As you know, evolution moves through small mutations. The new organism is different from the previous ones, it is more developed in some ways, it is more adaptable, but it also goes beyond what is usual for this time. Only then does the norm become established and become habitual until the time when a new “mutant” moves evolutionary progress further forward.
Society is also driven by its “mutants” - individuals who better than others grasp the essence of the new era. From a practical point of view, Chichikov represents just such a person who grasps his own era, becomes, as it were, above time, he is dynamic and changing.
The figures of the landowners, in turn, are static; they only personify something. Also, if you look beyond Gogol’s symbolism, but only at the practical side, the landowners represent a frozen way of life, which will later be replaced by the enterprising bourgeois, of whom Chichikov is a bright forerunner.
He understands and, as it were, reads the figure of each landowner, selects the optimal “keys” of communication for everyone. By the way, similar property Ostap Bender, a character who also soared above his time and became evidence of a new era, will also have in the future. Just like Bender, Chichikov is a dreamer, despite all his penchant for mundane forms, such as accumulating money, saving and prestige.
Of course, in many ways main character « Dead souls"is a harbinger of the degradation of society, the next stage of the Fall and the path to the Apocalypse. It is not for nothing that Gogol rhymes with it various eschatological motifs and figures of Napoleon and even the Antichrist.
Based on the historical outline, Chichikov really foreshadows a new era. He is precisely the type who will in the future displace the landowners and replace the usual way of life. Like Lopakhin, he acts completely original for his time and adheres to his personal, strange for most ideals.
If the landowners, in comparison with him, are absurd and vicious, but also sincere and more humane, then Chichikov does not have much humanity, he thinks only about practical benefits. This ideology is somewhat characteristic of Western society; it can even be called a kind of embodiment of the American dream. Therefore, he is in many ways an alien element, as well as the era that comes with him.
Essay Chichikov as a new hero of the era
According to Belinsky, Gogol described the real Russian reality through Chichikov. The image of the hero reflected the entry of the bourgeoisie into Russian life. Chichikov is an ordinary character of the original capitalist union. Chichikov was born into the family of a poor nobleman. After the death of his father, the hero inherited a dilapidated house and a small piece of land. All his life he followed his father's instructions. The eldest Chichikov said that his son must take care and collect everything to the last penny.
On the advice of his father, Chichikov was ready to deceive, please and flattery for the sake of wealth and power. From an early age, he learned to evaluate and use the people around him for his own benefit. He showed resourcefulness in any situation and iron restraint for his own benefit. Through speculation, Chichikov increased the small capital received as an inheritance. After saving 5 rubles, Chichikov made a second bag to save more. Money replaced the hero's conscience, friendship and honor. To save more, the hero decided to pull off a scam with dead souls. The whole life of the young hero consisted of a chain of fraudulent scams and crimes.
The hero shows ingenuity and pulls off any scam with effort in order to increase his pennies. Chichikov realized that a person’s life is controlled by money. He began to travel all over Russia and buy dead souls.
Chichikov was attracted to the life of wealthy nobles. For the sake of rich life he was ready to deceive and steal. He tried to adapt to noble life. Chichikov became a gentleman with good manners and an entrepreneur. His entrepreneurial abilities were expressed during his early formative years. Chichikov's meanness is expressed in the fact that he uses every opportunity and is ready to profit from the misfortune of other people. The hero sought to get to the provinces in which a large number of peasants died. The death of people depended on hunger and lack of harvest.
Chichikov was a versatile person. He knew how to adapt to any situation and always knew how to navigate the situation. The hero knew how to charm and evoke admiration from any interlocutor. Chichikov did not use obscene words or insults in his speech. Chichikov, as a hero of modern times, had education and energy, as well as dexterity. Due to his qualities, he found an approach to any person.
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- Analysis of Lermontov's play Masquerade
The title “Masquerade” tells about the main directions of the work. A masquerade is usually the place where the main conflict of the work will develop; all significant events will take place at this carnival
- Analysis of Gogol's work Old World Landowners
The story “The Old World Landowner” begins N.V. Gogol’s collection “Mirgorod”. Unlike the usual bright, mystical plots of the author’s works, the story is filled with the reality of life.
- Characteristics and image of Patsyuk in the story The Night Before Christmas by Gogol essay
Although not the main character of the story, the Cossack Patsyuk, nevertheless, plays an important role in it. After all, it was to him that the blacksmith Vakula turned for help at the moment when it seemed
From birth, a person has innate qualities. Some easily make contact from a very early age. Others love to help people. Still others do not respect their relatives and are born closed people.
The main character of N.V. Gogol’s poem “ Dead Souls" - Mr. Chichikov. The beginning to evaluate this image is given by the author's portrait, from which, in fact, the story begins. According to him, this gentleman was “not handsome, but not of bad appearance, neither too fat nor too thin; I can’t say that I’m old, but I can’t say that I’m too young.” Similar appearance, lacking any character traits, sets the reader up to perceive the image of a “little man”.
