Deviation in society. Concept, theories and forms of deviant behavior

In every society, people appear - outstanding and “simple” - who violate the norms that exist in it - moral, legal, aesthetic.

(deviant) behavior- this is social behavior that deviates in its motives, value orientations and results from those accepted in a given society, social stratum, group of norms, values, ideals, i.e. normative standards.

In other words, deviant behavior has deviant motivation. Examples of such behavior are lack of greeting when meeting, hooliganism, innovative or revolutionary actions, etc. Deviant subjects are young ascetics, hedonists, revolutionaries, mentally ill people, saints, geniuses, etc.

Human actions are included in social relationships and systems (family, street, team, work, etc.) with general normative regulation. That's why Deviant behavior is behavior that violates the stability of processes. Equilibrium(stability) of social interaction presupposes the integration of the actions of many, which is disrupted by the deviant behavior of one or several people. In a situation of deviant behavior, a person, as a rule, focuses on a situation that includes (1) other people and (2) general norms and expectations. Deviant behavior is caused both by dissatisfaction with others and with the norms of relationships.

For example, consider the social connection between a student and his parents while studying at a university. Parents expect him to study well, which is difficult to combine with the roles of an athlete, a lover, an employee, etc. The student begins to study unsatisfactorily, i.e. deviant. There are several possibilities to overcome such deviance. First of all, you can change your needs, which will affect the assessment of other people and regulatory standards. Thus, a student can refuse motivation for excellent studies and limit himself to satisfactory. Next, you can change the subject of your need and thereby soften the tension in the social connection. For example, he can convince his parents that his job alleviates the family's burden of expenses for his university studies. And finally, a student can leave home, stop focusing on his parents and start focusing on his friends and girlfriends.

Deviation and - two opposite types of behavior, one of which is focused only on the actor, and the other - also on the society in which he lives. Between conformal and deviant motivations for people’s actions there is indifferent. It is distinguished by the absence of both conformal and alienated orientation towards objects and situations, which in this case turn into neutral.

Deviation includes three elements: 1) a person with values (orientation towards others) and norms (moral, political, legal); 2) the assessing person, group or organization; 3) human behavior. The criteria for deviant behavior are moral and legal norms. They are different in different types of societies, so behavior that is deviant in one society will not be so in another.

For example, in a bourgeois society focused on personal success, actions such as the exploits of Pavka Korchagin or Alexander Matrosov are considered deviant. And in Soviet society, oriented towards the interests of the state, they were officially considered heroic. The contradiction between orientation towards the individual and orientation towards society is characteristic of the entire history of mankind; it has found its expression in two opposing types of personalities: collectivist and individualist.

Types of deviant behavior

Depending on the relationships with people distinguishes two types of deviant behavior:

1. Personality cares about establishing and maintaining relationships with other individuals. She may strive to dominate another, to put him in a subordinate position. This is often due to deviant motivation and behavior. Members of criminal groups often do this.

2. Personality inferior others, submits to them. In these cases, she may take the path of deviant motivation and behavior, especially in relation to an active and strong personality. Thus, in the Bolshevik leadership, passive adaptation to Stalin and the Stalinist hierarchy became the reason for the deviance of many people.

Classification of deviant behavior depending on attitude to standards(needs, values, norms) in society was developed by Merton (in 1910), who identified the following types of deviant behavior:

Total conformism(normality) of behavior, acceptance of cultural norms. This is the behavior of a person who has received a good education, has a prestigious job, is moving up the career ladder, etc. This behavior fulfills both one’s own needs and is focused on others (standards are followed). This, strictly speaking, is precisely the only type of non-deviant behavior in relation to which different types of deviation are distinguished.

Innovative behavior, on the one hand, means agreement with the goals of one’s life activities, approved in a given society (culture), but, on the other hand, does not follow socially approved means of achieving them. Innovators use new, non-standard, deviant means of achieving socially beneficial goals. In post-Soviet Russia, many innovators took up the privatization of state property, the construction of financial “pyramids,” extortion (“racketeering”), etc.

Ritualism brings to the point of absurdity the principles and norms of a given society. Ritualists are a bureaucrat who demands compliance with all formalities from the petitioner, and strikers who work “by the rules,” which leads to a stoppage of the work itself.

Retreatism(escapism) is a type of deviant behavior in which a person rejects both goals approved by society and the ways (means, time, costs) of achieving them. Such deviant behavior is typical of homeless people, drunkards, drug addicts, monks, etc.

Revolution(rebellion) is a form of deviant behavior that not only denies outdated goals and ways of behavior, but also replaces them with new ones. The Russian Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, rejected the goals and means of the bourgeois-democratic society that emerged in Russia in 1917 after the overthrow of the autocracy, and restored the latter on a new ideological, political, economic and social basis.

From the above it is clear that conformism and deviation are two opposite types of behavior that mutually presuppose and exclude one another. From the description of the types of deviation it follows that it is not an exclusively negative type of human behavior, as it might seem at first glance. Yuri Detochki in the film “Beware of the Car” for the sake of noble goals - the fight against speculators and “shadow traders” - stole cars from them, and transferred the proceeds from the sale to orphanages.

The formation of deviant behavior goes through several stages: 1) the emergence of a cultural norm (for example, orientation towards enrichment in post-Soviet Russia); 2) the emergence of a social layer that follows this norm (for example, entrepreneurs); 3) transformation into deviant forms of activity that do not lead to enrichment (for example, in our case, the miserable life of many workers and employees); 4) recognition of a person (and social class) as deviant by others; 5) revaluation of this cultural norm, recognition of its relativity.

Concept, theories and forms of deviant behavior

(deviant) behavior in a broad sense refers to any actions or actions of people that do not correspond to written and unwritten norms, both positive and negative. These can be culturally approved deviations, for example, supergenius, heroism, self-sacrifice, altruism, workaholism, etc., as well as culturally disapproved deviations, ranging from ticketless travel to murder and other serious crimes.

