Even a very good retelling cannot replace the literary text itself. " Without reading there is no real education,- A.I. told his son. Herzen, - there is not and cannot be either taste or multifaceted breadth of understanding.
All these works can be downloaded in one archive. Everything there is neatly arranged in folders and in chronological order. fb2 format.
If you do not have an electronic reader, then your admin strongly recommends ordering here or.
Old Russian literature
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
From literature of the 18th century.
DI. Fonvizin. The play "The Minor"
G.R. Derzhavin. Poem "Monument"
Literature first half of the 19th century century
A.S. Griboyedov play "Woe from Wit"
V.A. Zhukovsky poem "Sea", ballad "Svetlana"
A.S. Pushkin novels: " Captain's daughter", "Eugene Onegin", poem " Bronze Horseman", poems: "Village", "Prisoner", "In the depths of the Siberian ores...", "Poet", "To Chaadaev", "Song about the prophetic Oleg", "To the sea", "Nanny", "To* **" ("I remember a wonderful moment..."), "October 19" ("the forest drops its crimson robe..."), "Prophet", "Winter Road", "Anchar", "On the hills of Georgia lies darkness of the night...", "I loved you: love still, perhaps...", " Winter morning", "Demons", "a conversation between a bookseller and a poet", "Cloud", "I have erected a monument to myself not made by hands...", "The daylight has gone out...", "The desert sower of freedom...", "Imitations of the Koran" (IX. “And the tired traveler grumbled at God...”), “Elegy”, (“Crazy years of faded fun...”), “...I visited again...”
M.Yu. Lermontov poem "Mtsyri", novel "Hero of Our Time", "Song about... Merchant Kalashnikov", poems: "No, I'm not Byron, I'm different...", "Clouds", "Beggar", "From Under mysterious, cold half-mask...", "Sail", "Death of a Poet", "Borodino", "When the yellowing field is agitated...", "Duma", "Poet" ("My dagger shines with a golden finish..." ), “Three Palms”, “Prayer” (“In a difficult moment of life...”), “Both boring and sad”, “No, it’s not you I love so passionately...”, “Motherland”, “Dream” (“In the midday heat in the valley of Dagestan...”), “Prophet”, “How often, surrounded by a motley crowd...”, “Valerik”, “I go out alone on the road...”
N.V. Gogol play "The Inspector General", poem " Dead Souls", the story "The Overcoat".
Literature of the second half of the 19th century
A.A. Fet poems: “Dawn bids farewell to the earth...”, “With one push, drive away a living boat...”, “Evening,” “Learn from them - from the oak, from the birch...”, “This morning, this joy...”, “Whisper, timid breathing...", "The night was shining. The garden was full of moonlight. We were lying...", "It's still a May night"
ON THE. Nekrasov poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”, poems: “Troika”, “I don’t like your irony...”, “Railroad”, “On the Road”, “Yesterday, at six o’clock...”, “You and I stupid people...", "The Poet and the Citizen", "Elegy" ("Let changing fashion tell us..."), "Oh Muse! I'm at the door of the coffin..."
I.S. Turgenev novel "Fathers and Sons"
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin satirical tales: (“The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals”, “The Wise Minnow”, “ Wild landowner", novel "The History of a City" (review study)
L.N. Tolstoy epic novel "War and Peace"
F.M. Dostoevsky novel "Crime and Punishment"
I.A. Goncharov novel "Oblomov"
N.S. Leskov one work (at the examinee’s choice), for example, the story “Lefty” or “Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk”.
A.N. Ostrovsky play "Thunderstorm"
F.I. Tyutchev poems: “Noon”, “There is melodiousness in the sea waves...”, “A kite rose from the clearing...”, “There is in the primordial autumn...”, “Silentium!”, “Not what you think, nature...”, “You can’t understand Russia with your mind...”, “Oh, how murderously we love...”, “It is not given to us to predict...”, “K. B." (“I met you - and all the past ...”), “Nature is a sphinx. And the more true it is...”
Literature late XIX- early 20th century
A.P. Chekhov play" The Cherry Orchard", stories: “Student”, “Ionych”, “Man in a Case”, “Lady with a Dog”, “Death of an Official”, “Chameleon”
From the literature of the first half of the 20th century
I.A. Bunin stories: "Mr. from San Francisco", " Clean Monday"
A.A. Akhmatova poem "Requiem", poems: "Song last meeting“,” “I clenched my hands under a dark veil...”, “I don’t need odic armies...”, “I had a voice. He called comfortingly...", "Native Land", "Tear-stained autumn, like a widow...", "Seaside Sonnet", "Before spring there are days like this...", "I bear with those who abandoned the earth..." , “Poems about St. Petersburg”, “Courage”
M. Tsvetaeva poems: “To my poems, written so early...”, “Poems to Blok” (“Your name is a bird in the hand...”), “Who is created from stone, who is created from clay...”, “Longing for the homeland! A long time ago...", "Books in red binding", "To Grandmother", "Seven hills - like seven bells!.." (from the series "Poems about Moscow")
M. Gorky play "At the Bottom", story "Old Woman Izergil"
S.A. Yesenin poems: “Go you, Rus', my dear!..”, “Do not wander, do not crush in the crimson bushes...”, “Now we are leaving little by little...”, “Letter to the mother,” “The feather grass is sleeping. Dear plain...", "You are my Shagane, Shagane...", "I do not regret, I do not call, I do not cry...", "Soviet Rus'", "The road was thinking about the red evening...", "The hewn horns began to sing...", "Rus" , “Pushkin”, “I am walking through the valley. On the back of the head is a cap...", "A low house with blue shutters..."
B.L. Parsnip novel “Doctor Zhivago” (review study with analysis of fragments), poems: “February. Get some ink and cry!..”, “Definition of poetry”, “I want to achieve everything...”, “Hamlet”, “Winter Night”, “No one will be in the house...”, “It’s snowing”, “About these poems”, “Loving others is a heavy cross...”, “Pines”, “Rime”, “July”
O.E. Mandelstam“Notre Dame”, “Insomnia. Homer.Tight sails...", "For the explosive valor of the coming centuries...",“I returned to my city, familiar to tears...”
V.V. Mayakovsky poem “Cloud in Pants”, poems: “Could you?”, “Listen!”, “Violin and a little nervously”, “Lilichka!”, “Anniversary”, “Sat over”, “Nate!”, “Good attitude to the horses", " An Extraordinary Adventure, who was with Vladimir Mayakovsky in the summer at the dacha”, “Giveaway”, “Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva”
A.A. Block poem "The Twelve", poems: "Stranger", "Russia", "Night, street, lantern, pharmacy...", "In a restaurant", "The river spreads out. Flows, lazily sad..." (from the cycle "On the Kulikovo Field"), "On railway“,” “I enter dark temples...”, “Factory”, “Rus”, “About valor, about exploits, about glory...”, “Oh, I want to live madly...”