Of course, Chichikov is a completely new image in Russian literature of those years. But that doesn't mean he doesn't have literary relatives. Analyzing the names and associations that arise in the poem in connection with Chichikov, we can conclude: first of all, this image synthesizes the characters bequeathed by the Pushkin tradition. If we turn to the history of the creation of the poem, it is necessary to take into account the fact documented by the writer himself. In the fall of 1835, Gogol talked with Pushkin. At the end of the conversation, Pushkin convinced Gogol to take up an extensive narrative and even gave him his own plot. In addition, Gogol considered Pushkin his literary mentor, whose opinion and experience he could not help but listen to.
The images of Pushkin's works have found their artistic comprehension and embodiment in Gogol’s work. True, Pushkin's secular romantic and robber in the guise of the knight of profit, money-grubber and demonic egoist Hermann is depicted in Gogol in a parodic projection.
Let us remember Chichikov in the scenes of preparation for the ball and the ball itself. Encouraged by a love letter from an unknown lady, he, in the spirit of a romantic hero, plunges into a very blissful and excited mood: “And the letter is very, very curly written!” Preparing for the ball, Chichikov devotes a lot of time to his toilet. Spinning around the mirror, he gave himself “a lot of pleasant surprises, winked his eyebrows and lips and even did something with his tongue... Finally, he lightly tapped himself on the chin, saying: “Oh, you’re such a little face!” - and began to get dressed.” Let's draw a parallel and remember how Pushkin's Onegin prepared for the ball:
He's at least three o'clock
He spent in front of the mirrors
And he came out of the restroom
Like windy Venus.
Next, Chichikov reveals himself completely unexpectedly. Seeing the governor’s young daughter at the ball, he “suddenly stopped, as if stunned by a blow.” But, unlike Onegin - a genius in the science of “tender passion” - Gogol’s character turns out to be a useless ladies’ man: “Chichikov was so confused that he could not utter a single good words and muttered God knows what, something that neither Gremin, nor Zvonsky, nor Lidin would have said” (heroes of fashionable stories).
But Chichikov is not only a parody hero-lover, he is also a parody romantic robber, according to the lady, pleasant in every way, he bursts into Korobochka, “like Rinaldo Rinaldini”; in addition, he planned to take away the governor’s daughter (the “truthful” testimony of Nozdryov, who, according to him, was in close relations with Chichikov, raised this invention to the rank of real event). Chichikov is also identified with Captain Kopeikin, a maker of counterfeit notes, who fled from a neighboring province from legal persecution. True, this fact later raised doubts among officials: “after all, Captain Kopeikin... is missing an arm and a leg, but Chichikov has...”
Chichikov is a demonic personality, he is associated with Napoleon, who was kept on a stone chain, behind six walls and seven seas, and now he was released “from the island of Helena, and now he is making his way to Russia, supposedly Chichikov, but in fact not at all Chichikov." Of course, the officials did not believe this, but, however, they became thoughtful and, considering this matter each to themselves, found that Chichikov’s face, if he turned and stood sideways, was very similar to the portrait of Napoleon. “The police chief, who served in the 12-year campaign and personally saw Napoleon, also could not help but admit that he would in no way be taller than Chichikov, and that in terms of his figure, Napoleon, too, cannot be said to be too fat, but not that thin." The description of Chichikov’s resemblance to Napoleon is a parody quotation of the corresponding passage from “The Queen of Spades”: Hermann has a “profile of Napoleon”; “He sat on the window, arms folded and frowning menacingly. In this position, he surprisingly resembled a portrait of Napoleon.”
It is in this parodic comparison of Chichikov, a petty swindler and weasel, with the image of a romantic hero, a romantic robber, the arbiter of the destinies of the world, Napoleon, that Gogol’s innovation lies. This comparison allows us to highlight the author’s main idea: the Chichikovs are “little people”, in whose hands right now is the control of the world. They mark a time when vice ceased to be heroic and evil ceased to be majestic. Having absorbed everything romantic images, he discolored them and devalued them, placing at the head of all moral values the slogan passed down by inheritance: “Save a penny.” However, Gogol, in accordance with the Christian worldview, through the mouth of Murazov, gives Chichikov a chance for correction and rebirth: “If only one of those people who love good would put as much effort into it as you do to get your penny!” Gogol's hero has hope for revival, because he has reached the limit of evil in its extreme manifestations - low, petty and ridiculous. Evil exists not only in its pure form, but also in its insignificant forms. And precisely in its hopelessness lies the possibility of an equally complete and absolute revival.
Gogol, according to V. G. Belinsky, “was the first to look boldly and directly at Russian reality.” The writer's satire was directed against the “general order of things,” and not against individuals, bad executors of the law. The predatory money-grubber Chichikov, the landowners Manilov and Sobakevich, Nozdryov and Plyushkin, the officials of the provincial city from Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls” are terrible in their vulgarity. “One could go crazy,” wrote A. I. Herzen, “at the sight of this menagerie of nobles and officials who wander around in the deepest darkness, buying and selling the “dead souls” of peasants.” The image of Chichikov reflects a new phenomenon in Russian life - the emergence of the bourgeoisie. This is a typical hero of the original capitalist accumulation, a representative of those businessmen who large quantities appeared in Russia in the 30s, when the crisis of the serfdom system sharply emerged.