In a narrow sense, deviant behavior refers to such deviations from the norm (from the law) that entail criminal punishment. The totality of illegal actions is called delinquent behavior in sociology. Deviant behavior is relative, since it relates to moral norms and values of a given group; delinquent behavior is absolute, since it violates the absolute norm expressed in the legal laws of society.

It is customary to distinguish between primary and secondary deviation. Primary they call this deviation, which generally corresponds to the norms accepted in society and is so insignificant and tolerant that the individual’s environment does not classify him as a deviant, and he does not consider himself such. Under secondary deviation understand behavior that significantly deviates from the norms existing in the group and is therefore defined as deviant, and the person is already identified as a deviant.

What are the causes of deviation?

More than a hundred years ago, biological and psychological interpretations of the causes of deviation were widespread. Yes, the Italian doctor C. Lombroso(1835-1909) proposed phrenological theory of deviation, trying to identify a direct connection between a person’s criminal behavior and his biological characteristics. In his opinion, the “criminal type” is the result of degradation in earlier stages of human evolution. In 1940, a follower of Lombroso, an American psychologist and physician W.H. Sheldon emphasized the importance of body structure. In his typology - endomorph(a person of moderate obesity with a soft and somewhat rounded body) is sociable, knows how to get along with people; mesomorph(whose body is strong and slender) tends to be restless, active and not overly sensitive: ectomorph is distinguished by the subtlety and fragility of the body, prone to introspection, endowed with increased sensitivity and nervousness. Based on the research, Sheldon comes to the conclusion that mesomorphs are most prone to deviation.

Psychological theory of deviation develops 3. Freud. He explains it by an underdeveloped “Super-Ego” and substantiates it with “mental defects,” “degeneracy,” “dementia,” and “psychopathy,” as if programmed deviations.

Basics sociological theory of deviation were laid E. Durkheim. In his opinion, the main cause of deviation is anomia - a state of disorganization of society when values, norms, and social ties are absent, weakened, or contradict each other. All this disrupts the stability of society, disorganizes people, and as a result, different kinds deviations.

Further development anomie theory receives from R. Merton. The main reason deviation he considered the gap between cultural goals of society And socially approved means of achieving them. Based on the dilemma "end - means" R. Merton identified five types of behavior, four of which relate to deviation (Appendix, diagram 18):

conformity - a type of behavior that presupposes compliance with the goals and means of achieving them accepted in society;
innovation- the individual shares the socially approved goals of society, but chooses disapproved means of achieving them, and the means do not have to be criminal, they are simply unusual at a given time for a given society;
ritualism- involves the denial of goals proclaimed by society, with conditional agreement with the approved means of achieving them (for example, in the Brezhnev era, when no one believed in communism, but the rituals associated with it became something like habits and were still preserved in society) ;
retreatism- refusal accepted by society goals and means as “escape from reality”, a kind of social nihilism (vagrants, drug addicts, alcoholics living in society, but not belonging to it);
riot, mutiny- denial of old socially accepted goals and means while simultaneously replacing them with new ones (revolutionaries, radical extremists).

When using this typology, it must be remembered that people living in society can never be completely conforming to the normative culture or be complete innovators.

In each personality, all of the listed types are present to one degree or another, but one predominates.

Let us note another interesting phenomenon of manifestation of deviant (deviant) behavior - norm-justification. These are cultural patterns with the help of which people justify the implementation of any forbidden desires and actions without openly challenging existing moral norms.

Other theories explaining the origin of deviations include:

imitation theory French sociologist G. Tarda. In his opinion, people become criminals because early years they find themselves in a criminal environment, and it is for them that it is a reference group;
theory of differential association by E. Sutherland. Developing the thought of G. Tarde, he emphasized that much of an individual’s deviant behavior depends on his environment, i.e. from who exactly teaches him and what. Therefore, the longer an individual stays in a criminal environment, the greater the likelihood that he will become a deviant in the future. These two theories come together under the general name “the theory of cultural transfer of deviation”;
stigma theory(from Grech, stigma - brand), or labeling, whose authors are American sociologists E. Lemert, G. Becker. According to this theory, deviance is determined not so much by behavior or the content of specific actions, but by group assessment, “labeling” a person as a “violator” of established norms and applying sanctions against him.

These are the main research approaches to studying the causes of the emergence and spread of deviant behavior.

Types and forms of deviation

The main forms of deviant behavior in a broad sense include:

drunkenness and;
drug use;
crime;
suicide;
prostitution.

According to experts, the existence of deviant behavior among some people in modern society is inevitable; it simply cannot be eradicated. At the same time, they note that deviations naturally arise in societies undergoing transformation, where, against the backdrop of intensifying crisis phenomena, people are growing dissatisfied with their situation, which causes a feeling of social dissatisfaction, lack of demand and alienation from society. This feeling deprivation in some cases, it can lead to the emergence of pessimistic sentiments among the population and its demoralization (loss of spirit, confusion).

According to sociologists, today 85% of the country's population is characterized by demoralization to one degree or another. Typical reactions to anomie include indifference to the means of achieving the goal, corruption, cynicism, and extremism. The mechanism of deviant behavior is revealed through an analysis of the interaction of normative regulation, personality characteristics, its relationship to the norm and a real-life conflict situation.

Deviation functions.

Deviant behavior can also contribute to the effective functioning of society.

First, deviations can increase compliance with norms.

Secondly, they are not expressed in fixed rules or codes of law. According to the position of E. Durkheim, whenever members of a group condemn a certain act as a deviation from the norm, they more clearly outline the contours of what is considered the norm. Their negative reaction clearly indicates what behavior is unacceptable to the “collective consciousness.” American sociologist Kai T. Erickson notes that one of the remarkable features characteristic of control bodies is the advertising of their activities. Once upon a time, violators of law and order were punished in the market square in front of a crowd of people. Now the same results are achieved using means mass media, widely covering criminal trials and court verdicts.

