period in order to reflect information about the same type of business transactions.

Based on the degree of generalization, accounting documents can be divided into:

Primary - those that reflect the operation immediately at the time of its implementation (for example, when shipping materials);

To summary ones, which include data on several

Using the above documents, almost any business transaction can be recorded at an enterprise. In principle, they are suitable not only for such a segment as the production sector. Accounting using the listed sources can be carried out by a trade or service enterprise.

Of course, the practical application of certain documents may be determined by the peculiarities of business operations in a particular company. But the classification of sources will remain unchanged, as well as the basic principles of handling them, since accounting procedures are quite strictly regulated.

Let us now consider the main tasks of accounting at industrial enterprises.

Industrial accounting: main tasks

Again, regardless of the specific segment, be it aluminum production or furniture production, accounting at industrial enterprises is carried out in order to solve the following problems:

Formation of reliable information about the economic processes in the company, as well as the results of its economic development for a certain period;

Control over the movement of various assets and liabilities that belong to the organization, labor, financial resources - based on the operation of established rules of law;

Development of local standards;

Increasing production efficiency through analysis of key indicators recorded in accounting.

These tasks must be solved taking into account the provisions of regulatory legislation on accounting, various by-laws, clarifications of departments, and provisions of internal corporate regulations.

There are also a number of industrial accounting principles.

Industrial Accounting Principles

Effective distribution of production costs - for example, into current and capital, classification of income and expenses for specific periods.

Does a specific area of ​​economic activity matter from the point of view of setting priorities in the organization of accounting? As a rule, there is a dependence here. Let's study its specifics.

How does accounting depend on the company's field of activity?

The industry can be divided into 2 main segments - finishing and processing.

The first type of production is characterized, first of all, by the absence of a large number of processing steps in the production of finished products. That is, in particular, accounting for the costs of auxiliary production may not be carried out in principle. The company, having extracted a particular mineral, brings it into a form suitable for delivery to the customer and organizes its transportation.

As for production costs at mining enterprises, they are usually reflected by redistribution and are subdivided, if necessary, within the framework of analytical accounting for individual structural divisions of the company.

If it is planned to process a mineral, then the production can already be classified as processing. In this case, its accounting may be much more complex in the structure and content of operations. The production of semi-finished products in this case may be a mandatory stage in the production of the finished product.

Certain nuances may characterize specific segments of the production of goods or services. So, it’s one thing to process raw materials and materials, resulting in a finished product. In this case, production accounting can be carried out by processes, sometimes by technological stages. It’s a different matter if a technically complex product is being manufactured. In this case, accounting will be more complex. The production of equipment, machines, and various controls for them involves mechanical processing and assembly of parts, spare parts, and design elements.

Enterprises that operate in the relevant segments adapt accounting to a large range of materials that are used in production. For the selection of specific accounting tools, the specifics of the management model and the basic principles of forming an enterprise with human resources may also be important.

What is important is in which structural divisions certain production operations are carried out, by whom exactly, in interaction with which specialists - inside the company or outside it.

Accounting nuances: production organization

The organization of production can be built on different principles. The most popular approaches here include threaded and non-threaded. The organization of production of the first type involves building special technological lines at the factory, using which the sequential assembly of the finished product is carried out.

Accounting for the costs of production and circulation in a flow scheme, as a rule, is easier to organize based on the strict regulation of the operations of the production of goods by the enterprise. In turn, in non-line production, equipment is installed on a group basis. Specialists working in each of the relevant departments perform part of the specified operations, after which they transfer the semi-finished product or a certain part of the product for assembly to another department of the company.

Accounting in production: postings

The most important nuance characterizing accounting in production is the use of postings. Let's consider their features.

Among the main accounting accounts that are used to generate transactions in production are 10. It reflects business transactions for various types of raw materials and materials. The balance on it reflects the value of the corresponding resources as of a certain date. Another popular account when creating production entries is account 20. It reflects the main business transactions in production. The balance on it reflects the cost of production classified as unfinished - as of a certain date. It can be noted that the specified account reflects the costs of an industrial (accounting for production costs) enterprise. In particular, the following can be recorded here: the cost of raw materials and supplies, the salary of employees of production workshops.

If necessary, an accountant can open various sub-accounts to the main accounting accounts. Let's consider an example of industrial accounting using transactions that involve the accounts in question.

Postings in production: an example of their use in accounting

The first stage of most production is the purchase of a fixed asset. As a rule, 3 main business operations are formed here.

Accounting for invoices for materials from the supplier (Debit 10, Credit 60);

Reflection of VAT on supplies (Debit 19, Credit 60);

Reflection of the fact of payment of the invoice from the supplier (Debit 60, Credit 51);

Reflection of VAT for deduction (Debit 68, Credit 19).

Industrial accounting also involves the calculation of depreciation of fixed assets:

For main production (Debit 20, Credit 02);

By auxiliary (Debit 23, Credit 02);

For general production, as well as general economic facilities (respectively, Debit 25, 26, Credit 02).

The release of materials into production is reflected by the following entries: for main production - Debit 20, Credit 10, for auxiliary production - Debit 23, Credit 10. The calculation of salaries for employees of production shops, as well as social contributions for wages, is reflected by entries:

For employees of main production - Debit 20, Credit 70 (for social contributions - 69);

For employees of auxiliary workshops - Debit 23, Credit 70 (for social contributions - 69).

The transfer of finished goods to the warehouse is documented by posting using Account Debit 43, Credit 20. The sale of manufactured products involves reflecting the following business transactions in accounting:

Shipments (Debit 62, Credit 90.1);

Write-off of the cost of goods (Debit 90.2, Credit 43);

VAT reflections (Debit 90.3, Credit 68);

Recording profit from the sale - as a financial result (Debit 90.9, Credit 99);

Reflections of payment for goods from the buyer (Debit 51, Credit 62).

A non-exhaustive list of entries characterizing business transactions during the release of goods, accounting. The tasks that an accountant of an industrial company can solve are significantly broader than the example we have considered. However, the business transactions we have noted can be called typical, common for the production sector.

JSC Imstalcon has been a leading enterprise in the production of building metal structures for many years. The production of metal structures began in 1963 - from the moment the plant went into production. In addition to standard building metal structures, the plant specializes in the production of complex, non-traditional metal structures. KZMK produces the following structural metal structures: frames of buildings and structures in all sectors of the national economy, structures of residential and public buildings and special structures, metal structures of road, railway and pedestrian bridges, non-standard equipment for most branches of industrial production, as well as technical and medical oxygen.

The main technical and economic characteristics of the enterprise’s activities for the period 2005-2006 are presented in Appendix B.

Imstalkon JSC carries out the following types of work (services) in the field of architectural, urban planning and construction activities, for the manufacture and installation of steel structures:

• 1) Design work for construction:
  • - architectural design of buildings and structures of the first level of responsibility;
  • - construction design and construction;
  • - design of engineering systems and networks.
• 2) Expert works;
• 3) Production of building materials, products and structures:
  • - production of building materials and products (except for window and door blocks).
  • - ventilation and plumbing equipment.
  • - production of building structures: tower-mast type, chimney pipes;
  • - tanks and containers with a volume of up to 5000 m 3 ;
  • - tanks and containers operating under pressure or intended for storing explosive and fire hazardous and environmentally harmful materials;
  • - load-bearing and enclosing;
  • - technological metal structures and their parts.