Chichikov is the son of a poor nobleman, who inherited a “dilapidated house with insignificant land,” and became a real tradesman in his lifestyle. All his life he remembered and followed his father’s instructions - most of all to take care and save a penny: “You will do everything and you will spend everything with a penny”; to please teachers and bosses, while at the same time blatantly deceiving them in order to get a lucrative position. Already in teenage years the hero learned to evaluate people from the point of view of real benefit for himself, showed resourcefulness, iron restraint and baseness of soul. Through small speculations, he “made increments” to the fifty dollars donated by his father. “When he had enough money to reach five rubles, he sewed up the bag and began saving in another.” A bag of money replaced Chichikov's friendship, honor and conscience.
Deciding on a scam with dead souls, he thinks: “And now is a convenient time. We lost at cards, went on a spree and squandered it like it should.” Chichikov’s whole life became a chain of fraudulent machinations and crimes, his slogan was: “if he caught it, he dragged it, if it fell through, don’t ask.” Chichikov shows enormous efforts and inexhaustible ingenuity, embarking on any scam if they promise success and promise the coveted penny. The hero understands that capital becomes the master of life, that all the power is in the box with which he travels around Russia, buying up dead souls from landowners. Life and the environment taught him that “you can’t take the straight road and that the oblique road is more straight forward.”
Ready to deceive and rob the nobles, Chichikov himself is under the spell of the life of the noble class. Having imagined himself as a Kherson landowner, he sincerely strives to adapt psychologically and everyday life to the nobility, which is expressed in the appearance and habits of the hero.
Chichikov can be called a gentleman in manners and a bourgeois entrepreneur at heart. His bourgeois entrepreneurship still appears in the form that characterizes the period of primitive accumulation. Gogol calls Chichikov a scoundrel, a master, an acquirer. The hero’s meanness lies in the fact that he is ready to profit from the grief and illness of people. The author notes that Chichikov strives to get to those provinces where epidemics and epidemics occurred, since more peasants died there. For the same reason, he is interested in crop failures and famines occurring more often. About the hero’s acquisition, the author writes: “Acquisition is the fault of everything; because of it, deeds were carried out that the world calls not very pure.”
Images of landowners are created by describing the village, manor house and interior, portrait characteristics, attitude to Chichikov’s proposal, description of the purchase and sale process itself; At the same time, Gogol highlights the leading, main character trait of the character. Chichikov is revealed somewhat differently. There is no demonstration here through the attitude towards serfdom, through a description of everyday life. If all the landowners, except Plyushkin, are given statically, then Chichikov is given in development, in the process of becoming. Depicting landowners, the writer highlights their defining features, while Chichikov is revealed in many ways.
In order to more clearly illuminate the origin and life development of a new type - Chichikov, and to comprehend his historical place, the writer dwells in detail on his biography, character and psychology. Gogol shows how his ability to adapt to the situation and navigate in any situation developed; Depending on the conditions, Chichikov’s manner and tone of conversation changes. Everywhere he charms, sometimes arouses admiration and always achieves his goal: “You need to know that Chichikov was the most decent person who has ever existed in the world... He never allowed himself an indecent word in his speech and was always offended if he saw in the words of others lack of due respect for rank or title..."
The new hero of the era has many advantages that the landed nobles do not have: some education, energy, enterprise, extraordinary dexterity. Chichikov knows how to find an approach to every person, quickly guessing the character traits of people, accurately identifying their strengths and weak sides; win over new acquaintances, the guise of good manners helps the hero gain confidence. In a conversation with Manilov, he looks like Manilov; with Korobochka, Chichikov “spoke... with more freedom than with Manilov, and did not stand on ceremony at all.”
In conversations “with rulers, he very skillfully knew how to flatter everyone. He somehow hinted in passing to the governor that entering his province was like entering paradise, the roads were velvet everywhere... He said something very flattering to the police chief about the city guards...” Constantly changing his appearance, Chichikov carefully hides his fraudulent goals from those around him.
Symbolizing the advent of the era of the bourgeois, the era of dexterous, tenacious, energetic people who profess the morality of acquisition, Chichikov demonstrates perseverance, energy, practicality of mind, and willpower. Gogol writes: “We must do justice to the irresistible force of his character.” In terms of practical ingenuity and resourcefulness, the hero – the “acquirer” – stands out strongly among the representatives of the patriarchal landed order, in whom immobility, inertia and deadness have firmly built a nest for themselves.
At the same time, Chichikov also has features in common with landowners - a lack of civic interests and socio-political conservatism. Chichikov does not worship either humility or virtue, but he needs them to achieve his goal. He is calculating and knows how to wait patiently the right moment. The thirst for profit and the desire to occupy a commanding position in society haunt him. Civil and patriotic feelings alien to Chichikov, he treats with complete indifference everything that does not concern his personal, selfish interests.