M.A. Sholokhov novel "Quiet Don", story "The Fate of Man"
M.A. Bulgakov novels: "The Master and Margarita", " White Guard" (selection allowed)
A.T. Tvardovsky poem “Vasily Terkin” (chapters “Crossing”, “Two Soldiers”, “Duel”, “Death and the Warrior”)
A.I. Solzhenitsyn story " Matrenin Dvor", story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"
A.P. Platonov one piece (of the examinee’s choice)
From the literature of the second half of the 20th century
Prose of the second half of the 20th century: F.A. Abramov, Ch.T. Aitmatov, V.P. Astafiev, V.I. Belov, A.G. Bitov, V.V. Bykov, V.S. Grossman, S.D. Dovlatov, V.L. Kondratyev, V.P. Nekrasov, E.I. Nosov, V.G. Rasputin, V.F. Tendryakov, Yu.V. Trifonov, V.M. Shukshin (works by at least three authors of your choice)
Poetry of the second half of the 20th century: B.A. Akhmadulina, I.A. Brodsky, A.A. Voznesensky, V.S. Vysotsky, E.A. Evtushenko, N.A. Zabolotsky, Yu.P. Kuznetsov, L.N. Martynov, B.Sh. Okudzhava, N.M. Rubtsov, D.S. Samoilov, B.A. Slutsky, V.N. Sokolov, V.A. Soloukhin, A.A. Tarkovsky (poems by at least three authors of your choice)
Drama of the second half of the twentieth century: A.N. Arbuzov, A.V. Vampilov, A.M. Volodin, V.S. Rozov, M.M. Roshchin (work of one author's choice)
Secondary general education
UMK ed. B. A. Lanina. Literature (10-11) (basic, advanced)
Literature
Demo version of the Unified State Exam 2019 in literature
We bring to your attention an analysis of the demo version of the Unified State Exam 2019 in literature.This material contains explanations and a detailed solution algorithm, as well as recommendations for the use of reference books and manuals that may be needed when preparing for the Unified State Exam.
Download the demo version of the Unified State Exam 2019 along with the codifier and specification from the link below:
Follow the information about our webinars and broadcasts on the YouTube channel; very soon we will discuss preparation for the Unified State Exam in Russian language and literature.
The book contains materials for successful passing the Unified State Exam: brief methodological comments on all topics, tasks of different types and levels of difficulty, training Unified State Exam options, a dictionary of literary terms, as well as answers to all tasks. Students don't have to search Additional information online and buy other benefits. In this book they will find everything they need to independently and effectively prepare for the exam.
Analysis of a demo version of control measuring materials for the Unified State Exam in Literature in 2019
The examination paper on literature consists of two parts and includes 17 tasks. Part 1 includes two sets of tasks. The first set of tasks relates to a fragment of an epic, or lyric epic, or dramatic work: 7 tasks with a short answer (1–7) and 2 tasks with a detailed answer in the amount of 5–10 sentences (8, 9).
The second set of tasks relates to the analysis of a lyrical work: 5 tasks with a short answer (10–14) and 2 tasks with a detailed answer in the amount of 5–10 sentences (15, 16). Answers to tasks 1–7 and 10–14 are written according to the samples below in the form of a word, or phrase, or sequence of numbers. Answers are written in the answer field in the text of the work without spaces, commas and other additional characters, and then transferred to answer form No. 1.
Part 2 includes 4 tasks (17.1–17.4), from which you need to choose only ONE and give a detailed, reasoned answer to it in the genre of an essay on literary theme of at least 200 words.
Read the fragment of the work below and complete tasks 1–9.
“Here we are at home,” said Nikolai Petrovich, taking off his cap and shaking his hair. “The main thing is now to have dinner and rest.”
“It’s really not bad to eat,” Bazarov remarked, stretching, and sank onto the sofa.
- Yes, yes, let's have dinner, have dinner quickly. – Nikolai Petrovich stamped his feet for no apparent reason. - By the way, Prokofich.
A man of about sixty entered, white-haired, thin and dark, in a brown tailcoat with copper buttons and wearing a pink scarf around his neck. He grinned, walked up to Arkady’s handle and, bowing to the guest, retreated to the door and put his hands behind his back.
“Here he is, Prokofich,” began Nikolai Petrovich, “he has finally come to us... What? how do you find it?
- IN in the best possible way, sir“, - said the old man and grinned again, but immediately frowned his thick eyebrows. – Would you like to set the table? - he said impressively.
- Yes, yes, please. But won’t you go to your room first, Evgeny Vasilich?
- No, thank you, there is no need. Just order my suitcase to be stolen there and these clothes,” he added, taking off his robe.
- Very good. Prokofich, take their overcoat. (Prokofich, as if in bewilderment, took Bazarov’s “clothes” with both hands and, raising it high above his head, walked away on tiptoe.) And you, Arkady, will you go to your room for a minute?
“Yes, we need to clean ourselves,” Arkady answered and was about to go to the door, but at that moment a man of average height, dressed in a dark English suit, a fashionable low tie and patent leather ankle boots, Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, entered the living room. He looked about forty-five years old: his short-cropped gray hair shone with a dark shine, like new silver; his face, bilious, but without wrinkles, unusually regular and clean, as if carved with a thin and light incisor, showed traces of remarkable beauty; The light, black, oblong eyes were especially beautiful. The whole appearance of Arkady's uncle, graceful and thoroughbred, retained youthful harmony and that desire upward, away from the earth, which for the most part disappears after the twenties.
Pavel Petrovich took his beautiful hand with long pink nails from the pocket of his trousers - a hand that seemed even more beautiful from the snowy whiteness of the sleeve, fastened with a single large opal, and gave it to his nephew. Having previously performed the European “shakehands,” he kissed him three times, in Russian, that is, touched his cheeks with his fragrant mustache three times, and said: “Welcome.” Nikolai Petrovich introduced him to Bazarov: Pavel Petrovich slightly tilted his flexible figure and smiled slightly, but did not offer his hand and even put it back in his pocket.
“I already thought that you wouldn’t come today,” he spoke in a pleasant voice, swaying courteously, twitching his shoulders and showing his beautiful white teeth. - Did something happen on the road?
“Nothing happened,” answered Arkady, “so, we hesitated a little.”
(I.S. Turgenev, “Fathers and Sons”)
Analysis of the results of the Unified State Exam in literature shows that difficulties arise when completing tasks that require knowledge of the content of works of fiction (names of characters, names of places of events, significant details, etc.), as well as tasks to establish various correspondences: between characters and their characteristics , authors and titles of their works, characters and their remarks. This is due to insufficient attention to the literary text in preparation for the exam. Often schoolchildren try to replace reading the full text of a literary work with familiarity with materials containing general information about its plot and poetics or a condensed retelling, as well as reference to film adaptations and theatrical productions.
Therefore, when preparing for the Unified State Exam in literature, it is necessary to focus on basic knowledge about a literary work, relating to:
- Genre variety and generic affiliation of the work.