The main activity of the enterprise JSC Imstalcon Karaganda Metal Structures Plant is the production of metal structures. Dynamics of production of metal structures for the period 2000-2006. presented in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Dynamics of production of metal structures at the enterprise Imstalcon JSC Karaganda Metal Structures Plant

From Figure 3 it can be seen that in 2002, the production of metal structures changed significantly, which affected the profit of the enterprise, but in the subsequent period from 2003 to 2006, the dynamics of output increased, which positively characterizes the production activity of the enterprise.

Structural changes in production for the period 2005-2006. are given in table 1.

Table 1. Structure of commercial products of Imstalcon JSC Karaganda Metal Structures Plant for 2005 and 2006. (in percentages)

As can be seen from the calculations made (Table 1), a significant share in the structure of commercial products is occupied by the production of metal structures - 97.87% in 2005, 98.37% in 2006. A small share remains for the production of oxygen, heat energy and other materials. As can be seen from the table, the structure of commercial products has not changed significantly over the two years.

Product cost is the current costs of an enterprise for the production and sale of products, expressed in monetary terms.

As has already been revealed, for the Karaganda Metal Structures Plant (hereinafter KZMK) Imstalcon JSC, the main product is the production of metal structures to order.

Cost calculation at each enterprise has its own characteristics and is compiled in accordance with the specifics of production. At the analyzed enterprise JSC Imstalcon Karaganda Metal Structures Plant, the cost of production depends on the cost of producing each order.

To account for production costs, this enterprise uses the order-based costing method. At the same time, the cost of manufactured products at the Imstalcon JSC KZMK enterprise reflects:

• - cost of materials (this is metal and auxiliary materials, which include argon, oxygen, electrodes, wire, carbon dioxide, propane, flux, soils, solvent, lumber);
• - cost of electricity;
• - basic wages of key workers and specialists;
• - social tax from the basic salary.

All of the above costs are direct, because There is a direct payment for each order.

The cost of goods manufactured also includes the following overhead costs:

b. depreciation of buildings and equipment;

c. remuneration of engineering and technical workers of workshops, service personnel (technicians);

d. social tax on the transferred salary;

e. labor protection (working clothes, soap, milk)

These costs are included in a group that is not calculated directly for each order, but is charged as a percentage.

To calculate the cost of the order, the planned cost is displayed. For each order there is a direct calculation:

• - metal based on the technical specification attached to the received order;
• - auxiliary materials in accordance with the standards developed by the chief specialists and approved by the chief engineer of the plant;
• - electricity, which is calculated based on the planned volume of energy consumed by the main production (processing shop with a metal warehouse, assembly and welding shops, equipment and manufacturing centers, RMC) and is divided by the planned volumes of output.
• - average wages of main workers, which is derived from labor costs by type of metal structures per 1 ton;
• - wages of specialists according to salaries and other accruals, which are distributed according to the volume of planned work;
• - social tax on wages of key workers and specialists, which is calculated according to salaries and other accruals.

The main workers include: processors, markers, assemblers, welders, slingers, overhead crane operators, metal cleaners, gas cutters, painters, markers, quality control inspectors, flaw detectors.

The specialists include: designers, production maintenance technologists, and computer processing center operators for processing work orders.

All listed costs are summed up and direct costs are obtained. The remaining costs are overhead.

Expenses are accrued for the planned volume of work (orders) in total terms. As production volumes increase, overhead costs decrease. In order-based costing, overhead costs are reflected as a percentage of the base wage per order. At the plant, the overhead cost for main production is 31.7. The main production at the plant includes: a metal processing shop and warehouse, assembly and welding shops, manufacturing and manufacturing centers, and partially RMC.

In addition to the main production, the plant has auxiliary services that are not involved in the production of products, but they are engaged in servicing the main production. These services include: the EMO service, which includes a control center, a maintenance and technical equipment repair area, an oxygen shop, a compressor station; RSC; garage; partially RMC. Direct costs and overhead costs are also collected for support services. These costs, according to established principles, are distributed to the main production.

The distribution of costs of support services is carried out according to the following principle:

• 1. Oxygen shop - costs are distributed according to certificates of oxygen production and oxygen sales. The distribution of the remaining oxygen is carried out according to the number of gas-cutting stations located in the main workshops and according to orders in proportion to the produced commercial products;
• 2. RMC - according to the standard consumption of compressed air by equipment located in workshops. For orders, distribution is made in proportion to the volume of work completed;
• 3. PSU - distribution of space heating costs is carried out in proportion to their cubic meters;
• 4. Maintenance and technical equipment repair area - costs are distributed among the main workshops in inverse proportion to the residual value of the equipment under their control;
• 5. Garage service - costs are distributed according to the following principle:
  • - costs of passenger vehicles are included in the item “Period expenses”;
  • - the costs of other vehicles are included in the cost of imported basic and auxiliary materials;
• 6. RSC - costs are distributed according to wages according to the approved estimate among the structural divisions of the plant;
• 7. RMC - costs are distributed according to the volume of work performed according to requests received from structural divisions.

All costs of support services are included in the main production in the form of overhead costs. In addition to direct costs and overhead costs, the cost includes the costs of administrative and management personnel, which are called “period expenses.” They also collect direct costs and overheads. Period expenses are shown as a percentage of production costs, which are made up of direct costs and overhead costs. Period expenses are 11% of production costs.

Based on the costs, the price of 1 ton of metal structures is determined; it consists of the total costs and plus profit, which is 8% of the total costs.

Introduction

2 Accounting for finished products and their sales at SVS Metallokonstruktsiya LLC

2.2 Financial and economic characteristics of SVS Metallokonstruktsiya LLC

Conclusion

Application

Introduction

The final stage of the production process of any enterprise is the release of finished products, as a result of which its value moves from the sphere of production to the sphere of circulation. The company manufactures products in accordance with planned targets for assortment, quantity and quality on the basis of contracts concluded with the buyer or without them.

Sold finished products make it possible to reimburse the costs incurred by the enterprise, pay wages on time and pay off creditors, develop and improve production. To achieve these goals, special attention must be paid to studying the market environment, generating consumer demand, and producing high-quality and competitive products. Proper organization of accounting for finished products, their shipment and sale is also of no small importance. The main objectives of accounting for finished products are:

Monitoring the implementation of tasks regarding the volume, range, quality of products and obligations for their supply;

Monitoring the implementation of the plan for the sale of products and the timeliness of settlements with buyers and customers;

Monitoring the safety of finished products and compliance with established limits;

Monitoring compliance with cost estimates associated with the shipment and sale of products;

Timely and reliable determination of results related to the shipment and sale of products, etc.

In accounting, finished products can be accounted for both at actual production costs and at standard (planned) costs. Due to the fact that the formation of the financial result of an enterprise, and, therefore, its solvency, largely depends on the method of accounting for finished products, it is very important to know the features of each method in order to optimize the organization’s profit.

Object of this study: Limited Liability Company "SVS-Metalwork".

Subject of research: accounting of finished products and their sales in LLC “SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya”.

Purpose of the study: optimization of accounting of finished products and their sales at LLC SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya.