Noble society mistook the swindler and rogue Chichikov for an outstanding person. Gogol writes that “the word “millionaire” is to blame for everything, not the millionaire himself, but precisely one word; for in one sound of this word, besides every money bag, there is something that affects both scoundrel people, and neither this nor that, and good people, in a word, it affects everyone.” In Chichikov, bourgeois traits manifest themselves with such strength and truthfulness that contemporaries already saw the broad social significance of this type.
Essay on literature on the topic: Chichikov - New hero of the era
Other writings:
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- In the poem “Dead Souls” Gogol typifies the images of Russian landowners, officials and peasants. The only person who clearly stands out from the general picture of Russian life is the main character of the poem, Chichikov. Like the “superfluous people”, Onegin and Pechorin, he is not like the crowd, but not Read More......
- At the moment of the imminent breakdown of foundations in the life of society and the state in the face of impending reforms, N. V. Gogol creates the poem “Dead Souls”. This turning point and the changes that follow it will affect not only the political system Russian Empire, but they will also transform the Russian himself. Anticipating Read More......
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- Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov was born into a poor noble family. Leaving to study, he received “instruction” from his father, which said that Pavlusha should ingratiate himself with teachers and, in general, with elders, but most of all, that he should save his “penny.” Working at Read More......
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- Chichikov is the main character of the poem “Dead Souls”. In general, the author named it this way to show that the hearts of the landowners are no longer alive, they have died. Is the soul of the main character dead? Let's try to figure it out. Let's start with history. He was born “neither his mother nor Read More......
- But despite all this, his path was difficult. N.V. Gogol, “Dead Souls” N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls” was written in early XIX century. This is the time when a new social class began to emerge in Russia – the class of entrepreneurs. The title of the poem is Read More......
Topic: “Chichikov - the new “hero” of the era.”
Target: learn to build reasoning based on the text from the analysis of the proposed fragment; develop the skills of structuring a detailed answer to a proposed question, taking into account the educational task, the ability to use literary text and literary critical material as an argumentative basis, analyze and introspection of the work performed, the ability to find errors and improve the work performed; cultivate a sense of decency and attentive attitude towards other people, determination.
Texts for work in the Russian language lesson ( control test according to the 9th grade program).
1 option
1) It is most fair to call him: owner, acquirer. 2) Acquisition is the fault of everything. 3) Because of him, things were done that the world calls not very pure. 4) True, there is already something repulsive in such a character. 5) But he is wise who does not disdain any character, but, fixing an inquiring gaze on it, probes it to its original causes. 6) Everything quickly turns into a person. 7) And more than once not only a broad passion, but an insignificant passion for something small grew in someone born for the best exploits, forced him to forget great and holy duties and see great and holy things in insignificant trinkets. 8) Countless, like sea sands, human passions, and all are different from one another, and all of them, low and beautiful, are at first submissive to man and then become his terrible masters. 9) And, perhaps, in this same Chichikov, the passion that attracts him is no longer from him, and in his cold existence lies what will later drive a person to dust and to his knees before the wisdom of heaven. (N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls” chapter 11).
1 option
1. From sentences 7-8, write out a word with an alternating vowel at the root.
2. From sentences 8-9, write down a word whose spelling of the consonant in the prefix depends on the unvoiced consonant sound following the prefix.
4. Explain the placement of the dash in sentence 2.
5. Write the number of a complex sentence with an attributive clause (sentences 1-4)
6. From sentences 3-6, write down an introductory word.
7. Write down the number of the sentence (from sentences 5-7) containing a separate circumstance.
Key (1 option)
1. grew
2. countless
3. concluded
6. truth (sentence 4)
8. commas for homogeneous parts of the sentence.
9. 1,2 - comparative phrase, 3 - SSP, 4 - SSP, 5,6 - isolated agreed definitions expressed by single adjectives
Option 2
1) The method of revealing gradation is Gogol’s conscious attitude. 2) In “Selected Places...” he writes: “My heroes follow one after another, one more vulgar than the other.”
3) In the process of depicting the landowners, the image of the main character, Chichikov, also unfolds before the readers. 4) Landowners and officials, depicted by Gogol, compete in spiritual emasculation. 5) But both of them are clearly superior to Chichikov - the active knight of the “penny”. 6) He is more greedy in his pursuit of acquisitions than Korobochka, who takes seven skins from her serfs, more callous than Sobakevich and more impudent than Nozdryov in the means of enrichment.
7) B final chapter, which completes the biography of Chichikov, his final exposure takes place as a cunning predator, acquirer and entrepreneur of the bourgeois type, a civilized scoundrel, the master of life.
8) Gogol, a keen observer, correctly saw the growth of rapidly developing bourgeois tendencies in the depths of the feudal-serf regime. 9) And these tendencies found in him a merciless accuser, who noticed in them the terrible, enslaving power of money, associated with monstrous speculation, with deliberately fraudulent adventures. (A.I. Revyakin “History of Russian literature of the 19th century.” M. “Enlightenment” 1985)
Option 2
1. From sentences 5-6, write out a word with an alternating vowel at the root.
2. From sentences 3-4, write down a word whose spelling of the consonant in the prefix depends on the voiced consonant sound following the prefix.