- The presence of epigraphs and dedications.
- The affiliation of a work to a specific literary movement.
- Arrangements of images in the storyline.
- Features of the conflict of the work, the main theme and idea of the work.
Ultimately, students' reading of literary works should be aimed at building a system of character images. It is necessary to be able to navigate the characters, the peculiarities of their interaction with each other, and identify conflict situations, since they are the ones who determine the problems of a work of art.
Exercise 1
What genre does the work of I.S. belong to? Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"?
Analysis of the task
This task requires updating such literary concepts as types and genres of literature.
Literary works can be divided into three types - epic, lyric and drama. The division into genders is due to different approaches to depicting the world and man: epic objectively depicts man, lyricism is characterized by subjectivity, and drama depicts man in action, with the author’s speech having an auxiliary role.
Epic (in Greek means narrative, story) is a narration about events in the past, focused on an object, on the image of the external world. The main features of the epic as a literary genre are events and actions as the subject of depiction (eventfulness). In an epic, an impartial, objective narrator or storyteller plays an important role. Sometimes the narrator tells the story from the words of the narrator.
Lyrics (from Greek lyra- musical instrument, to the sounds of which poems and songs were sung), in contrast to epic and drama, which depict complete characters acting in various circumstances, depicts the individual states of the hero at individual moments of his life. The lyrics depict inner world personality in its formation and change of impressions, moods, associations.
Drama depicts a person in action, in a conflict situation, but there is no detailed narrative-descriptive image in the drama. Its main text is a chain of statements by characters, their remarks and monologues. Most dramas are built on external action, which is associated with confrontation, the confrontation of heroes. But internal action can also predominate (the characters do not so much act as they experience and reflect, as in the plays of Chekhov and Gorky). Dramatic works, like epic works, depict events, the actions of people and their relationships, but drama lacks a narrator and descriptive depiction. The main text of a dramatic work consists of monologues and dialogues of characters that create the illusion of the present time.
Thus, the epic tells, consolidates external reality, events and facts in words, drama does the same, but not on behalf of the author, but in direct conversation, dialogue between themselves characters, the lyrics focus their attention not on the external, but on the internal world.
The division into genera is the first division in the classification of literary works. The next step is to divide each type into genres. Genre is a historically established type of literary work. Genres are: epic (novel, story, short story, essay, parable), lyrical (lyric poem, elegy, message, epigram, ode, sonnet) and dramatic (comedy, tragedy, drama). Finally, genres usually receive further subdivisions (for example, domestic novel, adventure novel, psychological novel and so on.). In addition, all genres are usually divided by volume into large (novel, epic), medium (story, poem) and small (short story, short story, essay).
Epic genres
Novel(from French romanorconteroman - a story in the Romance language) - a large form of the epic genre, a multi-issue work depicting a person in the process of his formation and development. The action in a novel is always full of external or internal conflicts or both together. Events in the novel are not always described sequentially; sometimes the author breaks the chronological sequence (“Hero of Our Time” by Lermontov).
Novels can be divided by theme (historical, autobiographical, adventure, satirical, fantastic, philosophical, etc.) and by structure (novel in verse, novel-pamphlet, novel-parable, novel-feuilleton, epistolary novel and others ).
Epic novel(from the Greek epopiia - a collection of legends) - a novel with a broad depiction of folk life at turning points historical eras. For example, “War and Peace” by Tolstoy, “ Quiet Don» Sholokhov.
Tale- an epic work of medium or large form, constructed in the form of a narrative about events in their natural sequence. Sometimes a story is defined as an epic work, a cross between a novel and a short story - it is more than a story, but less romance in terms of volume and number of actors. But the boundary between a story and a novel should be sought not in their volume, but in the features of composition. Unlike a novel, which tends toward an action-packed composition, the story presents the material chronically. In it, the artist does not get carried away with reflections, memories, details of the analysis of the feelings of the characters, unless they are strictly subordinated to the main action of the work. The story does not pose problems of a global historical nature.
Story- small epic prose form, a small work with a limited number of characters (most often the story is about one or two heroes). A story usually poses one problem and describes one event. For example, in Turgenev’s story “Mumu” the main event is the story of Gerasim’s acquisition and loss of a dog. A short story differs from a short story only in that it always has an unexpected ending (OTenry’s “The Gift of the Magi”), although in general the boundaries between these two genres are very arbitrary.
Feature article- small epic prose form, one of the types of short stories. The essay is more descriptive and touches mainly on social problems.
Parable- small epic prose form, moral teaching in allegorical form. A parable differs from a fable in that it draws its artistic material from human life (Gospel parables, Solomon's parables).
Lyrical genres
Lyric poem- a small genre form of lyrics, written either on behalf of the author (“I loved you” by Pushkin) or on behalf of a fictional lyrical hero (“I was killed near Rzhev...” by Tvardovsky).
Elegy(from the Greek elegos - plaintive song) - a small lyrical form, a poem imbued with a mood of sadness and sadness. As a rule, the content of elegies consists of philosophical reflections, sad thoughts, and grief.
Message(from the Greek epistole - letter) - a small lyrical form, a poetic letter addressed to a person. According to the content of the message, there are friendly, lyrical, satirical, etc. The message can be addressed to one specific person or group of people.
Epigram(from the Greek epigramma - inscription) - a small lyrical form, a poem ridiculing a specific person. The emotional range of the epigram is very wide - from friendly ridicule to angry denunciation. Character traits- wit and brevity.
Oh yeah(from the Greek ode - song) - a small lyrical form, a poem, distinguished by the solemnity of style and sublimity of content.
Sonnet(from the Italian soneto - song) - a small lyrical form, a poem, usually consisting of fourteen verses.
Poem(from the Greek poiema - creation) - the average lyro-epic form, a work with a plot-narrative organization, in which not one thing is embodied, but whole line experiences. The poem combines the features of two literary genres - lyricism and epic. The main features of this genre are the presence of a detailed plot and, at the same time, close attention to the inner world of the lyrical hero.
Ballad (from the Italian ballada - to dance) is a medium lyric-epic form, a work with a tense, unusual plot, a story in verse.
Dramatic genres
Comedy(from the Greek homos - cheerful procession and ode - song) - a type of drama in which characters, situations and actions are presented in funny forms or imbued with the comic. In terms of genre, there are satirical comedies (“The Minor” by Fovizin, “The Inspector General” by Gogol), high comedy (“Woe from Wit” by Griboyedov), and lyrical (“The Cherry Orchard” by Chekhov).
Tragedy(from the Greek tragodia - goat song) - a type of drama, a work based on an irreconcilable conflict in life, leading to the suffering and death of the heroes. For example, Shakespeare's play Hamlet belongs to the tragedy genre.
Drama- a play with an acute conflict, which, unlike the tragic one, is not so sublime, more mundane, ordinary and can be resolved one way or another. The specificity of the drama lies, firstly, in the fact that it is based on modern, not ancient material, and secondly, the drama establishes a new hero who rebels against circumstances.