Research objectives:

Consider the theoretical aspects of accounting for finished products and their sales;

Analyze the main aspects of organizing and maintaining accounting records of finished products and their sales at SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC for the purpose of optimization.

Research methods used in the work: systems approach, other scientific approaches (functional, reproductive, marketing, dynamic, etc.), analysis and synthesis, classification, strategic and tactical planning, particulars and generalizations.

Theoretical basis of the study: legislative and regulatory acts of the Russian Federation, scientific works of Russian scientists in the field of accounting of finished products and their sales, including textbooks and teaching aids, articles from specialized magazines and websites.

1 Theoretical aspects of accounting for finished products and their sales

1.1 Finished products and documentation of operations for their movement

The Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 16, 2004 No. 07-05-14/298 “On accounting for the release of inventories and methods for their evaluation” says:

“Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Inventories” PBU 5/01, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06/09/2001 No. 44n (hereinafter referred to as PBU 5/01), establishes the rules for the formation in accounting of information about the organization’s inventories. Finished products are part of inventories intended for sale (the final result of the production cycle, assets completed by processing (assembly), the technical and quality characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents, in cases established by law). In this regard, when accounting for finished products, you should be guided by PBU 5/01. Products that have not passed all stages of technological processing, testing and technical acceptance are considered unfinished and are included in the enterprise's work in progress.

The products of enterprises, according to their composition and purpose, are divided into gross and commercial. The gross output of an enterprise includes the cost of finished products, semi-finished products and production services intended for use both within the enterprise and sold externally, the cost of manufacturing and repairing containers, if it is not included in the price of the product. Gross output characterizes the total volume of production activity of an enterprise, regardless of the degree of product readiness.

Commercial products are products intended for sale to consumers. It must be borne in mind that if an enterprise produces products from customer-supplied raw materials, then it is included in the composition of marketable products without the cost of raw materials, i.e. at the cost of processing.

Accounting for finished products at enterprises is carried out by type, grade and storage location in natural, conditionally natural and cost indicators. For quantitative accounting of finished products by their types and storage locations, a price list is drawn up and reference books are developed that contain information about products subject to and not subject to various types of taxes, about payers and consignees, average quarterly and average annual costs, etc.

Finished products released from production are delivered to the enterprise warehouse (expedition) and are documented. The actual release of products from the warehouse is documented with an invoice or a waybill. Based on the sales documents, the accounting department (financial department) of the manufacturing enterprise issues settlement documents in the name of the buyer - a payment request, a payment request-order and an invoice for accounting for value added tax. When shipping products that are not subject to VAT, settlement documents are issued without allocating the amount of VAT, and they are inscribed or stamped “Without tax (VAT).” The data from settlement documents is recorded daily in the accounting and product sales sheet. Operational records of shipments are kept in the sales (marketing) department in special cards, books or magazines, and when using a computer - in machine records for the shipment of products.

Products are sold to customers at the following prices: at free selling prices, increased by the amount of VAT; at state regulated wholesale prices, increased by the amount of VAT; at government regulated retail prices, including VAT (less, where appropriate, trade discounts).

An accounting employee periodically checks the correctness of registration of incoming and outgoing documents and entries in warehouse accounting cards. The inspection is carried out in the presence of the financially responsible person. The accountant confirms the correctness of the entries in the cards with his signature in the “control” column indicating the date of inspection. Any discrepancies and errors found are corrected here.

The balances of finished products at the beginning of the next month are transferred from warehouse accounting cards to the balance sheet (balance book) for the warehouse. Its results are compared with accounting data.

In automated warehousing, instead of cards and books, machine diagrams are used - statements that reflect the balances and movement of finished products. The use of machine diagrams speeds up the process of recording and reflecting information, strengthens control over the movement and condition of finished products in the warehouse and increases the efficiency of operational warehouse management.

In due time, warehouse managers (storekeepers), based on primary receipt and expenditure documents, draw up and submit to the accounting department reports on the movement of finished products in duplicate. They indicate the balances of finished products at the beginning and end of the reporting period, as well as their movement, i.e. receipt and disposal. The first copy of the report remains in the accounting department, and the second, with the accountant’s receipt, is returned to the financially responsible person and serves as confirmation of the submission of the report.

All primary documents reflecting the movement of finished products are also periodically submitted to the accounting department by financially responsible persons. They can be attached either to the report on the movement of finished products, or for this purpose they create a register of a standard form (M-18). The register is compiled separately for the receipt and release of finished products.

In accounting, reports of financially responsible persons, as well as incoming and outgoing documents on the movement of finished products are subject to verification and taxation. When checking, attention is paid to: the correctness of the documents; legality and expediency of reflected transactions; correspondence of document dates to the period for which the report was compiled; the correctness of the transfer of balances from the previous report, etc. Then the results of income and expenses and the accuracy of determining the balances at the end of the reporting period are checked. After checking the report and primary documents, the accountant begins their accounting processing. Its essence lies in the preparation of accounting entries for each business transaction and the preparation of documents and reports for recording in accounting registers.

Acceptance invoices for the release of finished products are recorded in the list of finished products. At the end of the month, the statement calculates the quantity of output for each type of product and determines the cost of the produced products at accounting prices, at actual costs and selling prices. If the accounting price is the planned (normative) production cost of the product, the production result of the activity (savings or overruns) is identified.

1.2 Accounting for finished products

Finished products, depending on the adopted accounting policy, are evaluated and reflected in the accounting and balance sheet of the enterprise at actual or standard (planned) cost. In the accounting department of an enterprise, accounting of finished products is carried out in monetary value.

Clause 59 of the Regulations on Accounting and Financial Reporting establishes the following methods for assessing finished products:

At the full actual production cost (if accounting does not use account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” and general business expenses are written off to accounts 20, 23, 29);

At incomplete actual production costs (if account 40 is not used in accounting and expenses are written off from account 26 to account 90);

At the full standard or planned cost, including costs associated with the use of fixed assets, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, labor resources, and other production costs in the production process (if accounting uses account 40 and from account 26 expenses are written off to accounts 20, 23, 29);

According to the incomplete standard or planned cost of production, which is determined by the amount of direct costs (for direct items of expense, when account 40 is used and general business expenses are written off to account 90).

By Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n “On approval of the chart of accounts for accounting of financial and economic activities of organizations and instructions for its application” (hereinafter referred to as Chart of Accounts 94n) of accounting, account 43 is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of finished products "Finished products". This account is used by organizations engaged in industrial, agricultural and other production activities.

If the manufacturing organization decides to account for finished products at actual cost, then in this case, accounting for finished products will be carried out only using account 43 “Finished products”.

When accounting for finished products at actual cost, the receipt of the latter into the warehouse is reflected in the following entry:

Debit 43 “Finished products” Credit 20 “Main production” - finished products are accepted for accounting

Despite the fact that it is easier to reflect finished products at actual cost in accounting (one account is used), organizations do not often use this method. The actual cost of manufactured products can be formed only at the end of the reporting month, when all costs of its production, both direct and indirect, have been determined. Therefore, when using this method, it is almost impossible to determine the cost of products as they are produced and transferred to the warehouse of finished products, which creates additional inconvenience if products manufactured within a month are sold in the same period.