3. From sentence 9, write out the passive participle.
5. Write the number of a complex sentence with a subordinate clause (sentences 7-9)
6. Write out an agreed definition from sentences 4-5.
7. Write down the number of the sentence (from sentences 5-6) containing a separate definition.
8. Explain the placement of punctuation marks in sentence 7.
9. Number the punctuation marks in sentence 8 and explain their placement.
10. Choose the correct answer, which describes the characteristics of sentence 9:
1) simple complex sentence
2) compound sentence
3) complex sentence
4) complex sentence with coordinating and subordinating connections
Key (2 option)
1. fighting
2. unfolds
3. related
4. a common application at the end of a sentence
6. outlined by Gogol (4th sentence)
8. 1,2 - participial phrase, 3,4,5 - homogeneous terms
9. 1,2 - common application, 3 - participial phrase
Option 3
1) Remember Chichikov’s traveling box - it’s a poem! 2) This is a poem about acquisition, squeezing out sweat in the name of a million. 3) There is a city poster, torn from a pedestal, and a funeral card, telling his sober mind about the transience of life. 4) The same pile of Plyushkin, only not disheveled, but brought into symmetry, where each item is relevant. 5) Plyushkin’s pile is a cemetery of dead things, Chichikov’s box is a business man’s traveling suitcase.
6) The comic journey ends tragically, and tragedy permeates the final lines of “Dead Souls” about the trio flying into the unknown.
7) Before this ending, Chichikov falls asleep, reassured by his successful escape from the city, and as if in a dream he sees his own childhood, which the author himself talks about.
8) This story about Chichikov’s childhood will then give acceleration to his troika, pick it up as if on wings and carry it to the unknown second volume.
9) In this passage, the contrast is especially felt - the vast Rus' and the “government crew” - a symbol of soulless, terrible state power. (Zolotussky I. Article “Chichikov is mixed with completely different yeast” “Literature at school”, No. 2, 1999).
Option 3
1. From sentences 4-5, write out a word with an alternating vowel at the root.
2. From sentences 4-5, write down a word whose spelling of the consonant in the prefix depends on the unvoiced consonant sound following the prefix.
3. Write out the passive participle from sentence 3.
4. Explain the placement of the dash in sentence 5.
5. Write the number of the compound sentence (sentences 5-6)
6. Write out homogeneous terms from sentences 2-3.
7. Write down the number of the sentence (from sentences 1-3) containing a separate definition.
8. Explain the placement of punctuation marks in sentence 7.
9. Number the punctuation marks in sentence 9 and explain their placement.
10. Choose the correct answer, which describes the characteristics of sentence 7:
1) simple complex sentence
2) compound sentence
3) complex sentence
4) complex sentence with coordinating and subordinating connections
Key (3 option)
1. dead
2. disheveled
3. torn
4. a dash between the subject and the predicate, expressed by nouns (a compound nominal predicate with a missing connective)
6. acquisition, squeezing out sweat; poster, ticket
8. 1,2 - participial phrase, 2 - homogeneous predicates, 3 - attributive clause
9. 1 and 2 dashes - a common application, 3 commas - homogeneous members
How to check your work.
1. See if the work has an introduction and answer the question: “Does the introduction correspond to the content of the main work, does it prepare you for the perception of the main part of the work?” If not, rebuild the introduction or remove it.
2. See whether the proposed fragment is correctly interpreted, whether all the thoughts and concepts contained in it are worked out and explained.
3. See if the work has a working thesis and whether it corresponds to the interpretation of the fragment.
4. Reread the argument and answer the question: “Does the argument support the working thesis and the interpreted fragment?” If it does not confirm, “frame” it with reflections or replace it (we carry out similar work with each of the arguments).
5. See if the work has a final part, whether it resonates with the introduction, the working thesis and interpretation of the fragment, whether it is a logical conclusion from everything said above. If not, rebuild the output.
6. Check whether all sentences and parts of the work are related to each other in meaning and grammatically.
7. Check for errors. If you are in doubt about the spelling of a word, check it in a dictionary or replace it with a synonym. If you can’t analyze the structure of a sentence, rebuild it. Eliminate speech and grammatical errors (“mint” phrases).
Criteria for evaluation:
K1. There is an introduction and it correlates with the interpretation of the fragment and the working thesis, corresponds to the content of the main part of the work, and prepares for its perception (1 point).
K2. The proposed fragment is interpreted, all thoughts and concepts contained in it are worked out and explained (2 points).
The fragment is interpreted, but not all concepts are considered and explained (1 point).
The fragment is not interpreted (0 points).
K3. The working thesis corresponds to the interpretation of the fragment (2 points).
There is a working thesis, but it does not correspond to the interpretation of the fragment (1 point).
There is no working thesis (0 points).
K4. The arguments confirm the working thesis and the interpreted fragment (the first three theses are taken into account) (for each correctly selected argument - 3 points; maximum number of points - 9).