Third, by calling attention to norm violators, the group can strengthen itself. A common enemy evokes common feelings and strengthens group solidarity. At the same time, the emotions that arise ignite passions and strengthen connections between people of “our type.” Frictions and antagonisms between ingroups and outgroups help to emphasize boundaries between groups and group affiliation. In the same way, campaigns against witches, traitors, perverts, criminals consolidate social bonds between " good people" For example, Erickson showed that members of the Puritan community, sensing a threat to their safety, deliberately initiated “crime waves” and witch-hunt hysteria to avert harm from their community and redraw group boundaries.

Fourth, deviance is a catalyst for social change. Each violation of a rule serves as a warning that the social system is not functioning correctly. Of course, the political elite cannot view high levels of robbery as a signal that robbery should be legalized and public goods redistributed. However, this fact suggests that there are many dissatisfied people in society, that the institutions for the socialization of youth are not coping with their task, that the balance of social forces is in question, and the moral principles of society need to be revised. Thus, deviation often serves as an impetus for recognizing the need to make changes in the social system. We can say that this is a call for a revision of old norms and at the same time new model.

Dysfunctions of deviation.

Undoubtedly, most societies are able to assimilate a considerable number of deviations from the norm without serious consequences for themselves, but persistent and widespread deviations can disrupt organizational life society or even undermine it. The social organization of society consists of the coordinated actions of many people. If some individuals fail to carry out their actions at the appropriate time and in accordance with social expectations, significant damage may be caused to institutional life.

Deviance also undermines the willingness of a member of society to fulfill his social roles and contribute to the functioning of the social system. If some individuals receive rewards, and disproportionate ones, by “playing” not by the rules (this applies to so-called slackers, malingerers, sycophants and parasites, etc.), others develop a feeling of resentment and bitterness. At the same time, morality, self-discipline and loyalty to duty suffer. Social life dictates the need to trust each other. A person must have confidence that others also live by accepted standards. By accepting an obligation to the collective, a member of society invests certain funds, refuses some alternatives and harbors certain hopes for the future, and expects the same actions from other people. But if these others do not live up to the trust, the person feels that his efforts are meaningless, vain and naive, and is no longer so eager to “play by the rules.”

3. Functions and dysfunctions of deviation

Deviation functions. Deviant behavior can also contribute to the effective functioning of society. First, deviations can increase compliance with norms. Secondly, they are not expressed in fixed rules or codes of law. According to the position of E. Durkheim, whenever members of a group condemn a certain act as a deviation from the norm, they more clearly outline the contours of what is considered the norm. Their negative reaction clearly indicates what behavior is unacceptable to the “collective consciousness.” American sociologist Kai T. Erickson notes that one of the remarkable features characteristic of control bodies is the advertising of their activities. Once upon a time, violators of law and order were punished in the market square in front of a crowd of people. Now the same results are achieved with the help of the media, which widely cover criminal trials and court verdicts. Third, by calling attention to norm violators, the group can strengthen itself. A common enemy evokes common feelings and strengthens group solidarity. At the same time, the emotions that arise ignite passions and strengthen connections between people of “our type.” Frictions and antagonisms between ingroups and outgroups help to emphasize boundaries between groups and group affiliation. In the same way, campaigns against witches, traitors, perverts, and criminals consolidate social ties between “good people.” For example, Erickson showed that members of the Puritan community, sensing a threat to their safety, deliberately initiated “crime waves” and witch-hunt hysteria to avert harm from their community and redraw group boundaries.

Dysfunctions of deviation. Undoubtedly, most societies are able to assimilate a considerable number of deviations from the norm without serious consequences for themselves, but constant and widespread deviations can disrupt the organizational life of a society or even undermine it. The social organization of society consists of the coordinated actions of many people. If some individuals fail to carry out their actions at the appropriate time and in accordance with social expectations, significant damage may be caused to institutional life.

Conclusion

To reveal the nature and causes of social deviations, it is necessary to proceed from the fact that they, like social norms, are an expression of people’s relationships that develop in society. Social norm and social deviation are two poles on the same axis of socially significant behavior of individuals, social groups and other social communities.

Many actions do not fall under norms and, at the same time, are not deviations from them simply because they lie in the sphere of relations not regulated by specific norms (the process of artistic or scientific creativity).

Social deviations are as diverse as social norms themselves. Moreover, the variety of deviations exceeds the variety of norms, because the norm is typical, and deviations can be very individualized.

The immoral act of one person may be completely different from the act of another, even the signs of a crime, which are clearly stated in the criminal code, are as diverse as the people themselves who commit them.

Deviations from social norms, despite their great diversity, have some common reasons that support their existence, and sometimes lead to their growth and prevalence. At their core, they come down to objective and subjective contradictions of social development, which disrupt the interaction of the individual with the social environment and lead to forms of individual behavior that are not consistent with the existing normative system. Moreover, the same contradiction “may underlie both socially undesirable forms of behavior (crime, alcoholism, suicide, etc.) and socially approved ones (cognitive activity, creativity, everyday activity, etc.).

During the transition to market economy has changed financial situation many segments of the population. The majority live below the poverty line, and the number of unemployed has increased. All this creates conflict situations, and they lead to deviations. Some forget themselves in a bottle, some forget themselves in a narcotic dope, and the weaker ones take their own lives. The only way to somehow change the current situation is to improve life, to help people overcome their problems, and social services and other organizations are now being created for this. But if their activities are not supported by the state, the increase in crime, drug addiction, alcoholism, etc. will only grow.

Bibliography

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4. Kurganov S.I., Sociology for lawyers. M.: Yurist, 2007-114 p.