With this method of accounting, the cost at which products of the same type, manufactured at different times, are accepted for accounting may be different. Therefore, when selling or otherwise disposing of finished products, they must be written off in one of the following ways: at unit cost; at average cost; using the FIFO method.

Manufacturing organizations of mass and serial production, as a rule, use the standard method of accounting for finished products, since it is its use that allows the sale of products and their actual cost (which is determined only at the end of the month) to be correctly reflected in accounting.

If accounting for finished products is carried out at standard (planned) production costs, then the organization establishes accounting prices for products that remain constant for quite a long time and at which, within a month, products are accepted into the warehouse and written off from the warehouse when they are sold or otherwise disposed of. . At the end of the month, when all costs have been generated and the amount of work in progress has been determined, the difference between the planned and actual cost of finished goods produced is determined.

There are two ways to keep records of these deviations - with and without the use of an account.

If account 40 “Release of products (works, services)” is not used, then when finished products arrive at the warehouse within a month, the following entry is made:

Debit 43 “Finished products” Credit 20 “Main production” - finished products are accepted for accounting at planned accounting prices

When a product is sold within a month, the write-off of its cost is reflected in the accounting entry:

Debit 90-2 “Sales: Cost of sales” Credit 43 “Finished products” - the cost of finished products in planned accounting prices is written off to sales

At the end of the month, the actual cost of production is determined, and the amount of deviations of the actual cost from the planned cost is reflected in the same accounts. Namely: additional entries if the actual cost exceeds the planned one, or reversal entries if the actual cost turns out to be less than planned. In this case, an adjustment is made to the cost of products accepted for accounting - for the entire amount of the deviation and the cost of products sold - in the share attributable to the products sold.

In cases where there are balances of finished products at the beginning and end of the month, for the correct reflection and distribution of deviations it is advisable to use the calculation method, the principle of which is specified in paragraph 206 of Methodological Instructions No. 119n:

“If accounting for finished products is carried out at standard cost or at contract prices, then the difference between the actual cost and the cost of finished products at accounting prices is taken into account in the “Finished Products” account under a separate subaccount “Deviations of the actual cost of finished products from the accounting cost.” Deviations in this subaccount are taken into account by product range, either by individual groups of finished products, or by the organization as a whole. The excess of the actual cost over the accounting value is reflected in the debit of the specified subaccount and the credit of the cost accounting accounts. If the actual cost is lower than the book value, then the difference is reflected in a reversal entry.

Write-off of finished products (during shipment, release, etc.) can be carried out at book value. At the same time, deviations related to finished products sold are written off to sales accounts (determined in proportion to their accounting value). Deviations related to the balances of finished products remain in the “Finished Products” account (sub-account “Deviations of the actual cost of finished products from the book value”).

Regardless of the method used to determine accounting prices, the total cost of finished goods (accounting cost plus variances) must equal the actual production cost of those products.”

For convenience and clarity of identifying deviations of the actual cost from the planned cost, the organization can use account 40 “Output of products (works, services)”. In this case, the debit of account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” takes into account the actual production cost of products in correspondence with the production cost accounts, and the credit of account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” reflects the planned cost of finished products, which written off to the debit of account 43 “Finished products”. At the end of the month, when the actual cost of production is fully formed, by comparing the debit and credit turnover of account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” the amount of deviations of the actual cost from the planned one is determined. Chart of accounts No. 94n of accounting provides for the following procedure for writing off deviation amounts:

a) If the credit turnover on account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” is greater than the debit one, that is, the actual cost is less than the planned cost and savings are identified, then an accounting entry is made for the amount of the deviation using the “red reversal” method:

b) If the debit turnover on account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” is greater than the credit one, that is, the actual cost exceeds the planned cost (overexpenditure), a regular accounting entry is made for the amount of the deviation:

Debit 90 “Sales” subaccount “Cost of sales” Credit 40 “Output of products (works, services)”.

Thus, account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” is closed monthly and there is no balance on this account.

The amounts of deviations are written off to account 90 “Sales” in full, regardless of the volume of sales of products and thus increase or decrease the cost of products sold in the reporting period.

The balance of finished products in the warehouse, in this case, is accounted for at the planned cost.

1.3 Accounting for sales of finished products

Sales of manufactured products are the most important indicator of the activities of a production organization. After all, it is the sale of products that completes the turnover of funds spent on its production. As a result of the sale of finished products, the manufacturing organization receives the working capital necessary to resume a new cycle of the production process. The manufacturer can sell its products by shipping manufactured products in accordance with concluded contracts or by selling through its own trading division.

For accounting purposes, income is determined in accordance with the Accounting Regulations “Income of the Organization” PBU 9/99, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 1999 No. 32n (hereinafter referred to as PBU 9/99).

In accordance with paragraph 5 of PBU 9/99: “Income from ordinary activities is revenue from the sale of products and goods, receipts associated with the performance of work, provision of services (hereinafter referred to as revenue).”

Recognition of revenue in accounting from the sale of products is directly related to the transfer of ownership of it from the seller to the buyer.

To reflect the proceeds from the sale of products in accounting, it is necessary to have documents confirming the transfer of ownership of these products to the buyer. These documents can be various primary accounting documents: invoices, invoices, invoices, certificates of work performed (services rendered), and so on.

To account for proceeds from sales in accounting, the Chart of Accounts No. 94n, accounting purposes, account 90 “Sales” subaccount 90-1 “Revenue”. The following subaccounts can also be opened for account 90 “Sales”:

90-2 “Cost of sales”;

90-3 “Value added tax”;

90-4 “Excise duties”;

90-9 “Profit (loss from sales)”.

Revenue from the sale of products is reflected in the accounting records of an organization at the time of its recognition, that is, at the time of transfer and shipment of products (with the exception of transactions under contracts with a special transfer of ownership).

For this purpose, the following entry is used in accounting:

At the same time, the cost of shipped products is written off. If a production organization keeps records of finished products at actual cost, then the write-off is reflected in the accounting:

Debit Credit 43 “Finished products” - Products written off for sale at actual cost

If a production organization keeps records of finished products at standard (planned) cost, then the write-off is made using the following entries (Table 1).

Table 1

Write-off of finished products at standard (planned) cost

Account correspondence
43 “Finished products”	40 “Release of products (works, services)”	Finished products are accepted for accounting at standard (planned) cost
90-2 “Sales” subaccount “Cost of sales”	43 “Finished products”	Products written off at standard (planned) cost
40 “Release of products (works, services)”	20 "Main production"	The actual cost is reflected (at the end of the month)
90-2 “Sales” subaccount “Cost of sales”	40 “Release of products (works, services)”	The amount of deviations of the actual cost from the standard cost is written off (overexpenditure)
90-2 “Sales” subaccount “Cost of sales”	40 “Release of products (works, services)”	The amount of deviations of the actual cost from the standard cost is written off (savings)

A manufacturing organization can sell its products not only to “adjacent” or “wholesalers”, but also retail its own products in specially opened trading divisions. For manufacturing organizations, this form of selling their products has already become familiar. Practice shows that such organizations often incorrectly reflect the sale of their own products through the trading division, using the so-called “trading” scheme, that is, in the store, accounting is built using accounts 41 “Goods”, 42 “Trade margin”, 44 “Sales expenses” . In our opinion, the use of this scheme is erroneous, since such a scheme is acceptable only if the trading division of a production organization, in addition to its own products, sells purchased goods (in terms of purchased goods). This point of view is based on the Instructions for the use of the Chart of Accounts No. 94n. Let us recall that in relation to account 41 “Goods”, this document contains the following: “Account 41 “Goods” is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of inventory items purchased as goods for sale. This account is used mainly by organizations engaged in trading activities, as well as organizations providing public catering services.” In addition, paragraph 219 of Methodological Instructions No. 119n states that: “Accounting for the movement of finished products in divisions engaged in trading activities is maintained in the “Finished Products” account in a separate subaccount “Finished Products in a Non-Trading Organization.” The transfer of finished products from the main activity to a division of an organization carrying out trading activities is recorded in the “Finished Products” account as an internal movement. Write-off of finished products from the organization's core activities is carried out at actual cost. Based on this, trading divisions of industrial production (shops, pavilions, trading houses) are required to keep records of finished products transferred from production to the trading division only using account 43 “Finished products”.