The generic affiliation of a work is easier to determine than its genre. If we take into account the volume of the work, then “Fathers and Sons” can be called a story, since this work is smaller in volume than the novel “Oblomov” by Goncharova, and “Crime and Punishment” by Dostoevsky.
This means that it is not the volume, but other features of this work that allow us to classify it as a novel. This is, first of all, a pressing issue. Despite the fact that Turgenev himself, at the beginning of his work, called his work a story: “...I began to work little by little; I conceived a new big story - will something come out?..” (letter from I. A. Turgenev to Countess E. E. Lambert, August 6 (18), 1860).”
What is the difference between a novel and a story?
The novel reflects social and historical events, and in the story they serve only as a background for the story. The life of the characters in the novel is presented in a socio-psychological or historical context. And in a story, the image of the main character can only be revealed in certain circumstances. In the novel there is one main plot and several minor ones that form a complex structure. The story in this regard is much simpler and is not complicated by additional plot lines. The action of the novel takes place in a large time period, and the story - in a very limited one. The novel's problems include a large number of issues, but the story touches on only a few of them. The heroes of the novel express ideological and social ideas, and in the story the inner world of the character and his personal qualities are important.
Answer: novel.
Task 2
What is the name of the ideology of complete denial of generally accepted values, cultivated by Bazarov and Arkady Kirsanov?
Analysis of the task
To correctly answer questions of this type, you need to have a good knowledge of the text of the literary work and its main issues.
The features of this ideology (nihilism) are manifested in the behavior of the heroes, in the way Bazarov and Arkady Kirsanov position themselves.
In Russian literature, the word “nihilism” was first used by N. I. Nadezhdin in the article “Host of Nihilists” (magazine “Bulletin of Europe”, 1829)
It became popular after I. S. Turgenev, in the novel “Fathers and Sons” (1862), called Bazarov a “nihilist,” who denied the views of the “fathers.” The enormous impression made by the novel “Fathers and Sons” also made the term “nihilist” popular. In his memoirs, Turgenev said that when he returned to St. Petersburg after the publication of his novel - and this happened during the famous St. Petersburg fires of 1862 - the word “nihilist” was already picked up by many, and the first exclamation that escaped from the lips of his first acquaintance , met by Turgenev, was: “Look what your nihilists are doing: they are burning St. Petersburg!”
Answer: nihilism.
Task 3
Bazarov's internal and external democracy is in tune with the spirit of the era described by the author. Indicate the name of the leader of the thoughts of the revolutionary-democratic youth of those years - literary critic, to whose memory “Fathers and Sons” is dedicated.
Analysis of the task
I.S. Turgenev dedicated his novel “Fathers and Sons” to the memory of V.G. Belinsky.
The dedication of the novel to Belinsky caused even greater controversy in the press: there was not a single Russian magazine that responded to the publication of this work. The multidimensionality of Bazarov’s image was created precisely at a time when responses, assessments, reviews were “correlated” with that time and with the specific person to whom the novel was dedicated.
The novel “Fathers and Sons” was dedicated to V. G. Belinsky. The image of Bazarov is a collective one, so its probable prototypes include those public figures whom Turgenev considered “true deniers”: Bakunin, Herzen, Dobrolyubov, Speshnev and Belinsky. The novel “Fathers and Sons” is dedicated to the memory of the latter. The complexity and inconsistency of Bazarov’s views does not allow us to recognize any specific person as the source of the image: only Belinsky or only Dobrolyubov.
Answer: Belinsky.
Task 4
Establish a correspondence between the characters appearing in this fragment and the facts of their future fate: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Analysis of the task
This task tests knowledge of the text of the work, its storylines. According to statistics, many more errors are made in this task than in answers to other questions.
Answer: A – 3, B – 4, C – 1.
Task 5
What is the name of a significant detail that is a means of artistic characterization (for example, Bazarov’s robe and Pavel Petrovich’s English suite noted by the author)?
Analysis of the task
A hint for completing this task is the word “detail.” Remember, if the word “detail” appears in a task, it means we are talking about an artistic detail.
A detail is an important and significant tool for constructing images; This is a detail that carries a huge ideological, emotional and semantic load. Not all writers used these elements masterfully. Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, Anton Pavlovich Chekhov and other literary artists actively used them in their work.
There are several classifications of this element. For example, the domestic literary critic and philologist - Andrey Borisovich Esin in his book “ Literary work» identifies three large groups of details: psychological, descriptive, plot.
Answer: detail.
Task 6
The elder Kirsanov and Bazarov are opposed to each other from the first pages of the work. What is the name of the technique of sharp opposition used in work of art?
Antithesis (from the Greek antithesis - opposition) is one of the stylistic figures: a turn of poetic speech in which, to enhance expressiveness, directly opposite concepts, thoughts, and character traits of the characters are sharply contrasted.
They got along. Wave and stone
Poetry and prose, ice and fire
Not so different from each other...
(A.S. Pushkin, Evgeny Onegin.)
Antithesis is a technique of opposition.
Answer: antithesis.
Task 7
“Fathers and Sons” figuratively and thematically echoes famous work I.A. Goncharov, named after the surname of the main character. Indicate the surnames of two Goncharov characters, one of whom is in some way internally close to Bazarov, and the other, like the elder Kirsanov, is his complete opposite.
Analysis of the task
A clue to the answer to this question is contained in its wording.
Answer: Oblomov and Stolz.
Task 8
How is the main conflict of the work outlined in this episode of Fathers and Sons?
When answering the question, it is necessary to show the place and role of the episode (scene) in the overall structure of the work (analysis of the fragment), reveal the plot-compositional, figurative-thematic and stylistic features of the analyzed text, generalize your observations with access to the literary context.
Memo to students
When preparing written answers to questions, do not forget the main thing:
- Answer the question asked, rather than write everything you know about the work.
- Don't forget that your analysis should be based on the proposed fragment of the work.
- Clarify all the concepts that make up this question. For example, “main conflict”. (the main conflict is the conflict between fathers and children, representatives of different generations). How, in what way does it manifest itself? (the conflict can manifest itself in dialogues, in actions, in an obvious clash of conflicting parties).
Based on the analysis of the assessment criteria for task 8, it is possible to formulate performance requirements for its implementation.
Maximum score– 6 points.
Example sample answer
In this scene, the conflict between Evgeny Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov is only emerging and is manifested primarily in the behavior of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, who did not shake hands with Bazarov, but hid it in his pocket, thereby demonstrating that he was unpleasant that Arkady brought a guest with him . This detail attracts the reader's attention, since the scene formerly Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov, Pavel Petrovich's brother, was the first to extend his hand to Bazarov as a sign of hospitality.
In the portrait of Pavel Petrovich, Turgenev emphasizes his breed and noble origin. The idea of Bazarov that we get from this fragment is exactly the opposite. “Just order my suitcase to be stolen there and these clothes,” he says to Nikolai Petrovich. Bazarov does not attach any importance to his appearance. He talks about his things in a humorous and derogatory manner.
