The play “At the Lower Depths” is the pinnacle of M. Gorky’s dramaturgy. The central idea of ​​the play is a dispute about a person, about what a person is, what he needs more - the truth, often cruel, or a beautiful lie. The author's position is expressed by Satin, the opposite - by Luke. The play was a huge success upon its release, but the author himself was dissatisfied with it. The reader involuntarily likes Luke’s humanism and humanity more than the fiery words uttered by the sharper: “Man - that sounds proud!” Satin, who speaks these words, does not even try to change his position: “Work? For what?.. Man is above satiety!..” Gorky could not find a more “positive” hero at the bottom of society, capable of uttering words about a proud Man. And that is why we feel the falseness, unnaturalness in Satin’s speeches. It’s not for nothing that Gorky would later write the play “The Old Man,” in which he would try to deprive the character of Luke of his charm by telling about the dark past of his hero.
A shelter for beggars is a symbol, an image of the final bottom to which people have sunk, having lost the meaning of life, having lost hope and faith in themselves. The play begins with a description of the terrible conditions of the shelter. All characters are “former people”: Baron is a former aristocrat, Actor is an artist, Kleshch is a worker. Some of them have already despaired: Actor, Anna, Ash, Nastya are looking for a way out in their dreams, and only Kleshch really wants to escape from here. Satin takes an extreme position, despising work and any social conventions.
With the appearance of Luke with his philosophy of love and pity for man, the monotonous life of the shelter changes. Luke was originally conceived as negative character, while Satin is positive.
But the author, being a realist writer, created the image of a wanderer much more complex and richer than first expected. There is an opinion that the image of Luke is a parody of L. Tolstoy with his philosophy of non-resistance.
We know very little about Luke himself: a wanderer “about sixty years old.” He is kind (at least, this is how he appears to us), he takes pity on people, tries to awaken hope in them, preaches compassion for people. He believes that the complete truth is destructive for a person, which is why he tells the story of a poor man who lived with one hope - to find a righteous land - and was not disappointed in his dream. And indeed, the Actor commits suicide, unable to bear Satin’s “truth.” It’s not for nothing that the play ends with Satin’s words: “Eh... ruined the song... fool!”
Luke consoles Anna, promises her an afterlife: “You will rest there!..”, although he himself does not believe in God (“What you believe in, that is...” - he evasively answers Ashes to this question) pretends that believes Nastya: “I believe!.. If you believe, you had real love... that means she was!” The old man gives hope to the Actor: “You... get treatment! Nowadays they treat drunkenness... Free of charge...”, shows the way to Ash: “...Leave here with her...”. And he is right in his own way. Indeed, why do women, who have lived in cruel reality since childhood and have never seen beauty in life, need the cruel truth - let them be happy at least in their dreams. The actor and Ash truly believed in Luke and decided to escape from poverty and dirt. And, who knows, perhaps they would have succeeded... So, the Actor says: “I worked today... but didn’t drink vodka.” He finally felt like a human being, he developed an interest in life, he even began to remember poetry.
With the appearance of Luke, the main conflict of the play arises. A dispute about a person ensues between two heroes: Satin and Luka. The Wanderer has a huge influence on all the inhabitants of the shelter, including Satin. He “awakened” the sharper, awakening the man in him. Satin finds Luke’s position unacceptable, but at least he makes him think. It’s not for nothing that Satin forbids everyone to speak badly about the old man: “He’s smart!.. He... acted on me like acid on an old and dirty coin...” It is now that Satin pronounces his famous monologue: “I understand the old man...” . Yes! He lied... but it was out of pity... Those who are weak in soul... and who live on other people’s juices need lies... Lies are the religion of slaves and masters.” “Truth is the god of a free man!” - this is Satin’s motto. A man must know how low he has fallen to begin new life, says the sharper. A person is “above everything,” he does not need anything: neither love, nor pity, nor compassion. Real, free, strong man worthy of the truth. Of course, Satin’s philosophy is the author’s early romantic philosophy, according to which “man is above pity,” “man is everything,” and “there is nothing but man.”
And it’s hard to argue with this, especially since the plot develops in accordance with the author’s position: Ash is arrested, Natasha disappears, Actor and Anna die, and even Kleshch resigns himself to poverty and loses his last hope for a new life, that is, Luka has not really improved anyone’s life . Luke's consolation does not last long: the truth again leads a person to disappointment, but at least for a while he will be happy, and sometimes this is already important.
Thus, despite the author’s definite position, the main issue of the play remains unresolved. Everyone solves it anew for themselves. It seems to me that every person sometimes needs support and sympathy, although living with illusions is also pointless.