When transferring finished products to the store, the following entry is made in the accounting records of the production organization:

Debit 43 “Finished products” subaccount “Finished products in a non-trading organization” Credit 43 “Finished products” subaccount “Finished products in warehouse” - reflects the cost of finished products transferred to the trading division

Operations for the sale of finished products to customers are reflected in accounting as follows (Table 2).

table 2

Reflection in accounting of transactions for the sale of finished products to customers

The specified correspondence of accounts is used when reflecting transactions for the sale of products for cash. But it is not uncommon for material assets to be purchased in retail trade by organizations or individual entrepreneurs (an individual buyer presents a power of attorney on behalf of the organization or a certificate of state registration as an individual entrepreneur). When selling to the specified categories of buyers, the following entry is used:

Debit 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” Credit 90-1 “Sales” subaccount “Revenue” - revenue from the sale of finished products is reflected

In all cases, when selling finished products for cash, organizations are required to use cash register systems. This requirement is established by Federal Law No. 54-FZ of May 22, 2003 “On the use of cash register equipment when making cash payments and (or) payments using payment cards.”

The use of account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” in accounting practice has both positive and negative sides. When using this account, there is no need to compile separate labor-intensive calculations of deviations of the actual cost of products from their cost at accounting prices for manufactured, shipped and sold products, since identified deviations for finished products are immediately written off to account 90 “Sales”. However, this option allows you to obtain the real cost of goods sold only when the products are produced and sold in the same month. If some of the products remain in the warehouse at the beginning of the month, and the deviations of the actual cost from the standard (planned) related to it are written off for product sales, then the calculation of the actual production cost of the sold products and the determination of the financial result from the sale may turn out to be inaccurate.

The disadvantages of this system include an increase in the labor intensity of accounting and computational work, the need to organize accounting both within the limits of cost standards and for deviations from them, the introduction of special deviation accounts, etc.

As already noted, finished products in accounting and reporting can be reflected at a reduced (shop) actual or standard (planned) cost. In this case, the cost of finished products includes both direct semi-variable costs (raw materials, costs of paying production workers, etc.) and indirect semi-variable costs (expenses for operating production machines and equipment, general production costs). General business expenses, as not directly related to the production process, bypassing account 20 “Main production”, are written off to account 90 “Sales”.

Consequently, work in progress, finished products and goods shipped in accounting and reporting will be reflected at incomplete (reduced) cost.

In the case of accounting for finished products at reduced (shop) cost, its value in accounting is written off with the following entries:

Debit account 90 “Sales” - for the actual reduced (shop) cost of shipped products Credit account 43 “Finished products” for the actual standard (planned) cost of shipped products; account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” - for the amount of deviations of the actual reduced (shop) cost of finished products from their standard (planned) cost; account 26 “General business expenses” - for the amount of general business expenses (conditionally fixed expenses).

In accordance with the norms of Chapter 21 “Value Added Tax” of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Tax Code of the Russian Federation), transactions for the sale of goods (work, services) on the territory of the Russian Federation are objects of taxation. Consequently, if an organization is a payer of this tax, then it is obliged to calculate value added tax (hereinafter referred to as VAT) on operations for the sale of its products (Article 146 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). The object of VAT taxation is the turnover of sales of goods, work and services performed and goods imported into the territory of the Russian Federation.

Article 167 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, which determines for the purposes of Chapter 21 “Value Added Tax” of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation the moment of determining the tax base, establishes that from January 1, 2006, the moment of determining the tax base is the earliest of the following dates:

1) the day of shipment (transfer) of goods (work, services), property rights;

2) the day of payment, partial payment for upcoming deliveries of goods (performance of work, provision of services), transfer of property rights.

The procedure for calculating and reflecting VAT in accounting depends on the adopted method of selling products. When using the “shipment” method of selling products for the amount of accrued VAT in favor of the budget, the following entry is made in accounting:

Debit 90 “Sales” Credit 68 “Calculations with the budget”

Repayment of debt to the budget is carried out regardless of whether payments have been received from customers for the products sold to them or not. The transfer of VAT to the budget in accounting is reflected by the entry:

With the “on payment” method of selling products, the production enterprise’s debt to the budget for VAT arises after customers pay for the products. Therefore, the following entry is made in accounting for the amount of VAT on shipped products:

Debit 90 “Sales” Credit 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”

After receiving payments from customers for products sold by them in the amount of VAT payable to the budget, the following entry is made in accounting:

Debit 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” Credit 68 “Settlements with the budget”

The transfer of VAT to the budget in accounting is reflected by the entry:

Debit 68 “Calculations with the budget” Credit 51 “Current account”

Manufacturing enterprises may also be payers of excise tax. Accounting for settlements with the budget for excise taxes is carried out on account 68 “Settlements with the budget”, subaccount “Settlements for excise taxes”. The accrual of excise duty in accounting is reflected in the debit of account 90 “Sales” and the credit of account 68, subaccount “Calculations for excise taxes”. The transfer of excise tax to the budget is reflected in the debit of account 68 “Settlements with the budget” and the credit of account 51 “Current account”.

In the cost of shipped and sold products, suppliers, in addition to production costs, also include commercial expenses. Their write-off for both methods of selling products in accounting is reflected by the entry:

Debit 90-2 “Sales” subaccount “Cost of sales” Credit 44 “Sales expenses” - commercial expenses written off

Then, by comparing the debit and credit turnover in account 90 “Sales,” the financial result is determined.