Analyzing the above fragment, we can assume that when they met, the characters felt a personal dislike for each other, bordering on contempt. Subsequently, the conflict will worsen even more and go beyond personal dissatisfaction with each other.
Task 9
Which works of Russian classics depict the conflict between representatives of different generations, and in what ways can these works be compared with Turgenev’s “Fathers and Sons”?
In this task, it is traditionally required to compare the analyzed work with other works of Russian classics. To compare means to compare in order to obtain some conclusions. By comparing, we can note both similarities and differences.
Algorithm for comparative analysis of works
- Find similarities between two texts at the level:
plot or motive;
figurative system;
vocabulary;
visual arts;
syntactic constructions;
other parameters suggested by the texts themselves. - Find differences at the same levels.
Several characteristic conflicts are clearly expressed in literature: love, ideological, philosophical, social and everyday, symbolic, psychological, religious, military.
The conflict of generations can be everyday and unfold within the same family, as for example in Ostrovsky’s “The Thunderstorm”: Dikaya and Kabanov on the one hand; Boris, Katerina, Tikhon, Varvara, Kudryash - on the other. Dikoya and especially Kabanikh accuse the younger generation of lack of respect for elders. Real suffering is brought to Kabanikha by the thought that her children are living incorrectly, not following her example. Tikhon left, but Katerina “doesn’t howl for him.” Kabanikha sees neither support nor support in her children. In “Fathers and Sons” one can also give an example of a family conflict between Pavel Petrovich, Nikolai Petrovich and Fenechka. Nikolai Petrovich does not dare to marry the mother of his child, Fenechka, because of his brother. It seems to him that Pavel Petrovich would never approve of this. But this is not the main conflict of the novel.
The main contradiction is associated with such heroes as Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich, who enter into an argument with each other for ideological reasons.
A similar conflict is depicted in Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit.” Chatsky opposes himself to everything Famusov society. He openly criticizes the Russian government system, moral character nobles and landowners, accusing them of sycophancy and hypocrisy.
Bazarov and Chatsky are close in one thing: they do not see anything positive in the Russia of their “fathers.” “Without noticing about yourself, what’s older is worse,” Griboyedov’s hero categorically declares in one of his monologues. I think that if Bazarov had not denied literature, then Chatsky’s words would have pleased him.
Requirements for completing task 9
- The first work is named and its author is indicated, the work is compared with the proposed text in a given direction of analysis, the author’s position is not distorted (2 points)
- The second work is named and its author is indicated, the work is compared with the proposed text in a given direction of analysis, the author’s position is not distorted (2 points)
- For argumentation, the texts of the two selected works are used at the level of analysis of fragments, images, micro-themes, details, etc. that are important for completing the task, there are no factual errors (4 points)
- There are no logical or speech errors (2 points)
Maximum score – 10.
Read the work below and complete tasks 10–16.
Again, like in the golden years,
Three worn out harnesses flutter,
And the painted knitting needles knit
Into loose ruts...Russia, poor Russia,
I want your gray huts,
Your songs are windy to me -
Like the first tears of love!I don't know how to feel sorry for you
And I carefully carry my cross...
Which sorcerer do you want?
Give me your robber beauty!Let him lure and deceive, -
You won’t be lost, you won’t perish,
And only care will cloud
Your beautiful features...Well? One more concern -
The river is noisier with one tear,
And you are still the same - forest and field,
Yes, the patterned board goes up to the eyebrows...And the impossible is possible
The long road is easy
When the road flashes in the distance
An instant glance from under a scarf,
When it rings with guarded melancholy
The dull song of the coachman!..(A.A. Blok, 1908)
The answers to tasks 10–14 are a word, or a phrase, or a sequence of numbers. First, indicate the answers in the text of the work, and then transfer them to ANSWER FORM No. 1 to the right of the number of the corresponding task, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas and other additional characters. Write each letter (number) in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form.
Task 10
Name the modernist poetic movement, one of the prominent representatives of which was A.A. Block.
Answer: symbolism.
Analysis of the task
Updating knowledge in literary areas
Literary direction is artistic method, forming general ideological and aesthetic principles in the work of many writers at a certain stage in the development of literature.
Classicism (from the Latin classicus - exemplary) is a literary movement of the 17th century. (in Russian literature - early XVIII c.), which is characterized by the following features:
Perception of ancient art as a standard of creativity, a role model.
Raising reason into a cult, recognizing the priority of enlightened consciousness. The aesthetic ideal is a person endowed with high social and moral consciousness and noble feelings, capable of transforming life according to the laws of reason, subordinating feelings to reason.
Sentimentalism (from the French sentiment - feeling) is a literary movement of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries, which arose as a reaction to the rigid principles of classicism and recognizes the basis of human nature not reason, but feelings. Main features of sentimentalism:
The subject of the image is private life, movements of the soul, human experiences.
The leading genres are travel, novel (including novel in letters), diary, elegy, epistle.
Romanticism (French romantisme, English romanticism) is a literary movement of the late 18th - early 19th centuries, which is based on the author’s subjective position in relation to what is depicted, the author’s desire not so much to recreate the surrounding reality in his work, but to rethink it. Leading features of romanticism:
Perception of individual freedom as the highest value.
Perception of man as the greatest mystery, and the purpose of human life as the solution to this mystery.
Portrayal of an exceptional individual in exceptional circumstances.
Realism (from the Latin Realis - material) is a literary movement that arose at the beginning of the 19th century, following which the writer depicts life in accordance with objective reality, truthfully reproduces “typical characters in typical circumstances with fidelity to the details” (F. Engels). Realism is based on historical thinking - the ability to see historical perspectives, the interaction of the past, present and future, social analysis - the depiction of phenomena in their social conditioning, as well as social typification.
Symbolism (French symbollisme, Greek symbolon - sign, identifying mark) is a direction that opposes itself to realism; arose in the late 80s of the 19th century; The philosophical concept of symbolism is based on the idea of the unknowability of the world and man in a scientific, rational way and by means of realistic depiction:
The imperfect real world is just a weak reflection of the ideal world.
Acmeism (from the Greek acme - the highest degree of something, flourishing) is a literary movement of the 1910s, opposing symbolism, proclaiming the desire for “joyful admiration of being.” Principles of Acmeism:
Liberating poetry from symbolist appeals to the ideal, returning it to clarity;
Refusal of mystical nebula, acceptance of the earthly world in its diversity, concreteness, sonority, colorfulness.
Appeal to a person, to the “authenticity” of his feelings.
“Visibility”, objectivity and clarity of the artistic image, precision of details.
Simplicity and clarity of poetic language.
Futurism (from Latin futurum - future) is a literary movement of the early 20th century, characterized by a demonstrative break with traditional culture and the classical heritage; its main features:
Rebellious worldview.