5. Osipova O.S. Deviant behavior: good or evil? Sociological research, 2008, - No. 9.

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Under deviation (from Lat. - from

deviance) refers to deviation from socially accepted norms of behavior. If the behavior of individuals that corresponds to role expectations and is oriented towards values and norms recognized by society is called normative, then any deviation from generally accepted and regulating norms and principles is considered deviant.

This may be a single action, an act of an individual that does not correspond to the norms accepted in a given society, but it also includes social phenomena of a broader nature (criminalization of society, corruption of officials, an increase in the number of divorces, etc.).

The concept of norm and deviation is always defined socially. In conditions of widespread small children, when one or two children are born in a family, this is the number of children that becomes the socially acceptable norm. At the same time, having many children, i.e. Three or more children in a family in some countries is assessed as positive and deserves all kinds of encouragement, while in others it is condemned as irresponsible parenting, which in its consequences is detrimental to the normal development of society (China).

There are several sociological explanations for deviance.

Thus, E. Durkheim (1858-1917) saw the main cause of deviation in social instability. Using the category of anomie as a special state of society during a period of radical change, when old norms and values no longer correspond to real relationships, and new ones have not yet been established, the scientist uses a functional approach to explain deviant behavior. R. Merton believed that deviations are a consequence of the inconsistency between the socially approved goals stated in society and the ineffectiveness of the legal means of achieving them. Modern advertising imposes high standards of living, the implementation of which requires considerable resources. But they are difficult to achieve by legal means (honest work, responsible behavior). According to the concept of R. Merton, it is in this situation that people and groups appear who use prohibited methods of achieving goals. An interesting position is that deviant behavior is generated by the structure of comparative opportunities. For example, according to this theory, more crimes are committed in the city than in the countryside, since city residents have the opportunity to constantly compare the lives of different segments of the population, they feel more strongly the inequality of opportunities and positions, and this pushes them to violate norms.

In line with theories of conflict (K. Marx, L. Coser, R. Dahrendorf, etc.), deviation is defined as the result of a conflict of interests of various social strata and groups. Thus, the ruling class can arbitrarily establish new laws in its own interests and declare some behavior illegal, non-normative. Many areas of the fight against drugs or prostitution are aimed not so much at strengthening morality or health, but against illegal business. The theory of labeling (stigma) states that deviants “appear” as a result of declaring a person deviant from the generally accepted norm, abnormal.

For example, in the lower grades of school a child commits some minor offense (in this case they speak of primary deviation). Adults declare him a “hooligan”, “a laggard”, promise him a career as a criminal, and begin to suspect him of causing any conflicts at school. In this case, teenagers and young people accept a deviant identity, and secondary deviation occurs (“Since everyone considers me a hooligan, a thief, I will be like that!”).

According to other sociologists, deviation arises as a result of unsuccessful or inadequate socialization.

E. Sutherland believed that a deviant is formed under the influence of deviant groups, “bad companies” and this phenomenon is most common in adolescence and young adulthood, when a reference group of peers dictates standards and patterns of behavior.

Some sociologists have focused their attention on studying other aspects of deviance. Thus, Hirschi (1985) identified conditions under which “deviance temptations” do not work. The conditions that keep people from committing negative social actions are the following: attachment (strong family, friendly, neighborly, family ties, love), confidence in the future, optimistic attitude, involvement in legal, socially approved activities (social work, study, sports, professional work), conviction (upbringing attitudes).

This theory has broad practical significance, since on its basis it is possible to build preventive work among young people.

In 1951, T. Parsons (1902-1979) studied the importance of medicine in industrial societies and viewed disease as the basis of social identity. He comes to the conclusion about the socially sanctioned deviation of a sick person, which in this situation is characterized by the following: freed from normal social responsibilities, has the opportunity to change the rhythm of life, relax, and not leave the house; unable to take care of himself - other family members and friends take care of him; as a rule, wants to return to normal life, understands the necessity of such a state and its temporary nature; usually seeks competent professional medical care.

But T. Parsons suggests that a person can be burdened by everyday social responsibilities and strives to free himself from them. Sometimes the status of a patient is very desirable (a student does not want to go to school, citing illness), and medicine performs the function of social control to deter malingerers.

Let's consider the concept of primary and secondary deviations formulated by X. Becker. It allows you to see the process of formation of the personality of a complete deviant.

Primary deviation is understood as such deviant behavior of an individual, which generally corresponds to cultural norms accepted in society. The deviations committed by an individual are insignificant and tolerable, and he is not socially classified as a deviant and does not consider himself such. To others it looks like a prank, an eccentricity, a mistake. “Deviants remain primary as long as their actions fit within the framework of a socially accepted role” (S.S. Frolov, 2001).

Secondary deviation is a deviation from existing norms in a group, which is defined by others as deviant. In this case, the person is identified as a deviant. For example, if a teenager from a prosperous family broke the glass of a shop window, then his action may be considered accidental and easily justified. But if such an action is committed by a teenager from a dysfunctional family, perhaps low-income, living in a criminal area, large or single-parent, then those around him blame him and label him a deviant. The same actions performed by people of different social strata and different social origins are assessed differently in society.

To summarize ideas about deviant behavior, we can say that the term “social deviance” means the behavior of an individual or group that does not conform to generally accepted norms, as a result of which these norms are violated. It is interpreted as historically arose social phenomenon, since human activity does not always correspond to officially established or actually established norms.

Deviation can be positive (for example, heroes and geniuses) or negative (criminal, terrorist, drug addict).

Deviant behavior varies for many reasons:

subject (individual, group, stratum, etc.);

the nature of the manifestation (primary, secondary, or recurrent);

form of manifestation (latent and open);

frequency of manifestation (random and regular);

target orientation (selfish, protest, aggressive, etc.);

type of violation of norms (morality, law, traditions, etiquette, etc.);

lifestyle (criminal groups, fans, amateurs gambling). Violation of informal norms is

name of deviant (deviant) behavior; violation of formal norms is called delinquent (criminal) behavior.