The play “At the Bottom” tells the story of the fates of people who find themselves at the “bottom” of life. Each resident of the shelter has his own dreams and desires, which collide with cruel reality. Dream and reality (“At the Depths”) is the central theme of M. Gorky’s work.

Dreams of heroes

During the course of the story, the reader learns about what the inhabitants of the Kostylevs’ shelter are striving for. A former actor nicknamed the Actor wants to return to his former life on stage. A girl of easy virtue, Nastya, dreams of pure and sincere love. The thief Vaska Ash wants a happy life with Natasha. Natasha herself dreams of an unusual life event that will completely change her difficult existence. Tick ​​wants to return to his old life, so he works hard.

Luke occupies an important place in the system of images. The appearance of the old man in the shelter excited all its inhabitants. Luke supported the dreams of the heroes: He tells the actor that there is a hospital that will allow him to recover from alcoholism and return to the stage; he strengthens Nastya’s belief that she is truly worthy of love and that the French student exists; he tells Vaska Pepl that he can find happiness with Natasha if he goes to Siberia with her. In addition, Luke tells the dying Anna about a happy afterlife, that is, he forms a kind of dream in her.

Dreams collide with reality

M. Gorky shows how dreams central characters find themselves broken.

Kleshch, who until the end did not lose the ability to change and fix everything, understands that life “at the bottom” has completely sucked him in. He no longer considers himself special, Kleshch is a resident of the shelter like the rest.

Vaska Pepel, dreaming of a happy life in Siberia, kills the husband of his former mistress, the owner of the rooming house Kostylev, and ends up in prison.

The most terrible fate was that of the Actor, who realized that Luke’s stories about the hospital were a lie. The hero commits suicide because he realizes that his dream is impossible.

Causes of the conflict

The theme of dreams and reality in the work is closely related to the image of Luke. The hero supports the aspirations of the residents of the shelter, and in some cases creates new dreams for them. However, Luke, who sought to use lies in the name of salvation, does not understand that his instructions and advice can destroy vulnerable people. Luka says that Vaska Ash will find happiness in Siberia, but there were no conditions for existence there. Luka tells the Actor about the non-existent hospital, wanting to motivate the Actor to change his life, but Luka’s good intentions turn into tragedy.

However main reason The collision of dreams and reality becomes the inaction of the characters. The residents of the shelter are only ready to think about better life, constantly dream about something, but they are not ready to take concrete actions to achieve their goals. Luke wanted to give the heroes hope for the best; the realization of the dream was up to the person. The desire to move on turned out to be only words, not actions. M. Gorky in his play “At the Bottom” demonstrated that reality is cruel to a dream if a person does not make any effort to realize it.

The conflict between dreams and reality is a topic that is relevant at all times. The prose of life plunges us into vanity, suppresses our deepest desires, and helps us comprehend the hopelessness of existence. And often this conflict is insoluble, the outcome becomes tragic.

This theme is explored in the drama by A.M. Gorky "At the Bottom". The hero who brings dreams into the lives of those around him is Luke in the play. This image is ambiguous. Luka is a subtle psychologist, he is smart, observant, and has vast life experience. The hero's ideological position is revealed by the story of two robbers and the parable of the “righteous land.” Luke's ideological opponents are Bubnov, Baron and Satin. However, if Bubnov and Baron are cynical realists, then Satin sincerely believes in man, in his spirit and inner strength.