An attempt to create “the art of the future”
Task 11
Indicate the number of the stanza (ordinal number in the nominative case) in which the poet uses anaphora.
Answer: sixth.
Analysis of the task
Updating knowledge on the topic “Expressiveness of Russian speech”
Allegory |
Representation of an abstract concept through a concrete image |
The Tsarskoye Selo garden is beautiful, (A. Pushkin) |
||
Alliteration |
One of the types of sound writing, repetition in the text of consonant or identical consonant sounds |
WITH in and sch there is no wind, With silver wind (S. Yesenin) |
||
Anaphora |
Identical beginning of several adjacent sentences |
Take care each other, |
||
Antithesis |
Comparison of sharply contrasting or opposing concepts and images to enhance the impression |
"Sleep and Death" by A.A. Fet, "Crime and Punishment" by F.M. Dostoevsky. |
||
Assonance |
One of the types of sound writing, repetition of the same vowel sounds in the text |
M e lo, m e lo on sun e y z e ml e |
||
Hyperbola |
Artistic exaggeration |
trousers as wide as the Black Sea (N. Gogol) |
||
Gradation |
Arrangement of words and expressions in increasing (ascending) or decreasing (descending) significance |
Howled, sang, took off stone under the sky |
||
Nominative themes |
Special view name sentences, names the topic of the statement, which is revealed in subsequent sentences |
Bread!.. What could be more important than bread?! |
||
Inversion |
Violation of direct word order |
Drops the forest your scarlet attire, |
||
Irony |
Subtle mockery, use in the opposite sense of the direct one |
Count Khvostov, |
||
Compositional joint |
Repetition at the beginning of a new sentence of words from the previous sentence, usually ending it |
At dawn the morning dawn began to sing. She sang and miraculously combined all the rustles and rustles in her song... (N. Sladkov) |
||
Lexical repetition |
Repetition of the same word or phrase in the text |
Around the city there are low hills forests, mighty, untouched. IN forests there were large meadows and remote lakes with huge pine trees along the banks. Pines They made a quiet noise all the time. (Yu. Kazakov) |
||
Litotes |
Artistic understatement |
"Tom Thumb" |
||
Metaphor |
The figurative meaning of the word based on similarity |
Sleepy lake of the city (A. Blok). Sugrobov white calves (B. Akhmadulina) |
||
Metonymy |
Replacing one word with another based on the contiguity of two concepts |
Here on new waves (A.S. Pushkin) |
||
Multi-Union |
Intentional use of a repeating conjunction |
There is coal, and uranium, and rye, and grapes. (V. Inber) |
||
Occasionalisms |
Some stunning absurdities began to take root in our midst, the fruits of the new Russian education. (G. Smirnov) |
|||
Oxymoron |
Combination of words with opposite meanings |
Tourists in their hometown. (Taffy) |
||
Personification |
Transferring human properties to inanimate objects |
Silent sadness will be consoled, (A.S. Pushkin) |
||
Parcellation |
Intentional division of a sentence into semantically significant segments |
He loved everything beautiful. And he understood a lot about it. A beautiful song, poems, beautiful people. And smart. |
||
Periphrase |
Replacing a word (phrase) with a descriptive phrase |
"people in white coats" (doctors), "red cheat" (fox) |
||
Rhetorical question, exclamation, appeal |
Expressing a statement in interrogative form; |
Oh Volga! My cradle! (N. Nekrasov) |
||
Rows, pairwise combination of homogeneous members |
Using homogeneous members for greater artistic expression text |
Amazing combination you just And difficulties, transparency And depths in Pushkin's poetry And prose. (S. Marshak) |
||
Sarcasm |
Caustic, caustic mockery, one of the techniques of satire |
The works of Swift, Voltaire, Saltykov-Shchedrin are full of sarcasm. |
||
Synecdoche |
Replacing quantitative relations, using singular instead of plural |
Swede, Russian stabs, chops, cuts... (A. Pushkin) |
||
Syntactic parallelism |
Similar, parallel construction of phrases, lines |
To be able to speak is an art. Listening is a culture. (D. Likhachev) |
||
Comparison |
Comparison of two objects, concepts or states that have common feature |
Yes, there are words that burn like a flame.(A. Tvardovsky) |
||
Default |
An interrupted statement that gives the opportunity to speculate and reflect |
This fable could be explained more - Yes, so as not to irritate the geese... (I.A. Krylov) |
||
Ellipsis |
Abbreviation, “omission” of words that are easily restored in meaning, which contributes to the dynamism and conciseness of speech. |
We sat down in ashes, cities in dust, Task 13Select three titles from the list below artistic means and the techniques used by the poet in the second stanza of this poem. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
Answer: 245. Algorithm for completing the task
Task 14Indicate the size in which A.A.’s poem is written. Block “Russia” (without indicating the number of stops). Analysis of the taskIndicate the number of syllables with separate lines and place an accent mark above the stressed letters. You will get a certain rhythmic pattern
Identify the pattern of alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables. Remember about heavy and light feet. Separate vertical lines one foot from the other.
The diagram shows that the poem is written in a two-syllable meter (since a foot consists of two syllables) with stress on the second syllable - this is iambic. General classification of poetic meters
|
Unified State Examination Literature Codifier: list of works to prepare for the exam.
Information on the theory and history of literature
1.1 Fiction like the art of words1.2 Folklore. Genres of folklore
1.3 Artistic image. Artistic time and space
1.4 Content and form. Poetics
1.5 Author's intention and its embodiment. Fiction. Fantastic
1.6 Historical and literary process. Literary directions and movements: classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism, modernism (symbolism, acmeism, futurism), postmodernism
1.7 Literary genres: epic, lyric, drama. Lyroepos. Genres of literature: novel, epic novel, story, short story, essay, parable; poem, ballad; lyric poem, song, elegy, message, epigram, ode, sonnet; comedy, tragedy, drama
1.8 Author's position. Subject. Idea. Issues. Plot. Composition. Epigraph. Antithesis. Stages of action development: exposition, plot, climax, denouement, epilogue. Lyrical digression. Conflict. Author-narrator. Author's image. Character. Interior. Character. Type. Lyrical hero. System of images. Portrait. Scenery. Speaking surname. Remark. " Eternal themes" And " eternal images" in literature. Pathos. Fable. Speech characteristics hero: dialogue, monologue; inner speech. Tale
1.9 Detail. Symbol. Subtext
1.10 Historicism. Nationality. Psychologism
1.11 Tragic and comic. Satire, humor, irony, sarcasm. Grotesque
1.12 The language of a work of art. Rhetorical question, exclamation. Aphorism. Inversion. Repeat. Anaphora. Fine and expressive means in art
work: comparison, epithet, metaphor (including personification), metonymy. Hyperbola. Allegory. Oxymoron. Sound design: alliteration, assonance
1.13 Style
1.14 Prose and poetry. Versification systems. Poetic meters: trochee, iambic, dactyl, amphibrachium, anapest. Rhythm. Rhyme. Stanza. Dolnik. Accent verse. Blank verse. Vers libre
1.15 Literary criticism
From ancient Russian literature
2.1 "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"From literature of the 18th century.