K5. The final part echoes the introduction, the working thesis and interpretation of the fragment, and is a logical conclusion from everything said above (3 points).
The conclusion logically completes the main part of the work, but it does not correlate with the introduction and thesis (1 point)
There is no conclusion or it does not correspond to the content of the work (0 points).
K6. All sentences and parts of the work are interconnected in meaning and grammatically (3 points).
There is one logical error (2 points).
There are two logical errors (1 point).
More than 2 logical errors were made (0 points).
The maximum number of points is 20.
Scores: 15-20 points - “5”
11-14 points - “4”
9-13 points - “3”
0-8 points - “2”
Board design.
Reverse side (board closed)
Homework:
1 option
Mark the most striking ones in the text of the poem lyrical digressions(chapter 5 (a digression about an aptly spoken Russian word), chapter 7 (about two types of writers; about barge haulers), chapter 11 (about a three-bird, about the road, about Rus' and its heroes, about the choice of a hero). What artistic function do they do they do?
Option 2
Prepare a message on the topic: “What does Gogol’s image of the road mean?”
Board in a spread
1 leaf
Fragments from chapter 11 of N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls”
1) It is very doubtful that the readers will like the hero we have chosen...a good-natured person is still not taken as a hero...it’s time to finally hide the scoundrel too
2) Who is he regarding moral qualities? That he is not a hero, full of perfection and virtuous, is clear. Who is he? So, a scoundrel? Why a scoundrel, why be so strict with others?
3) But he is wise who does not disdain any character, but, fixing an inquisitive gaze on it, probes it to its original causes.
Central door
Chichikov - new hero era?
Essay-reasoning
Structure:
1. Introductory part
A)+- Introduction
B) Working with a fragment (interpretation of a fragment)
C) A working thesis formulated based on the interpretation of the fragment
2. The main part of the work is an argument with proof or illustration of the working thesis, containing at least 2-3 arguments (link to the text, quotation, partial quotation, partial paraphrase; link to a literary critical assessment of the work), confirming the provisions put forward in the thesis.
3. The final part of the work (conclusion from everything said above).
2 doors
A thesis is a statement that briefly states an idea.
Argument - argument, proof.
During the classes
1. Recording homework
2. Definition of the learning task
Today we are practicing the skills of composing an argumentative essay in accordance with the educational task that you are asked to solve when completing the task in part C2 of the GIA. The difference is that as an argumentative basis we will use the text of the work and its literary-critical assessment (texts proposed for implementation test work in the Russian language lesson, teaching aids, literary critical materials). Thus, we will continue preparing for the Russian language exam and work on several essay topics that you will be asked to write upon completion of studying the poem “Dead Souls” and the works of N.V. Gogol.
At the end of the lesson, we have to clarify the wording of the lesson topic written on the board.
For today's lesson, you wrote an essay on the topic: “Who is he, this Chichikov?” Using the consultant sheet “How to check your work,” you checked the written work, eliminated errors and evaluated your work in accordance with the evaluation criteria.
3.Working with essays written by students. Who gave themselves a “5” rating? (one work is taken by the teacher for checking, students are divided into pairs, exchange notebooks and check each other’s work with the help of a consultant sheet. All notes and corrections are made in pencil. After checking, a second grade is given. When grading, only the literary component is taken into account in accordance with the proposed criteria). To complete the work - 15 minutes.
4. Analysis of work assessed by the teacher(students’ work, evaluated by classmates, is submitted for control).
5. Working with the proposed sample(the work is analyzed without output).
Who is this Chichikov?
So why is he, according to the author’s definition, a scoundrel? Yes, because he could not cope with one “passion”. This is a passion for acquisition, hoarding, the desire to become the master of life. “Countless, like the sands of the sea, are human passions, and all are different from one another, and all of them, low and beautiful, are at first submissive to man and then become his terrible masters,” says N.V. Gogol. Chichikov fell under the power of “low” passion and became its slave. And the reason for this is living conditions, time, imposing strict and cruel laws, and God knows what else! N.V. Gogol hinted at the future rebirth of Chichikov and the edifying lesson that his “passion”—acquisitiveness—receives in connection with this. “And, perhaps, in this same Chichikov, the passion that attracts him is no longer from him, and in his cold existence lies what will later bring a person to dust and to his knees before the wisdom of heaven.” But the author’s plan was not destined to come true. Chichikov remained the same Chichikov with whom we parted, turning over the last page of the poem - a “strange scoundrel” who, however, has something to learn.
Literature in general literary work and everyone literary hero in particular, it is a “textbook of life”. So what lessons do we learn by solving Chichikov's riddle? A hero can teach us moderation of accuracy, the ability, if necessary, to curb one’s desires, diplomacy in relationships with people, organization, perseverance and determination. But the most important lesson learned when communicating with Chichikov was the lesson of decency. Using the example of our hero’s unseemly actions, we are convinced that the biggest sin is to play with the destinies of people, to step over people on the way to achieving any, even a very “lofty” goal. There is nothing more immoral than the phrase: “The end justifies the means.” Only the goal that is achieved by “moral means” can be justified and will bring good luck and peace of mind to those who achieve it.