What is the influence of Luke’s “sermons” on the fate of the night shelters? He contributes to the emergence of hope in the lives of the characters: Anna promises to find the desired peace after death, he talks to the Actor about a free hospital for alcoholics, Pepla instills confidence in Vaska in the opportunity to start a new life in Siberia, and supports Natasha’s romantic love story. And the characters themselves change at the end of the play. Critics noted the atmosphere of humanity and general enthusiasm that reigns in the shelter. For the first time, Kleshch is generous and kind to people, the Baron begins to think about life, Bubnov treats everyone, and the sound of the song unites people. But the atmosphere of general enthusiasm was spoiled by the sudden death of the Actor. And this is already a tragic collision of dreams and reality. The rest also fail to realize their plans. Vaska Pepel goes to Siberia for hard labor, Natasha, who believes in romantic love, catches the Baron in a lie, Anna dies. This is the sad result.

However, does the author hold Luke alone responsible for what is happening? What is the position of A.M. Gorky in the play? Let us note the writer’s critical view of the social structure of Russian society, his designation internal conflicts heroes (fear of life, weak will, laziness of the soul, fear of change). The author does not share either the position of Luke or the position of Satin. He poses one of the eternal questions in the play, calling on the viewer to think and make his own assessment. Of course, Gorky the realist stands for human courage and faith in one’s own strength. However, Gorky the romantic highly valued man's ability to dream. That is why researchers wrote that the writer was more successful with the image of Luke than the image of Satin (V. Khodasevich). Critics also noted a certain “kinship” between these characters. At the end of the play, it is Satin who protects Luka. Heroes of A.M. Gorky's works reflect the duality and contradictory nature of the writer himself. The author himself leaves this question open.

Thus, the collision of dreams and reality is often dramatic, capable of destroying human life, deprive us of hope and faith in the future.

Gorky's play “At the Lower Depths,” written during the winter and summer of 1902, brought him worldwide fame. It was the writer's response to the most actual problems modernity. Ideological topicality immediately attracted the attention of the Russian public.
Thematically, the play completed the cycle of Gorky’s works about “tramps.” “It was the result of my almost twenty years of observations of the world...” former people“,” wrote Gorky. As Gorky's social consciousness formed, it became deeper

In comparison with the stories of the 90s, and the socio-psychological characteristics of the representatives of “tramp anarchism”. The inhabitants of the shelter are already types in which the writer gave huge socio-philosophical generalizations.

Gorky himself said this.
“When I wrote Bubnov,” he noted, “I saw in front of me not only a familiar tramp, but also one of the intellectuals, my teacher. Satin - a nobleman, a postal and telegraph official, served four years in prison for murder, an alcoholic and a brawler, also had a “double” - it was the brother of one of the major revolutionaries, who committed suicide while in prison.”
The play was written during a period of acute industrial and economic crisis that erupted in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century. It reflects the facts and events of our time that actually took place. In this sense, it was a verdict on the existing social system, which threw many people endowed with intelligence, feeling, and talent to the “bottom of life” and led them to tragic death.
The play's power of exposure towered over all of Gorky's works of the 1890s and 1900s. He argued that a society that distorts the human in man cannot exist.
The problem of the “bottom” and the “masters”, which receives a political meaning in the play, is organically connected with the “cross-cutting” problem of all creativity - the problem of humanism. Gorky opposed the “offensive to people” preaching of consolation. Whatever the manifestations of consolation, he saw in them only a form of reconciliation with reality. The problems of consoling illusions are the content of many of the writer’s works of the 90s (“I’m sick,” “The Rogue,” “The Reader”).

But in none of them was it developed as completely as in the play “At the Bottom.” Gorky exposed this problem in its most varied ideological manifestations, and condemned those who succumbed to the illusions of their comforters.
The heroes of the play - Actor, Ash, Nastya, Natasha, Kleshch, Baron - strive to break free from the “bottom” of life, but they feel their own powerlessness before the constipation of this “prison”. They have a feeling of hopelessness of their fate and a craving for a dream, an illusion that gives at least some hope for the future. The Baron has this past wealth that he thinks about and dreams of returning.