3.1 DI. Fonvizin. Comedy "Undergrown"
3.2 G.R. Derzhavin. Poem "Monument"
From the literature of the first half of the 19th century.
4.1 V.A. Zhukovsky.
4.2 Poem "Sea"
4.3 V.A. Zhukovsky. Ballad "Svetlana"
4.4 A.S. Griboyedov. Comedy "Woe from Wit"
4.5 A.S. Pushkin. Poems: “Village”, “Prisoner”, “In the depths of the Siberian ores...”, “Poet”, “To Chaadaev”, “Song of the prophetic Oleg”, “To the sea”, “Nanny”, “K***” ( “I remember a wonderful moment...”), “October 19” (“The forest drops its crimson attire...”), “Prophet”, “Winter Road”, “Anchar”, “On the hills of Georgia lies the darkness of the night...”, “I you loved: love still, perhaps...", "Winter morning", "Demons", "Conversation of a bookseller with a poet", "Cloud", "I erected a monument to myself not made by hands...", "The daylight has gone out...", "Desert sower of freedom ...”, “Imitations of the Koran” (IX. “And the tired traveler grumbled at God...”) “Elegy”, (“The faded joy of crazy years...”), “...I visited again...”
4.6 A.S. Pushkin. Novel "The Captain's Daughter"
4.7 A.S. Pushkin. Poem "The Bronze Horseman"
4.8 M.Yu. Lermontov.
4.9 Poems: “No, I’m not Byron, I’m different...”, “Clouds”, “Beggar”, “From under the mysterious, cold half-mask...”, “Sail”, “Death of a Poet”, “Borodino”, “When the yellowing one worries Niva...", "Duma", "Poet" ("My dagger shines with a golden finish..."), "Three Palms", "Prayer" ("In a difficult moment of life..."), "Both boring and sad", "No, It’s not you that I love so passionately...", "Motherland", "Dream" ("In the midday heat in the valley of Dagestan..."), "Prophet", "How often, surrounded by a motley crowd...", "Valerik", "I go out alone on the road…"
4.10 M.Yu. Lermontov. Poem “Song about... merchant Kalashnikov”
4.11 M.Yu. Lermontov. Poem "Mtsyri"
4.12 M.Yu. Lermontov. Novel "Hero of Our Time"
4.13 N.V. Gogol. Comedy "The Inspector General"
4.14 N.V. Gogol. The story "The Overcoat"
N.V. Gogol. Poem "Dead Souls"
5.1 From the literature of the second half of the 19th century.
5.2 A.N. Ostrovsky. Drama "Thunderstorm"
5.3 I.S. Turgenev. Novel "Fathers and Sons"
5.4 F.I. Tyutchev. Poems: “Noon”, “There is melodiousness in the sea waves...”, “The kite rose from the clearing...”, “There is in the original autumn...”, “Silentium!”, “Not what you think, nature...”, “You can’t understand Russia with your mind...”, “Oh, how murderously we love...”, “It is not given to us to predict...”, “K. B." (“I met you - and all the past ...”), “Nature is a sphinx. And the more true it is...”
5.5 A.A. Fet. Poems: “The dawn bids farewell to the earth...”, “With one push to drive away a living boat...”, “Evening”, “Learn from them - from the oak, from the birch...”, “This morning, this joy...”, “Whisper, timid breathing...", "The night was shining. The garden was full of moonlight. We were lying...", "It's still a May night"
5.6 I.A. Goncharov. Roman "Oblomov"
5.7 ON THE. Nekrasov. Poems: “Troika”, “I don’t like your irony...”, “Railroad”, “On the road”, “Yesterday, at six o’clock...”, “You and I are stupid people...”, “Poet and Citizen”, “Elegy” (“Let changing fashion tell us...”), “O Muse! I'm at the door of the coffin..."
5.8 M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin ON THE. Nekrasov. Poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”
5.9 M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. Fairy tales: “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals”, “The Wild Landowner”, “The Wise Minnow”
5.10 . Novel “The History of a City” (review study)
5.11 L.N. Tolstoy. Novel "War and Peace"
5.12 F.M. Dostoevsky. Novel "Crime and Punishment"
N.S. Leskov. One piece (of the examinee’s choice)
6.1 From the literature of the late XIX – early XX centuries.
6.2 A.P. Chekhov. Stories: “Student”, “Ionych”, “Man in a Case”, “Lady with a Dog”, “Death of an Official”, “Chameleon”
A.P. Chekhov. Play "The Cherry Orchard"
7.1 From the literature of the first half of the 20th century.
I.A. Bunin. Stories: "Mr. from San Francisco", "Clean
7.2 Monday"
7.3 M. Gorky. The story "Old Woman Izergil"
7.4 A.A. Block. Poems: “Stranger”, “Russia”, “Night, street, lantern, pharmacy...”, “In a restaurant”, “The river spreads out. Flows, lazily sad..." (from the cycle "On the Kulikovo Field"), "On the Railway", "I Enter Dark Temples...", "Factory", "Rus", "About Valor, about Deeds, about Glory ...”, “Oh, I want to live crazy...”
7.5 A.A. Block. Poem "Twelve"
7.6 V.V. Mayakovsky. Poems: “Could you?”, “Listen!”, “Violin and a little nervously”, “Lilichka!”, “Anniversary”, “Sat over”, “Here!”, “Good attitude towards horses”, “An extraordinary adventure , who was with Vladimir Mayakovsky in the summer at the dacha”, “Giveaway”, “Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva”
7.7 V.V. Mayakovsky. Poem "Cloud in Pants"
7.8 S.A. Yesenin. Poems: “Go you, Rus', my dear!..”, “Do not wander, do not crush in the crimson bushes...”, “Now we are leaving little by little...”, “Letter to the mother,” “The feather grass is sleeping. Dear plain...", "You are my Shagane, Shagane...", "I do not regret, I do not call, I do not cry...", "Soviet Rus'", "The road was thinking about the red evening...", "The hewn horns began to sing...", "Rus" , “Pushkin”, “I am walking through the valley. On the back of the head is a cap...", "A low house with blue shutters..."
7.9 M.I. Tsvetaeva. Poems: “To my poems, written so early...”, “Poems to Blok” (“Your name is a bird in the hand...”), “Who is created from stone, who is created from clay...”, “Longing for the homeland! A long time ago...", "Books in red binding", "To Grandmother", "Seven hills - like seven bells!.." (from the series "Poems about Moscow")
7.10 O.E. Mandelstam. Poems: “Notre Dame”, “Insomnia. Homer. Tight sails...", "For the explosive valor of the coming centuries...", "I returned to my city, familiar to tears..."