In accordance with concluded agreements between enterprises, a preliminary form of payment for products intended for delivery may be used. In this case, the company issues an invoice and sends it to the buyer. After receiving this document, the buyer transfers the payment amount for the products to the supplier by payment order. The received amount in the accounting department of the enterprise is considered as accounts payable and is reflected in the following entry:

Debit account 51 "Current account" Credit account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers"

After the product has been shipped, it is considered sold and is written off in accounting as follows:

Debit account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" Credit account 90 "Sales"

In the case when the advance payment is made in the form of an advance payment and is not directly related to a specific invoice, then payments received from buyers in the form of an advance payment are reflected in accounting by the entry:

Debit of account 51 "Current account" Credit of account 62 sub-account "Calculations for advances received"

At the same time, VAT is charged, subject to contribution to the budget, on the amount of the advance received at the established rate. The following entry is made in the accounting records for the amount of accrued VAT:

Debit of account 62 subaccount "Settlements on advances received" Credit of account 68 "Settlements with the budget"

When shipping products to customers, the amount of VAT is first restored to the amount of the advance received. This operation in accounting is reflected by reverse entry:

Debit of account 68 "Settlements with the budget" Credit of account 62 subaccount "Settlements on advances received"

After this, all transactions related to the sale of products are reflected in accounting. The offset of advances received with accounts receivable in accounting is reflected by the following entry:

Debit of account 62 subaccount "Settlements on advances received" Credit of account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers"

A situation is possible when the buyer refuses the finished products shipped to him if the cargo was sent erroneously, with a violation of the delivery time, low quality of products and for other reasons. In this case, in the accounting department of a manufacturing enterprise, transactions related to the shipment and sale of products are reversed. Then the cost of shipped products in accounting is reflected by the entry:

Debit of account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors" Credit of account 43 "Finished products"

1.4 Accounting for financial results from product sales

At manufacturing enterprises, the purpose of reflecting business transactions for the production and sale of finished products in accounting accounts is to identify the financial result (profit or loss) from the sale of products. The financial result is calculated monthly on the basis of documents confirming the sale of products.

Account 90 “Sales” is intended to summarize information on the sale of finished products, as well as determine its financial results. The credit of this account reflects the proceeds from the sale of products at selling prices, and the debit reflects the production cost of products sold, selling expenses, the cost of packaging paid in excess of the product price, value added tax, excise taxes and other expenses. Thus, the debit of account 90 “Sales” reflects the full actual cost of products sold, taxes and deductions, and the credit reflects the amounts presented to customers for payment at selling prices.

At the end of the month, the turnover in the debit and credit of account 90 “Sales” is calculated. By comparing credit turnover with debit turnover, the financial result from the sale of products (profit or loss) is revealed. If the credit of account 90 “Sales” turns out to be greater than the debit, then a profit is received, which at the end of the month is completely written off to increase the profit of the enterprise and is reflected in the accounting records by the entry:

If the debit of account 90 “Sales” is greater than the credit, a loss is received, which is written off as a decrease in the enterprise’s profit. In this case, the following entry is made in accounting:

Debit account 99 "Profit or loss" Credit account 90 "Sales"

The reflection of losses from the sale of products in the above entry is provided for by the current instructions for the application of the Chart of Accounts for accounting of financial and economic activities of enterprises and organizations. Unfortunately, this methodology for writing off losses in practice sometimes leads to an erroneous overestimation of product sales volumes, which, in turn, distorts the tax base for calculations of taxes, fees and deductions, for which the base indicator is the volume of product sales. In this regard, it would be more appropriate to reflect the loss from the sale of products using the following reversal entry:

Debit account 90 "Sales" Credit account 99 "Profit or loss"

In this case, there is no overestimation of the volume of product sales. In addition, uniformity is achieved in reflecting the financial result from product sales.

Manufacturing enterprises can open the following subaccounts to account 90 “Sales” to reflect individual components of the financial result from sales: 90-1 “Revenue from sales”; 90-2 “Cost of sales”; 90-3 "Value added tax"; 90-4 "Excise duties"; 90-5 “Export duties”; 90-6 "Sales tax"; 90-9 “Profit/loss from sales”, etc.

Entries for the above sub-accounts are made cumulatively throughout the reporting year. At the end of each month, the sum of the totals of debit turnover for subaccounts 90-2, 90-3, 90-4, 90-5, 90-6 are compared with the total of credit turnover for subaccount 90-1. The resulting result is the profit or loss from sales for the month. This amount must be written off with the final turnover of the reporting month from account 90-9 to account 99 “Profits and losses”. In this case, the synthetic account 90 “Sales” has no balance at the end of the month. However, all subaccounts of this account have either a debit or credit balance, the value of which accumulates starting from January of the reporting year. It must be borne in mind that until the end of the reporting year there should be no write-offs for all subaccounts of account 90 “Sales”.

In December of the reporting year, after writing off the financial result for the specified month, all subaccounts opened to account 90 “Sales” (except for subaccount 90-9) must be closed with internal entries to subaccount 90-9. As a result of the entries made, on January 1 of the new reporting year, none of the subaccounts will have a balance.

The above procedure for reflecting transactions on account 90 “Sales” allows not only to calculate the result from the sale of products (works, services) for the reporting month, but also provides the information necessary for generating cumulative data for the profit and loss statement.

2 Accounting for finished products and their sales at SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC

2.1 Brief organizational characteristics of the enterprise

LLC "SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya" is one of the companies of the "SVS" holding. The holding "SVS" (Water Supply Systems) was founded in 1995, and today it is a Group of companies consisting of 18 enterprises of various profiles. Due to the rapid development of the holding and the expansion of the services provided, the need arose to produce our own metal products necessary for construction.

So in 2002, the Limited Liability Company “SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya” was created. His activity began with the assembly of heat exchangers, and later began to produce metal structures, both for his own needs and for customers, from the simplest to the most complex products.

Legal address of SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC: 460028, Orenburg, st. Sakhalinskaya, 13.

The production of metal structures is the main specialization of SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC. Today, SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC is one of the leading enterprises producing metal structures on the Russian market.

The company's production characteristics are as follows:

The total area of ​​the metal structures plant: 16 hectares, on which production, office and warehouse premises are conveniently located, which makes it possible to achieve the most rational use of production and labor resources; production area: 7.6 hectares;

Availability of a railway line on our own production territory;

Enterprise staff: 674 people.

The production capacity of the enterprise allows the production of up to 3,500 tons of metal structures per month.

For effective management, SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC is divided into specialized production divisions - workshops: metal structures manufacturing workshop; non-standard and tool production workshop; mechanical repair shop; repair and construction shop; transport workshop; energy shop. The identification of specialized production units reveals their specific composition and interaction, taking into account their production specialization. This aspect of the internal structure of the company is revealed in the concept of its production structure (Appendix 1).

In accordance with the considered typification of divisions, the real organizational structure of SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC is formed. Depending on the type of divisions that are at the top level of the administrative and economic division of the company, there are three types of organizational structures of the company: divisional; workshop; shopless. In accordance with the standard composition of structural divisions, SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC has a shop organizational structure.

2.2 Financial and economic characteristics of LLC “SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya”

To identify the efficiency of organizing production processes of the enterprise under study, it is necessary to identify and analyze the main economic indicators of the production activities of SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC (Table 3). For this purpose, indicators of such forms of accounting reporting as the balance sheet for 2005-2007 are used. (Appendix 2-4) and Profit and Loss Statement (Appendices 5-7).