The social consequences of deviation are clearly negative. Constant and widespread deviations can disrupt or undermine organized social life. If the behavior of the majority of members of society does not correspond to social expectations, then the entire system suffers.

The most dangerous forms of deviant behavior are called social pathologies. These include crime, murder, kidnapping, terrorism and extremism, alcoholism, drug addiction of the population and especially children and adolescents, and suicide.

In the 30s XX century E. Sutherland (1883-1950) suggested that deviations are learned. Each group has its own established system of customs, mores and norms, and the individual must share a certain minimum of cultural norms that constitute a formal and informal code of conduct. Any deviation from this order immediately leads to condemnation of the behavior by the group. Depending on the importance of the norm violated, a wide range of sanctions is possible - from condemnation to expulsion from the group. Group pressure on an individual who violates norms depends on the status of the individual within the group. The leader of the group has greater “unsinkability” within the group than its ordinary member. But there is a certain line beyond which even a leader cannot cross. If group cohesion is high, the degree of social group control over each of its members increases.

The structural-functional approach highlights not only the negative, but also the positive functions of deviation, and insists that without the occurrence of deviation, the development of society would be impossible. Deviation has the following functions:

affirms cultural values and norms; L

clarifies the boundaries of what is permitted;

encourages social change;

the reaction to deviation unites people.

In no society is it possible to clearly divide its members into those who deviate from the norm and those who follow it. Some did not pay for public transport, others drank alcohol while underage. Someone broke the rules traffic exceeding the permissible speed. In any school class There is usually a student who rejects the norms school life and demonstrates complete indifference, indifference to subsequent punishment.

Ideas about normality and deviation are related to social context and vary across different societies and subcultures.

In addition, all offenses are divided into crimes and misdemeanors. Crime is the most dangerous form of delinquent behavior. Forms of violence vary: as a physical attack on the life and health of people, selfish and violent actions (robberies, robbery), spiritual and moral humiliation (insult, oppression); by socio-demographic indicators: by form of guilt - intentional and unintentional crimes; by subjects of crime - minors and adults; men and women; crime is random and recurrent.

Classification of deviant behavior can be carried out according to areas of people’s life activities. Economic crimes are concentrated in the production and labor sphere. IN political life Deviations are manifested in bureaucracy, careerism, nationalism, and extremism. Begging, drunkenness, neglect of family, children, parents, spouses take place in the sphere of everyday life and lifestyle. In the sphere of communication, rudeness, slander, arrogance, rudeness, and dishonesty are assessed as social deviations.

Analyzing the negative aspects of life, sociologists unite social deviations into the following main groups: alcoholism and alcoholics; drug addiction and drug addicts; crime and criminals, suicide, prostitution.

American criminologist E. Schur introduces the concept of “victimless crimes.” He believes that the consumption of alcohol, drugs, abortion, and prostitution harms only the individual himself and proposes to abandon police prosecution of such people. This position of the researcher causes criticism from opponents, since alcoholics and drug addicts create a tense situation in the social groups of which they are members: in the family, work collective, study group, and in society as a whole. Their behavior is unpredictable and they are a source of increased danger to others.

Particular mention should be made of the phenomenon of stigma, which is called differently: the theory of labels, branding, labeling. Stigma is a social reaction to deviance. Conceptually, stigma theory is based on two main principles. First, others react to an individual's violation of a social norm by labeling or branding him. Secondly, “branding” reinforces deviation and leads to repeated deviation from the social norm. The process of forming a deviant career begins.

Stigma theory was studied by G. Becker and his formulation turned out to be classic: “Actions are not naturally good or bad; normality and deviation are defined socially.” “Deviation is not a quality of an action performed by an individual, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to the “violator.” The process of labeling can be a turning point in an individual's life. The individual adopts a deviant identity.

F. Tannenbaum in his work “Crime and Community” (1938) formulated the following idea: an excessive negative reaction of significant others to an offense committed by a teenager can initiate the active involvement of the individual in socially disapproved activities - neglect of schoolwork, hooliganism, theft, runaways from home, rudeness, etc. A person who commits unseemly acts acts badly, therefore, he himself becomes bad. After repeated repetitions that he is bad, the teenager becomes increasingly convinced that he cannot be good.

The primary “dramatization of evil” has serious social consequences for further socialization, since many socially dangerous acts are committed by teenagers as a prank, and are perceived by others as a manifestation of evil will and are assessed as a crime.

Stigma forms a vicious circle; excessive “dramatization of evil” is undesirable. The less said about the misdemeanor as a crime, the better. The researchers primarily warn school teachers and parents against hastily labeling teenagers. You should not call students hooligans, poor students, bandits, stupid people, etc. You can only indicate your concern that the child has problems with mathematics or chemistry, his behavior leaves much to be desired, i.e. Avoid direct negative stigma. Relapses of deviant behavior can become a reaction to pressure from society, a reaction to social control. E. Schur named this process"role absorption". He identified the main stages in the formation of a deviant career: 1)

unintentional or accidental commission of an antisocial act; 2)

awareness of the fact that deviation brought benefit or satisfaction; 3)

gaining experience of arrest and official stigmatization of a deviant; 4)

social isolation of the individual; 5)

joining a gang or criminal community.

The very concept of deviation is relative and depends on the system of social “coordinates”. Deviation is associated with the process of social development, obsolescence and breakage social stereotypes, criteria and standards, the need to update “non-working” norms. Deviation is widespread during periods of active social change. Thus, over the past twenty years, Russia has recorded surges in various negative deviations (suicides, crime, abandoned motherhood, increased mortality, mental illness, industrial accidents, etc.). But the statistical prevalence of the phenomenon does not translate it into the category of norm. The majority in society designate these phenomena as negative and believe that they absolutely must be resisted.