6. There is no final part to the work. Let's finish the job together. So what lessons do we learn by solving Chichikov's riddle?
(conversation with the class, conclusion read out) 7. Let’s clarify the wording of the topic
Who is this Chichikov?
(it is advisable to quote the word “hero” and remove the question mark).
F.M. Dostoevsky argued that every person is a mystery, and it must be solved in order to remain human. And N.V. Gogol continued and developed his thought: “... the wise is the one who does not disdain any character, but, fixing an inquiring gaze on it, probes it to its original causes.” Following the precepts of the classics, we will try to solve the riddle of Chichikov. After all, by “unraveling” another, we become wiser, because everyone, even if not a very “virtuous hero,” has something to learn.
And this is exactly how the author sees his main character, Chichikov. In chapter 11 of the poem “Dead Souls”, starting a detailed description of his character, “searching” for the “original causes” of his “moral qualities”, N.V. Gogol suggests that the “hero” he “chosen” is unlikely to please the reader, clearly calling him a scoundrel. And already finishing the story about him, he urges us not to be “strict” towards him. It seems that the author himself has an ambivalent attitude towards his hero, and for him he is a mystery.
So who is Chichikov? Is he a scoundrel or a “virtuous” person? And if he is a scoundrel, then what is the reason for his meanness? Where is Chichikov's riddle hidden and how to solve it?
There is no doubt that Chichikov is a scoundrel. My father’s instructions about the need to please teachers and bosses, to “hang around” with those who are richer and can be useful, to save a penny, which is “more reliable than anything in the world” and can “overwhelm everything” not only “sank deep... into the soul” Pavlushi, but also received creative development. He has succeeded in this matter! Pavlusha not only “saved a penny”, denying himself everything and preparing for a future comfortable life (this is not the biggest sin), but also “stepped over people”, moving towards his intended goal (and this is already a sin, and the one who acts like this you can’t call it anything other than a scoundrel). Let us remember how sophisticatedly he “pumped” money from his classmates, how he “cheated, greatly cheated” his teacher. It should be noted that there was something to cheat him for when he was “in power and authority.” But circumstances changed, and the former beloved student somehow acted basely, refusing to help the one who found himself in a humiliated position and “from whose hand he fed.” And the case of the “insensitive” and “incredible” police officer, under whose command the official Chichikov worked hard. And our hero “attracted” him, “attracted his favor” and “cheated” him, “cheated” him in the most dishonest way, playing on his fatherly feelings. Yes, he didn’t just “cheat”, but also “hooked”! And having crossed this “most difficult threshold,” our hero “easier and more successfully” coped with the multi-level difficulties that arise on the way to his cherished goal, honing the skill of a swindler. He “tried on” various roles, masterfully transformed himself, did not disdain any means, played with people like a cat and a mouse. Well, who is he after that if not a scoundrel! It is no coincidence that A.I. Revyakin calls him a “clever predator”, “a civilized scoundrel”, accuses him of greed (“more greedy in his pursuit of acquisitions than Korobochka”), callousness (“callouser than Sobakevich”), and arrogance (“brazener than Korobochka”). Nozdryov in the means of enrichment"), pronouncing an unconditional verdict of guilty on him: Chichikov surpasses all landowners “in spiritual emasculation.”
But is our hero so monstrously heartless? We would venture to guess that no. It is no coincidence that I. Zolotussky calls him a “strange scoundrel”, N.G. Chernyshevsky claims that Chichikov is “the most difficult character”, and N.V. Gogol, being a brilliant artist and an excellent psychologist, simply could not create such an unambiguous image also make him the main character of your “pinnacle” work. Chichikov has a lot of advantages. He, unlike landowners and officials, is unusually active. His ingenuity knows no bounds. Just look at his adventure with buying dead souls and enriching himself due to the inertia and short-sightedness of the landowners, the “inhibition” of the “state-bureaucratic machine”! He's neat. Even doing menial work, he stood out favorably from his colleagues, petty officials. He is sensitive. Let us remember the moment of his meeting with the blonde, the embodiment of purity and innocence. He became lost in thought and forgot about everything around him. And when he met an already familiar blonde at the governor’s ball, “Chichikov was so confused that he could not utter a single sensible word.” And in this muteness a share of true experience was “hidden”. Chichikov is a subtle psychologist. The “grain” of this hero is the ability to adapt to people, to guess them. With Manilov he is amiable, with Korobochka he is persistent, with Nozdryov he is assertive, he bargains with Sobakevich as relentlessly as Sobakevich does with him, Plyushkina conquers with his “generosity.” Chichikov is capable of deep reflection. The following passage in the work is interesting for understanding Chichikov’s character. After one of his failures - dismissal from customs for smuggling - Chichikov reflects: “Why me? Why did trouble befall me? Who is yawning in office now? - everyone buys. I didn’t make anyone unhappy: I didn’t rob the widow, I didn’t let anyone go around the world... Why do others prosper and why should I perish like a worm?” And this is true: Chichikov wanted to get rich by “cheating” the state, but at this stage of his life he did not commit dishonest acts towards people. Continuing his thoughts, Chichikov asks himself the question: “And what will my children say later? “Here,” they will say, “father, the brute, didn’t leave us any fortune!” This also characterizes our hero from the positive side: his father’s lesson was put