Table 3

Main economic indicators of production activities of LLC "SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya" for 2005-2007

Indicators	Years			Deviation, (+,-)		Growth rate, %
	2005	2006	2007	2006 to 2005	2007 to 2006	2006 to 2005	2007 to 2006	on average for 2005-2007.
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Revenue from the sale of goods, products, works, services (thousand rubles)	257773
Cost of goods, products, works, services sold (thousand rubles)	199419
Gross income, thousand rubles.	58354
Selling expenses, thousand rubles.	6966
Administrative expenses, thousand rubles.	39646
Profit from sales / sales, thousand. rub.	11742
Interest receivable, thousand rubles.	16
Interest payable, thousand rubles.	4975
Other operating income, thousand rubles.	64
Other operating expenses, thousand rubles.	982
Non-operating income, thousand rubles.	263
Non-operating expenses, thousand rubles.	4149
Other expenses not taken into account for tax purposes, thousand rubles.	466
Balance sheet profit (loss), thousand rubles.	1513
Net profit (loss), thousand rubles,	271
Average number of employees of the organization, people.	139
Labor productivity of enterprise employees, thousand rubles.	1854
Return on sales based on sales profit, %	4,55
Profitability of core activities, %	5,89

All indicators of economic activity at SVS Metalokonstruktsiya LLC show an increase in dynamics. Thus, revenue from the sale of products and services on average over the period increased by 58.53%, with an increase in cost of 62.75%. Gross income, due to the excess of cost growth over revenue growth, increased by an average of 43.18% over the period, which indicates the need to find ways to reduce product costs.

There is an excess growth in commercial and administrative expenses - by 77.65% and 21.68%, respectively. Despite this, sales profit increased by an average of 82.11% over the period.

Taking into account the fact that for all other groups of income and expenses, the growth of income is higher than the growth of expenses, balance sheet profit increased almost 4 times, and the net profit of the enterprise - almost 8 times, which indicates the efficiency of the non-core activities of the enterprise.

Labor productivity of workers on average during the period decreased by 28.01%, with an increase in the average number of employees by 120.20%. This suggests that the efficiency of using the enterprise's labor resources is very low. It is necessary to revise the principles of personnel policy (the incentive system, for example) or reduce the number of personnel.

Despite the decrease in employee productivity, the profitability of sales and profitability from the main activities of the enterprise tend to increase, on average for the period by 14.93% and 11.86%, respectively.

In general, the enterprise’s activities during the period under study were effective.

The main indicators of production volume are marketable and gross output. When analyzing the dynamics of production volumes, natural (pieces, meters, tons, etc.), conditionally natural (a thousand conditional cans, the number of conditional repairs, etc.), cost indicators of production volumes can be used. The latter indicator is more preferable. Cost indicators of production volume must be brought into a comparable form. In conditions of inflation, neutralization of price changes or “cost” factors is the most important condition for data comparability.

To do this, we apply an adjustment to the aggregate price change index (JP) for a group of homogeneous products (works, services):

where VVP 1 – production output in the reporting period in physical terms;

VVP 0 – production output in the base period in physical terms;

P 0 – unit price of production in the base period.

Then the actual volume of output comparable to the base one (VP 1 CPU) is calculated using the formula:

where VP 1 is the volume of output in value terms.

Table 4

Adjustment for the aggregate index of price changes (J C) for a group of homogeneous products (works, services) of SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC

Name of the group of products, works, services	Revenue from the sale of products, works, services at actual prices, thousand rubles.			Average annual price for the group of products, works, services,			Price index, J C		Revenue from the sale of products, works, services at comparable prices, thousand rubles.
	257773
Installation of metal structures

Using the above methods, the impact of price changes on a specific product or product group is neutralized.

The analysis of production volume begins with studying the dynamics of gross and commercial output, calculating the indices of their growth and gain (Appendix 8).

SVS-Metalokonstruktsiya LLC has observed a growth rate in production volumes for all groups of products (works, services), with the highest growth rate in non-standard and tool production, on average for the period by 198.23% (almost twice). The high growth rate of non-standard and tool production in 2006 compared to 2005 (5.6 times) is explained by the fact that the workshop for non-standard and tool production was launched in mid-2005.

The growth rates of the groups “Production of metal structures for construction” and “Installation of metal structures and construction of buildings and other structures” are almost at the same level: 28.63% and 30.53%, respectively, which is explained by their interrelation and the corresponding increase in prices.

Let's analyze the implementation of the plan for the production of commercial products based on the data in Appendix 9. In 2006, at SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC, the deviation of the actual output of products (works, services) from the previous year is +90.62%, and the actual output from the plan is only 14 .27%, in 2007, 31.85% and 7.98%, respectively. At the same time, the workshop for the production of metal structures for construction (the main workshop) deviated from the actual products produced compared to the previous period in 2006 - by +53.94%, in 2007 - by +33.87%; team for the installation of metal structures and the construction of buildings and other structures in 2006 by +70.9%, in 2007 – by +21.48%; the workshop for non-standard and tool production deviated in 2006 by +572.17%, in 2007 by +31.85%.

That is, the deviation of the indicators of 2006 from 2005 for all groups of products (works, services) is higher than the deviation of the indicators of 2007 from 2006.

An analysis of the deviation of actual production from the planned one showed that in both 2006 and 2007 the plan for the installation of metal structures and the construction of buildings and other structures was not fulfilled, by 12.05% and 3.84%, respectively. As you can see, the gap has decreased, but in 2007 the workshop for non-standard and tool production did not fulfill the plan - by 2.27%. The deviation is small, but it is still necessary to reconsider the principles and methods of planning production for the future period.

The main workshop (production of metal structures for construction) fulfilled the plan in 2006 - by 15.39%, in 2007 - by 23.58%.

In general, we can conclude that the enterprise focuses on the products of the main workshop, thereby infringing on the interests of others in financing production.

2.3 Main aspects of organizing and maintaining accounting records of finished products and their sales at SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC

According to the Order on the accounting policy of LLC SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya, accounting is maintained by the accounting service, taking into account all regulatory and legislative acts of the Russian Federation, using computer equipment and the accounting program 1C: Enterprise.

Finished products are part of an organization’s inventory, intended for sale, which is the end result of the production process, completed by processing, the technical and quality characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Due to the fact that a very large number of forms are used, in the accounting service of SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC, three accountants deal with this directly, without being distracted by other areas. They fill out forms of primary documentation for the receipt and consumption of products; on the movement of products; for shipping products outside the Company; for selling products. Fill out registers and statements of product movement, issue vouchers for the export of products.

At SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC, finished products are valued at actual cost.

SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC has adopted a simple cost accounting method: they are written off directly to the corresponding facility. In this case, costs are grouped by type of production: main, auxiliary, service.

The costs of main production are differentiated according to their economic content into the costs of consumed fixed and working capital and labor costs; according to its technological characteristics - for basic costs, that is, those that arose directly in connection with the production process: labor costs, costs for the purchase of materials and raw materials, operation of fixed assets, and overhead, that is, management.

General production expenses of SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC are collected on account 25 “General production expenses. The debit records expenses, and the credit records their distribution. For example:

D 25 K 70 – wages accrued to employees engaged in production maintenance;

D 25 K 10 – material used for production, etc., is written off.

At the end of the year, general production costs are distributed and included in the cost of specific types of products indirectly, that is, by distribution in proportion to the selected base. General production costs are distributed in proportion to the main costs.

According to the accounting policy of the enterprise, the sequence of closing cost accounts is as follows: 23, 25, 26.

At SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC, sales of manufactured products are carried out directly. The direct method involves delivering goods from the manufacturer directly to the consumer. Among the largest corporate clients of SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC are: SVS Holding; JSC Russian Railways; CJSC MF "Stalkonstruktsiya"; CJSC "Stalkonstruktsiya-V"; JSC VU "Stalkonstruktsiya"; LLC "Steel Structures-1"; LLC "Sigma-M"; JSC "Stalmontazh"; MegaMechStroy LLC; LLC "Construction Company Temp 21 Century"; SK Promstroy Service LLC, Troy Rus LLC and others.