A certain border area can be distinguished between normative and deviant behavior, which cannot be designated as deviation, but behavior in this area is regulated not so much by special norms as by the free choice of a person. Tastes, hobbies and fashion are relevant to this occasion. Taste is an inclination or predilection for something, in clothing, for example, that forms an individual style and manner of dressing. Infatuation is a short-term, very strong emotional attachment. The change of hobbies that have taken hold of large groups is called fashion; sometimes such phenomena are similar to psychoses and similar to the actions of the crowd.

Main literature

Giddens E. Sociology. Ch. 5. Conformity and deviant behavior. M.: Editorial URSS, 1999. P. 118-151.

Gilinsky Ya Afanasiev V. Sociology of deviant (deviant) behavior: Textbook. allowance. St. Petersburg, 1993.

Grishina E.A. Social deviation // Sociological encyclopedia. M.: Mysl, 2003. T. 1. P. 254-255.

Toshchenko Zh.T. Sociology. Ch. 15. Deviant behavior. M.: UNITY-DANA, 2005. pp. 316-332.

additional literature

Gilinsky Ya. Deviantology: sociology of crime, drug addiction, prostitution, suicide and other “deviations.” St. Petersburg: Legal Center-Press, 2004.

Gilinsky Ya. I. Deviance, crime, social control. Favorite articles. St. Petersburg: Legal Center-Press, 2004.

Gilinsky Ya. Sociology of deviant behavior and social control // Sociology in Russia / Ed. V.A. Yadova. 2nd ed., revised. and additional M.: Publishing house of the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1998. pp. 587-609.

Grosheva I.A. Social control in practices of deviation prevention // SOCIS. 2008. No. 2.

Deviance and social control in Russia (XIX - XX centuries): trends and sociological understanding / Ed. Ya. Gilinsky. St. Petersburg, 2000.

Komlev Yu.Yu., Safiullin N.Kh. Sociology of deviant behavior: Textbook. allowance. Kazan, Kyiv Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2006.

Krivosheev V.V. Features of the anomie of modern Russian society // SOCIS. 2004. No. 3.

Poltavtseva A.O. Youth deviations in Primorye and SOCIS. 2003. No. 4.

Frolov S.S. Sociology. M., 2001.

Sheregi F. Sociology of deviation: applied research. M.: Center for Social Forecasting, 2004. With

Reda is a concept that is widely used in many sciences. Environment in biology is the set of conditions in which organisms exist. In ecology, it is a set of external factors in the habitat of organisms or communities, especially anthropogenic ones, which are changed by human activity. In sociology, the environment is understood as the totality of social conditions for the life of a person and society.

The environment as the most important condition for human life has been studied throughout the history of the development of human society. In philosophical concepts Ancient China, Ancient India, including Taoism, Confucianism, and subsequently in Buddhist social theories the environment was considered as one of the decisive conditions for the formation and development of the individual and society.

In the works of the ancient Greeks, mainly Socrates (470-399 BC), Plato (427-347 BC) and Aristotle (394-322 BC), “environment” refers to a complex of factors , which has a significant impact on the entire process of formation and development of human relationships. Ancient Romans in content this concept invested mainly in socio-legal relations, which should determine the sustainability of the functioning of the entire state system and its management.

The medieval concept of environment had its own characteristics in that all social institutions were considered in the context of religious determination.

The modern understanding of the concept of “environment” begins to take shape during the Renaissance. It became most widespread among philosophers, teachers and psychologists who studied the process of determining a person’s place in society, and vice versa, the influence of society on the formation and development of the individual.

In New and Modern times epistemological differentiation of the generic concept “environment” occurs. New (related) concepts such as “geographical environment”, “habitat”, “air environment” and others, used both in natural science and social science, are introduced into scientific circulation. Initially, social processes were considered in the context of the development of the geographical environment, which was understood as part of the earth’s natural space, to one degree or another modified (and changeable) human activity. However, subsequently the concept of “social environment” emerged as an independent sociological category and received a logically complete interpretation.

From the point of view of genesis and development, the concept of “social environment” is considered mainly in the context of the following paradigms. 1.

Orthodox materialist paradigms define the influence of the social environment on the development of man and society as dominant. This trend is most clearly represented by the French materialists of the 18th century. (La Mettrie, Helvetius, Diderot, Holbach, etc.). French materialists came to the conclusion that man, with all his feelings, thoughts and aspirations, is exclusively a product of the social environment around him. 2.

In idealistic paradigms, where the influence of immaterial substance, ideas, human consciousness is the initial condition for the emergence, formation and development of the entire human environment. In philosophy, this direction was initially defined by Plato, who believed that ideas are the initial and decisive factor in the existence of the human environment. In religious-idealistic concepts, the theological conditioning of the environment is absolute. 3.

Dialectical-materialist paradigms view the social environment as a product of the interaction of objective and subjective processes in the development of social relations. The content of the objective is the laws of development of nature, and the subjective is the conscious activity of man and society. The dialectic of objective and subjective is the source of development and transformation of the social environment. The dialectical approach is most consistently reflected in the works of K. Marx (1818-1883), F. Engels (1820-1895), G.V. Plekhanov (1856-1918), works of Soviet representatives of dialectical materialism.

The presented paradigms for the functioning of the social environment are basic. However, there are their modifications and original interpretations in various sociological schools. To the greatest extent, the category “social environment” is used in the modern concepts of Marxism and positivism.

According to most experts, the social environment has a decisive influence on the formation and development of personality. At the same time, under the influence creative activity human it is modified, transformed. In the process of such transformations, people themselves change. In sociological science, the scope of the concept of “social environment” includes the macroenvironment, mesoenvironment and microenvironment.