For the Actor it is his past service to art, for Natasha it is the expectation of some extraordinary event that will change her whole life, for Nastya it is her fictional romance with a student.
Thus, the characters in the play are prepared for the appearance of Luke with his “gospel of mirages.” Luke supports all illusions and sows new ones. For the dying Anna, he paints a gentle, comforting death, a calm afterlife; For Nastya, he strengthens his belief in the existence of the student, the Frenchman Gaston and his fatal love. Luke instilled in Ashes faith in a happy, free, rich country - Siberia, and advised him to move there.

This was also a lie; In Tsarist Russia, settlers in Siberia found themselves in dire straits, died in the thousands, ended up ruined, and returned back. In Satin, Luke supports the idea of ​​the illusion of wandering freedom, imaginary freedom.
But the strongest argument against Luke’s preaching is the fate of the Actor. Luke assured him of the existence of an excellent free hospital for alcoholics. The actor believed Luke’s fairy tales more than anyone else, and he is getting ready to set out on a journey to look for a marble hospital. The inspired Actor recalls the poems he once read:
Gentlemen! If the truth is holy
The world doesn’t know how to find a way,
Honor the madman who inspires
Humanity has a golden dream!
These verses sound like a hymn to illusions.
When the illusory nature of hopes becomes obvious, these people die. “The loss of hope caused the death of his soul,” Gorky said about the fate of the Actor. Klesch works hard and passionately wants to return to working life. Reality shatters his illusion of achieving the truth only for himself. The main question of the play is “what is better, truth or compassion?

Is it necessary to take compassion to the point of using lies, like Luke?” Around this question, heated debates unfold in the play about man, about the meaning and truth of life, about the paths to the future.
The bearer of the idea of ​​consoling deception in the play, as we have already said, is Luke. The principle of his attitude towards man is the idea of ​​compassion. Its practical expression becomes a consoling deception, a consoling illusion, in the name of which one can sacrifice the terrible truth of life that oppresses a person. Turning to Ash, Luke will ask: “And... what do you really need badly... why kill yourself?”

This is the main question of the play, formulated by Gorky - what does a person need, truth, no matter how difficult it is, or compassion? What is a person - the creator of life or its slave? This question seems to be asked to each of the inhabitants of the shelter, and the possible result of consoling compassion is tested on each one.

Thus, Luke's philosophy is put to the test of life.
On the threshold of the lodging house, Luka appears with words of participation and sympathy. From his first words, a dispute about a person and his attitude towards a person begins. For Luke, people are weak and insignificant before the circumstances of life, which, in his opinion, cannot be changed.

And if so, it is necessary to reconcile the person with life by instilling a compassionate “truth” that is convenient for him. And there are as many such truths as there are those who are eager to find it. With this principle of attitude towards a person, Luka approaches each inhabitant of the shelter - Anna, Ash, Natasha, Actor, creating for them the illusion of happiness.

And it turns out that even in this world, where compassion would be a natural expression of a kind attitude towards a person, a comforting lie leads to a tragic outcome. And it comes in the fourth act of the play.
The illusions have dissipated. The sweeter the “golden dream” inspired by the old man, the more tragic the awakening turned out to be - the shelters fall into despair. The Actor dies, Nastya rushes about.

The shelter is a picture of complete destruction. So move real events leads to the exposure of Luke's attempts to reconcile a person with life.
Gorky, introducing the moral ideas of Tolstoy and Dostoevsky into the concrete conditions of modern life, showed the falsity of their truth. He exposed not only ideology, but also the psychology of people who gave birth to illusions and lived by them. It is no coincidence that the author endowed Luke with the psychology of a slave.

He always reconciles himself before force, tries to stay away from the dispute, and in the third act he quietly disappears, as if afraid of the consequences. Gorky thereby emphasizes the close connection between slave psychology and Luke’s principle of life. This idea is expressed in famous words Satina: “Whoever is weak in soul... and who lives on other people’s juices - those who need lies... some are supported by it, others hide behind it... lies are the religion of slaves and masters.”
Gorky contrasted the philosophy of non-resistance and the psychology of submission with the truth about free man, rejecting compassionate lies that humiliate a person. Gorky put his thoughts about this into Satin’s mouth. He talks about the great possibilities of man and humanity, which with their own hands, with their thoughts will create the life of the future: “Man is the truth... only man exists, everything else is the work of his hands and his brain!