Settlements for such operations are made to account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”.

According to the accounting policy of the enterprise, shipment of manufactured products is carried out only upon prepayment, after shipment an invoice is issued. The products themselves are written off to the sales account.

Analytical accounting for account 62 is carried out for each invoice submitted by the buyer, and when making payments by scheduled payments - for each buyer or customer in the 1C: Accounting system. At the end of the month, data on account 62 is automatically transferred to the order journal, and from it to the General Ledger. Revenue from the sale of products is reflected in account 90 “Sales”:

D 62 K 90 – revenue from sales of products (works, services) is reflected.

Accounting for sales expenses at SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC is carried out as standard. For analytical accounting, account 44 “Sales expenses” is used.

At the end of the year, LLC SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya determines the financial result of its activities. Indicators characterizing the economic efficiency of production activities are gross income, net income, profit. The financial accounting system, as a final stage, includes the derivation of financial results of activities in the form of profits and losses. For this purpose, account 99 “Profits and losses” is used, where losses are reflected in debit, and profits are reflected in credit. A comparison of debit and credit turnover for the reporting period shows the final financial result of the reporting period - profit (loss).

In the accounting records of the organization, these business transactions are reflected as follows:

Conclusion

Thus, finished products are products that have gone through all stages of technological processing at the enterprise and comply with current standards, technical specifications or customer requirements stipulated in the contract.

Accounting for finished products at enterprises is carried out by type, grade and storage location in natural, conditionally natural and cost indicators.

Finished products, depending on the adopted accounting policy, are evaluated and reflected in the accounting and balance sheet of the enterprise at actual or standard (planned) cost. SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC uses the second option. In this case, the cost of finished products includes either all costs included in the production cost, or only direct costs, when indirect costs are written off from account 26 “General expenses” to account 90 “Sales”.

The cost of shipped and sold products, in addition to production costs, also includes commercial expenses. Their write-off for both methods of selling products in accounting is reflected in LLC SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya by the entry: Debit of account 90 “Sales” Credit of account 44 “Sales expenses”.

In the accounting department of the enterprise SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC, accounting of finished products is carried out in monetary value. For synthetic accounting of finished products, active inventory account 43 “Finished products” is used. On this account, finished products are accounted for and reflected: at actual production costs, as in the organization under study; at the actual reduced (shop) cost (without general business expenses); according to the planned (standard) production cost; at planned (standard) reduced (shop) cost. However, analytical accounting of certain types of finished products is carried out, as a rule, at accounting prices (planned cost, selling prices, etc.), highlighting deviations of the actual cost of finished products from their cost at accounting prices.

Sales of products by a manufacturing enterprise are the most important indicator of the volume of its activities. The sale of finished products completes the circulation of funds advanced for production. It is necessary to resume the production cycle. The moment of sale is considered to be either the date of crediting the payment from the buyer to the current account, or the date of shipment (release) of the products and presentation of payment and settlement documents by the buyer.

To account for product sales in the accounting records of SVS-Metallokonstruktsiya LLC, synthetic account 90 “Sales” is used. This account is active-passive and operational-resulting. The debit of this account takes into account the cost of products sold and all other expenses covered from the proceeds from sales, and the credit - only the proceeds from the sale of products. The result from the sale of products is written off monthly in the form of profit or loss to account 99 “Profits and losses”. This account should not have a balance at the end of the month (with the exception of agricultural enterprises).

Manufacturing enterprises, including SVS Metallokonstruktsiya LLC, calculate value added tax (VAT) on the amount of products sold. The object of VAT taxation is the turnover of sales of goods, work and services performed and goods imported into the territory of the Russian Federation.

List of used literature

1. Civil Code of the Russian Federation, parts I, II and III - 25th edition with amendments and additions as of July 30, 2004 - M.: Publishing house. Norma Infra M., 2004.

2. Tax Code of the Russian Federation, part one of July 31, 1998 No. 146-FZ and part two of August 5, 2000 No. 117-FZ, taking into account federal laws of December 31, 2005 No. 201-FZ, No. 205-FZ . – M.: GrossMedia, 2006.

3. Federal Law “On Accounting” dated November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ, as amended. and additional dated March 26, 2003. Collection of legal acts regulating accounting activities at enterprises. / Comp. L. A. Tchaikovskaya. – M., 2004. – 231 p.

4. Federal Law of May 22, 2003 No. 54-FZ “On the use of cash register equipment when making cash payments and (or) payments using payment cards” // Consultant PLUS

5. Chart of accounts and Instructions for its application dated October 31, 2000 N 94n (as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 05/07/2003 N 38n, dated 09/18/2006 N 115n) // Consultant PLUS

6. Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 29, 1998 N 34n (as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 1999 N 107n, dated March 24, 2000 N 31n). // Collection of legal acts regulating accounting activities at enterprises. / Comp. L. A. Tchaikovskaya. M., 2004.– 231 p.

7. Accounting regulations “Accounting for inventories” PBU 5/01, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06/09/2001 No. 44n // Collection of normative legal acts regulating accounting activities at enterprises. / Comp. L. A. Tchaikovskaya. M., 2004.– 231 p.

8. Accounting Regulations “Income of the Organization” PBU 9/99, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 1999 No. 32n // Collection of normative legal acts regulating accounting activities at enterprises. / Comp. L. A. Tchaikovskaya. M., 2004.– 231 p.

9. Grishchenko O. V. Analysis and diagnostics of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise [Text]: Textbook / O. V. Grishchenko. - Taganrog: TRTU Publishing House, 2000. – 112 p.

10. Documentation of operations for the movement of finished products / [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://auditr.ru

11. Lutsenko E. Yu. Accounting: Distance learning textbook / [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://do.rksi.ru

12. Skvortsov A.L. Accounting for finished products / Chief Accountant. – 2008. - No. 2. – P. 5-16.

13. Warehouse accounting of finished products and reporting of financially responsible persons / [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://auditr.ru

14. Smirnov, E.A. Theory of organization of production [Text] / E. A. Smirnov. - M.: Infra-M, 2000. - 248 p.

15. Accounting for the release of finished products: material from a group of consultants and methodologists of JSC "BKR-Intercom-Audit" / [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://auditr.ru

16. Accounting for the sale of finished products: material from a group of consultants and methodologists of JSC "BKR-Intercom-Audit" / [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://auditr.ru

17. Accounting for the cost of finished products: material from a group of consultants and methodologists of JSC "BKR-Intercom-Audit" // [Electronic resource] Access mode: Audit-it.ru

Annex 1

Organizational and production structure of SVS Metallokonstruktsiya LLC

Appendix 2

Dynamics of production volumes of SVS Metallokonstruktsiya LLC in 2005-2007

Appendix 3

Fulfillment of the plan for the production of products, works, services of SVS Metallokonstruktsiya LLC for 2006-2007

Workshop team

Sales production volume, thousand rubles.

Actual output variance

From last year

Production of metal structures for construction

Installation of metal structures and construction of buildings and other structures

Non-standard and tool production

257773