Macroenvironment (from gren, takt - long, large) - a set of institutions and relationships that cover the existing socio-economic system in society with the corresponding political superstructure (political regime). The institutions of the macroenvironment include the method of material production, productive forces, production and social relations, political system, civilization, etc. In sociology, it is studied as the relationship of a person with the state, social and political institutions. In this context, a person is considered as a citizen, a member of a macro-community or state. The macroenvironment in sociological science is the object of study primarily of general sociological theories.

Mesosenvironment (from the Greek tezoz - middle, middle, intermediate) is a set of institutions and relationships that form the basis of the socio-anthropological structure of society. The meso-environment includes institutions that form and represent the relationship of a person with society, as a city dweller, rural resident, member of a certain social group, party or organization. The meso-environment in sociological science is the object of study mainly of private (special) sociological theories.

Microenvironment (from the Greek gshkgoz - small) is a set of institutions and relationships that make up a person’s immediate social environment and have a decisive influence on the formation and development of the individual. Microenvironmental institutions include: family, primary labor collectives, small social groups and communities. The microenvironment in sociological science is the object of study primarily in applied sociology and sociometry.

The social environment is the totality of all levels of economic, political, social, spiritual conditions that are the basis of human existence, formation and activity.

Among the economic conditions, the most significant are those that determine the system of production relations, namely: social relations between people in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods.

Political conditions are determined by the specifics of the development of society. The economic and political conditions for the development of society are in a dialectical interdependence and give rise to the corresponding specificity of social relations.

The most important component of the social environment is the spiritual foundations of the life of society, which perform one of its most important regulatory roles.

Economic, political, social and spiritual relations are organically interdependent and form the fundamental basis of the content of the category “social environment” as one of the most important in sociological science.

In modern scientific knowledge, the concept of “social environment” is used in most sociological theories and correlates with such a fundamental concept as social infrastructure, meaning a set of material elements that create General terms to ensure rational organization of labor and Everyday life of people.

The environment, in organic connection with social consciousness and human behavior, forms the subject of the sociology of life.

Main literature

Sociology: Textbook / V.N. Lavrinenko, H.A. Nartov, O.A. Shabanova, G.S. Lukashova. M.: UNITY-DANA, 2000. pp. 131-143, 254-264. Toshchenko Zh.T. Sociology. M., 2005. P. 55-58. Encyclopedic sociological dictionary. M., 1995. P. 763.

additional literature

History of philosophy. M., 1941. T.I.S. 71 - 86, 417-432.

Kravchenko L.I. Sociology: General course. Textbook for universities. M.: PERSE: Logos, 2000. P. 182-217.

Marx KEngels F. Op. 2nd ed. T. 3. P. 2-3. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. M., 1997. P. 758.

Plekhanov G.V. On the question of the development of a monistic view of history // Izbr. Philosopher prod. In 5 volumes. T. 1. M., 1956. P. 507-701.

Ushakov D.N. Dictionary Russian language. M., 2001. T. 3. P. 296.

Informal sanctions, positive and negative, form an integral part of all areas of social activity. Positive informal sanctions can be expressed in praise, an approving smile, or a pat on the back. Negative informal sanctions usually expressed as an insulting tone, scolding or reprimand, demonstrative ignoring of the individual. (Source: Giddens E. Sociology, Moscow:

8. Solve the crossword puzzle.

Horizontally.

1. Lending money or goods for a certain period of time, usually with the payment of interest, on the terms of repayment. (Credit)

4. The process of acquiring knowledge about the world, familiarizing with culture and the values of human society. (Education)

5. A financial document drawn up in the form of a balance of government income and expenses. (Budget)

9. The place of purchase and sale of goods and services or the set of economic relations manifested in the exchange of goods and services. (Market)

10. Socio-economic a situation in which part of the working-age population who wants to work cannot find work. (Unemployment)

11. Mandatory payment levied by the state from each producer of goods and services, owner of this or that property. (Tax)

Vertically.

2. Belonging of material and spiritual values to certain persons. (Own)

3. A set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, which forms a certain integrity, unity. (System)

6. Supreme body executive power in the country. (Government)

7. Man as a social being with his inherent traits and relationships, manifested in the system of social relationships. (Personality)

8. Currency unit any country in circulation within the country. (Currency)

11. A stable community of people, formed historically on the basis of a single ethnic destiny, common language, cultural characteristics, most often united by a common territory and economic life. (Nation)

Assessment for work

(To be completed by the jury)

9th grade (1 hour 20 min.)

1. Select all correct answers. Write them down in the table.

1.1. Indicate the reasons that determine the specificity of social cognition, its difference from natural scientific cognition.

a) in social cognition, the possibilities of experimentation are limited. b) social cognition deals with constantly changing events and phenomena and is therefore aimed at discovering relative truths c) social cognition cannot be absolutely impartial

due to the fact that scientists have an interested attitude towards the object of research d) in social cognition, the subject and object of cognition do not coincide

a) the level of division of labor in society b) the level of development of the army

c) the degree of individual freedom and the system for ensuring and protecting human rights d) the level of development of the productive forces

1.3. The main stratification variables in modern society can be considered

A) Family status b) access to political power c) income level

d) religious affiliation e) nationality

1.4. A large group of people united by the unity of language, identity, historical experience, culture and territory can be called

a) clan b) tribe c) nation d) ethnic group

e) nationality

1.5. The federal structure of the state presupposes

a) the presence of two levels of government b) relative legal independence administrative units

c) governance of the state only from the center, which delegates powers to subjects and controls their full sovereignty d) administrative units that delegate issues of a cultural nature only to the center authorized by them

1.6. What characterizes scientific knowledge?

a) hypothesizing b) emotionality

c) generalization in concepts and theories d) experiment e) reliance on faith

f) subjectivity

2. “Yes” or “no”? If you agree with the statement, write “Yes”; if you disagree, write “No”. Enter your answers into the table.