to good use (his father, by and large, left him only a bequest, which largely determined his future fate: following the behest of his mismanaged and irresponsible father, Chichikov turned into a swindler and a swindler). And our hero wants to provide his children with a comfortable life. And all the reflections that accompany Chichikov’s actions are a kind of attempt to understand them, to give oneself an account of them. This does not happen with other characters in the poem. They tend to act like beings of a low spiritual organization, almost like animals. Chichikov does not give up when he suffers numerous failures and is returned to his starting position. “Crying won’t help your grief, you have to get things done,” he gives himself an instruction, and again, with a clean slate, he gets down to business and again achieves what he wants. One can envy such determination, organization and perseverance! It should be taken into account that Chichikov had to achieve everything in life on his own, without counting on outside help, and this is very difficult! Let's return to the author's assessment of the moral qualities of his hero. Admiring his ability to endure and limit himself in everything, if necessary, the author says that he is “the most decent person who has ever existed in the world.” And here is another fragment from the work in which the author positively evaluates moral qualities of his hero: “It cannot be said, however, that the nature of our hero was so harsh and callous and his feelings were so dulled that he knew neither pity nor compassion; he felt both, he would even like to help, but only if it did not involve a significant amount... But he had no attachment to money itself for the sake of money; he was not possessed by stinginess and stinginess. No, it was not they who moved him: he imagined a life ahead of him in all comforts, with all sorts of prosperity... So that finally, later, over time, he would definitely taste all this, that’s why the penny was saved, sparingly denied to himself and to others.” And who among us, hand on heart, does not dream of a comfortable and “sweet” life? But not everyone knows how to curb their passions and limit themselves in everything, but Chichikov knew how.
So why is he, according to the author’s definition, a scoundrel? Yes, because he could not cope with one “passion”. This is a passion for acquisition, hoarding, the desire to become the master of life. “Countless, like the sands of the sea, are human passions, and all are different from one another, and all of them, low and beautiful, are at first submissive to man and then become his terrible masters,” says N.V. Gogol. Chichikov fell under the power of “low” passion and became its slave. And the reason for this is living conditions, time, imposing strict and cruel laws, and God knows what else! N.V. Gogol hinted at the future rebirth of Chichikov and the edifying lesson that his “passion”—acquisitiveness—receives in connection with this. “And, perhaps, in this same Chichikov, the passion that attracts him is no longer from him, and in his cold existence lies what will later bring a person to dust and to his knees before wisdom
- Gogol's poem, which became very popular. It was not only read and read with pleasure, but also filmed more than once. Many phrases have become catchphrases, and the characters have become symbolic. In the work we meet the hero Chichikov. Let's write an essay on work Dead Let’s analyze Chichikov’s soul and figure out who he is: is he a new hero of the era or its anti-hero.
Already at the beginning the author introduces us to portrait characteristics Chichikova. Chichikov was neither old nor young, not outwardly handsome, but not bad-looking either. He is neither fat nor thin. In a word, an average person who is not alien to the desire for profit and who wants a beautiful life. If in other works the heroes are extra people of the era where they live, then Chichikov fits into the era very well. It fits into life where people live who are not financially poor, but they are spiritually poor. Among them, the hero does not stand out and appears before us as an ordinary person of his time.
Is Chichikov a new hero or anti-hero?
Is Chichikov a new hero of his time? Without a doubt. But he is not only a hero, but also an anti-hero.
Reading the work, we see the birth of a new generation with worthy qualities, but the generation was brought up according to old views. So people like Chichikov were born. They try to enrich themselves by any means, look forward and go towards the goal, although due to their spiritual emptiness they cannot evaluate what is happening soberly. Therefore, the intoxication of profit dominates their minds. People are starting to burn out. But as soon as they lose everything, the heroes sober up. People of the new era cannot be guided by their mind, soul and heart at the same time. They are captured by their passions, unable to simply live. Greed usually takes over and people’s souls simply become dead, like the souls of Manilov, Plyushkin, Sobakevich and other characters.
Why is Chichikov an antihero? Reading the work, we see the spiritual degradation of people. Yes, Chichikov does not bring harm in spiritual terms; in society, the death of souls naturally occurs, since the experienced order is difficult to eradicate. But the hero harms himself, because he goes through life with a moral: you will do everything and conquer everything in the world with money. At the same time, Chichikov finds an excuse for himself, because everyone does this. Having such principles, our hero himself deadens his soul. No, you cannot call him a criminal of his age, he is only one of those who represents the new generation. He is not a complete miser who only thinks about money. He also dreams of a family, and we cannot condemn him for wanting to live better and in abundance, because we ourselves strive for this. That's just a different question. Is it possible to build your well-being with the help of lies, hypocrisy, and deception without harming your spiritual world? I think this is a rhetorical question that does not need an answer.