Human! - It's great! It sounds proud!”
In the play “At the Lower Depths” one of the unique genres of Gorky’s dramaturgy was minted - the genre of the socio-philosophical play. In this work, the problem is formed not by the clash of individuals in the struggle for personal gain, but for life in general. Not in the play goodies, yes, they cannot exist.

That is why the main idea here is that every person has the right to happiness.

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31. M. Gorky’s drama “At the Lower Depths” was created in 1902, immediately after a series of romantic works of the 90s, full of rebellion against humility, “humanism of compassion.” It reflected all the features of Gorky’s worldview during this period: “I see the meaning of life in creativity, and creativity is self-sufficient and limitless!”; “Existence and creativity are one in essence.” The work amazes with the abundance of hidden and obvious [...]
32. The play “At the Lower Depths” is the pinnacle of M. Gorky’s dramaturgy. The central idea of ​​the play is a dispute about a person, about what a person is, what he needs more - the truth, often cruel, or a beautiful lie. The author's position is expressed by Satin, the opposite - by Luke. The play was a huge success upon its release, but the author himself was dissatisfied with it. The reader inevitably likes humanism more […]...
33. Gorky, with his play “At the Lower Depths,” acted as “the creator of a new type of social drama.” The play “At the Bottom” is an indictment of society, which throws people to the bottom of life, humiliating them, depriving them of honor and dignity, eradicating the highest human feelings. To better understand the atmosphere prevailing in the shelter, let's analyze the opening scenes of the play. The play begins as if the reader accidentally opens the door to [...]
34. DISPUTE ABOUT THE PURPOSE OF A MAN IN M. GORKY'S PLAY “AT THE DAYS” The drama “At The Bottoms” is a landmark work by M. Gorky. Turning to the genre of philosophical drama, the writer transforms the traditional genre structure. Here external action and conflict in love triangle fades into the background. At the center of the drama is an internal action based on a dispute about the purpose of man. IN […]...
35. Man - that's the truth! We must respect the person! M. Gorky It is unlikely that anyone will argue that Gorky is a humanist and great writer, who has gone through a great school of life. His works were not written to please the reading public - they reflect the truth of life, attention and love for people. And this can rightfully be attributed to his play “On […]...
36. The play “At the Lower Depths” was the result of almost twenty years of Gorky’s observations of the world of “former people.” In Gorky's early stories, the image of a tramp is not without even some romantic overtones. The reader is attracted by his prowess, breadth of soul, humanity, and search for justice. One can feel his undoubted superiority over the well-fed and complacent philistinism. As Gorky's political and artistic maturity grew in his work […]...
37. I read M. Gorky’s play “At the Lower Depths” and identified the main problem of this work. This is the problem of true and false humanism. In the play there is a debate about what is better: truth as it really is, or pity, compassion and lies. In this matter, the author is on the side of Satin, a supporter of the bitter truth. I agree with this position. In […]...
38. Gorky's play “At the Depths” was written in 1902. This was a difficult period in Russian history. He made people think about life and their place in it. Gorky, like every talented writer, was concerned about pressing social issues. We can say that he took them to a deep philosophical level. He had his own view on everything that was happening [...]
39. Gorky wrote the play “At the Lower Depths” in 1902 during a difficult period for Russia. The first Russian revolution is approaching, discontent is brewing among the people, there is confusion in power. The people are coming out of the shadows and increasingly asserting themselves to the tsarist regime. Gorky is not the first writer to write about the social abscesses of society. He was the first to introduce an unknown hero - a lumpen and a tramp […]...
40. Man has always remained the main character of Gorky's works. The writer loved people, so he opposed everything that belittled Man. However, love for people did not prevent Gorky from objectively portraying his heroes. At the center of the action of the drama “At the Bottom” is not so much human destinies as clashes of ideas, a dispute about man, about the meaning of life. The center of this dispute is the problem of truth and [...]