1. Deviation in society serves only dysfunction.

2. In sociology, a formal group is considered to be one in which the relationships

between people are formal, aloof in nature.

3. In an industrial society, there are insurmountable boundaries between social groups and strata

4. One of the functions of religion is to console a person in difficult times, to give him the last hope.

5. The process of globalization is characterized by a convergence in the living standards of the population of “developed” and “developing” countries.

6. The traditional type of economy is characterized by the presence of subsistence farming.

7. Equilibrium market price– a price that suits the manufacturer more than the consumer.

8. A unitary state cannot be democratic.

9. A probationary period is a prerequisite for hiring

10. An event or action that entails the emergence, development

or termination of legal relations is called a legal fact.

3. What unites the concepts that form each of the presented series? Give a short answer.

1) The type of activity, conditional in nature, is aimed at the process of pleasure, develops physical and intellectual skills and social competencies _____________________________________________.

2) The need to feel safe in various areas of society: in the subway, at the dentist, on the street, on an airplane, confidence in the safety of children and parents

_________________________________________.

3) Political monism, state monopoly on the media, territorial expansion, one single party, charismatic leader.

________________________.

1) game

2) existential needs

3) signs of a totalitarian political regime

4. Correct any mistakes made in the text.

A small group based on family and characteristic ties, living in a single territory and leading a household is called a family

or marriage. Based on the presence of a married couple in a family, families are divided into nuclear, extended and incomplete. Nuclear families are more characteristic of the traditional type of society, while extended

– for the modern. According to the form of marriage, families can be monogamous or polygamous. Monogamous families consist of one man and one woman. Polygamous families are divided into polygyny and polyandry. Marriage between one man and several women is called polyandry. And marriage between one woman and several men is polyandry. The statement that polygamy is based on economic and social reasons is incorrect, since the basis of such marriages is the sexual preferences of individuals.

____________________________________________________________________

1. Marriage and family are not identical concepts. The statement provides a definition of family.

2. Nuclear families are characteristic of modern society, while extended ones are characteristic of traditional ones.

3. A marriage between one man and several women is called polygyny.

4. And marriage between one woman and several men is polyandry.

5. The statement that polygamy is based on economic and social reasons is correct.

5. Using all the terms below, complete the chart.

Social consciousness, individual consciousness, consciousness, morality,

religion, legal consciousness, levels of consciousness, ordinary consciousness, theoretical consciousness, components, ideology.

Consciousness

public consciousness

individual consciousness

Components

theoretical

legal consciousness

ideology

ordinary consciousness

6. Solve a logic problem.

Judge Spravedlivtseva countered arguments questioning the validity of the witness's assertion that the decision rejecting his protest against the decision to annul the application for his retraction of his original testimony was unlawful. Does this mean that she upheld the witness's original testimony? Justify your answer.

Answer: No, she admitted refusing to testify.

7. Sufi parable says: one self-centered man, striving for higher consciousness, arrived at the Sufi center and stopped

at gate to talk to the watchman.

- “I’m thinking,” he said, “few of us know how many genuine seekers of Truth there are in this world...

- I have been standing at these gates for half a century and I can“I want to tell you something about this,” said the watchman.

- Indeed? And how many are there?

- …

What do you think the watchman answered? What did he want to show the newcomer with this answer? Justify your answer.

"One less than you think." He probably wanted to show that the egocentrism and narcissism sounded in the newcomer’s remarks are incompatible with the real search for Truth.

Justification (example): The visitor’s remark contains the presupposition “I am definitely a genuine seeker of Truth.” However, the search for Truth is structured in such a way that considering oneself the owner of the Truth (or even a real seeker of it) means passing off the unknown as known, the sought for as found.

Other answers are also acceptable, provided they are properly and originally justified.

8. Read the passage below and complete all the tasks.

The whole world is a theater.

There are women, men - all actors. They have their own exits, exits, and each plays more than one role.

Seven acts in that play. First the baby, Roaring bitterly in his mother's arms...

Then a whiny schoolboy with a book bag, With a ruddy face, reluctantly, like a snail

Crawling to school. And then the lover, Sighing like a furnace, with a sad ballad In honor of a sweet eyebrow. And then the soldier

Whose speech is always full of curses, Overgrown with a beard like a leopard, Jealous of honor, a bully in a quarrel, Ready to seek mortal glory Even in the muzzle of a cannon. Then the judge

With a round belly, where the capon is hidden, With a stern gaze, a trimmed beard, A storehouse of template rules and maxims - This is how he plays a role. The sixth age - It will be skinny Pantalone,

IN glasses, shoes, at the belt- wallet,

IN pants that have been on the shore since youth, wide for withered legs; a courageous voice is replaced again by a childish treble: It squeaks like a flute... And the last act,

The end of everything, this strange, complex play - Second childhood, half-oblivion:

Without eyes, without feelings, without taste, without everything.

W. Shakespeare. Comedy / Transl. from English T. Shchepkina-Kupernik. M., 1987.S-592-593

8.1. What two sociological concepts are hidden in Jacques’s monologue in William Shakespeare’s comedy “As You Like It?”?

____________________________________________________________________

8.2. Define these two concepts.

____________________________________________________________________

8.3. Explain your point of view through the content of this monologue.

____________________________________________________________________

8.1 The concept of Socialization and the concept of Social Role

8.2 Concept No. 1 Socialization is a set of methods for developing skills and social attitudes of individuals, corresponding to their social roles. The process of a person’s assimilation of the culture of society.

Concept No. 2 Social role - behavior expected from an individual occupying a certain social position. The idea of a social role is initially associated with the role of an actor performed on the stage of a theater. In any society, an individual performs various social roles associated

With various areas of their activities.(

Makeup. Skin and hair care. Manicure

Types of deviant behavior

Concept, theories and forms of deviant behavior

What are the causes of deviation?

Types and forms of deviation

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