7.11 A.A. Akhmatova. Poems: “Song of the Last Meeting”, “I clenched my hands under a dark veil...”, “I have no need for odic hosts...”, “I had a voice. He called comfortingly...", "Native Land", "Tear-stained autumn, like a widow...", "Seaside Sonnet", "Before spring there are days like this...", "I am not with those who abandoned the earth... ", "Poems about St. Petersburg", "Courage"
7.12 A.A. Akhmatova. Poem "Requiem"
7.13 M.A. Sholokhov. Novel "Quiet Don"
7.14 M.A. Sholokhov. The story "The Fate of Man"
7.15.A M.A. Bulgakov. Novel "The White Guard" (choice allowed)
7.15.B M.A. Bulgakov. Novel “The Master and Margarita” (choice allowed)
7.16 A.T. Tvardovsky. Poems: “The whole essence is in one single covenant...”, “In memory of the mother” (“In the land where they were taken in droves...”), “I know, it’s not my fault...”
7.17 A.T. Tvardovsky. Poem “Vasily Terkin” (chapters “Crossing”, “Two Soldiers”, “Duel”, “Death and the Warrior”)
7.18 B.L. Pasternak. Poems: “February. Get out the ink and cry!..”, “Definition of poetry”, “I want to achieve everything...”, “Hamlet”, “Winter Night” (“Chalk, chalk all over the earth...”), “No one will be in the house. ..”, “It’s snowing”, “About these poems”, “Loving others is a heavy cross...”, “Pines”, “Rime”, “July”
7.19 B.L. Pasternak. The novel "Doctor Zhivago" (review study with
analysis of fragments)
7.20 A.P. Platonov. One piece (of the examinee’s choice)__
7.22 A.I. Solzhenitsyn. The story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”
From the literature of the second half of the 20th – early 21st centuries.
8.1 Prose of the second half of the 20th century. F. Abramov, Ch.T. Aitmatov, V.P. Astafiev, V.I. Belov, A.G. Bitov, V.V. Bykov, V.S. Grossman, S.D. Dovlatov, V.L. Kondratyev, V.P. Nekrasov, E.I. Nosov, V.G. Rasputin, V.F. Tendryakov, Yu.V. Trifonov, V.M. Shukshin(works by at least three authors of your choice)
8.2 Poetry of the second half of the 20th century. B.A. Akhmadulina, I.A. Brodsky, A.A. Voznesensky, V.S. Vysotsky, E.A. Evtushenko, N.A. Zabolotsky, Yu.P. Kuznetsov, L.N. Martynov, B.Sh. Okudzhava, N.M. Rubtsov, D.S. Samoilov, B.A. Slutsky, V.N. Sokolov, V.A. Soloukhin, A.A. Tarkovsky(poems by at least three authors of your choice)
8.3 Dramaturgy of the second half of the twentieth century V. A.N. Arbuzov, A.V. Vampilov, A.M. Volodin, V.S. Rozov, M.M. Roshchin(work of one author of your choice)
Codifier is a list of works, skills, knowledge and definitions necessary to successfully pass the final exam in literature. This guide for teachers and students is published annually by FIPI, so that we can narrow down our searches and focus on the information that will definitely be useful at hour X. This list contains the main elements that make up literary criticism, that is, the necessary terms and information from the history of science. They are needed to conduct a competent and in-depth analysis of books. It is the skill of analysis that is tested in tasks 16 and 17, where the student must give extended answers to questions, reason and give arguments from what he has read.
What do you need to read to pass the exam? The list of works for the Unified State Exam in 2018 is also attached to the codifier. It turns out that not all the books that are taught at school will be needed for the final test. Only a few (and not the most difficult) of them made it onto the list. Therefore, the preparation stage dedicated to “re-reading” will not take long, given the fact that the bulk of the necessary literature has been completed quite recently and has not yet had time to be forgotten. Thus, a graduate needs a codifier to save time and direct his efforts in the right direction. Use it as a fundamental and generally accepted guide to self-study.
It is worth noting that the books chosen for the exam are not the most difficult ones. For example, the universally disliked Doctor Zhivago is found in variants extremely rarely, since its study in the codifier of works is called “review”, that is, there will not be a full-scale test of knowledge of the content of this novel. In addition, in some cases, you can choose a novel. For example, from Bulgakov’s prose, a student may prefer either “The Master and Margarita” or “The White Guard”. You don't have to read both novels, just choose the simpler one. Thus, the list of books for the Unified State Exam in Literature is very useful information for those who want to minimize the time spent on preparation.
| Code | Content elements tested by KIM Unified State Exam tasks |
|---|---|
| 1 |
Information on the theory and history of literature |
| 1.1 | Fiction as the art of words. |
| 1.2 | Folklore. Genres of folklore. |
| 1.3 | Artistic image. Artistic time and space. |
| 1.4 | Content and form. Poetics. |
| 1.5 | The author's intention and its implementation. Artistic fiction. Fantastic. |
| 1.6 | Historical and literary process. Lit. directions and movements: classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism, modernism (symbolism, acmeism, futurism), postmodernism. |
| 1.7 | Literary genres: epic, lyric poetry, lyric epic, drama. Literary genres: novel, epic novel, story, short story, essay, parable; poem, ballad; lyric poem, song, elegy, message, epigram, ode, sonnet; comedy, tragedy, drama. |
| 1.8 | Author's position. Subject. Idea. Issues. Plot. Composition. Epigraph. Antithesis. Stages of action development: exposition, plot, climax, denouement, epilogue. Lyrical digression. Conflict. Author-narrator. Author's image. Character. Interior. Character. Type. Lyrical hero. System of images. Portrait. Scenery. Speaking surname. Remark. “Eternal themes” and “eternal images” in literature. Pathos. Fable. Speech characteristics of the hero: dialogue, monologue; inner speech. Tale |
| 1.9 | Detail. Symbol. Subtext. |
| 1.10 | Psychologism. Nationality. Historicism. |
| 1.11 | Tragic and comic. Satire, humor, irony, sarcasm. Grotesque. |
| 1.12 | The language of a work of art. Rhetorical question, exclamation. Aphorism. Inversion. Repeat. Anaphora. Fine and expressive means in a work of art: comparison, epithet, metaphor (including personification), metonymy. Hyperbola. Allegory. Oxymoron. Sound design: alliteration, assonance. |
| 1.13 | Style. |
| 1.14 | Prose and poetry. Versification systems. Poetic meters: trochee, iambic, dactyl, amphibrachium, anapest. Rhythm. Rhyme. Stanza. Dolnik. Accent verse. Blank verse. Vers libre. |
| 1.15 | Literary criticism. |
| 2 |
From ancient Russian literature |
| 2.1 | "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" |
| 3 |
From literature of the 18th century. |
| 3.1 | DI. Fonvizin. The play "The Minor". |
| 3.2 | G.R. Derzhavin. Poem "Monument". |
| 4 |
From the literature of the first half of the 19th century. |
| 4.1 | V.A. Zhukovsky. Poem "Sea". |
| 4.2 | V.A. Zhukovsky. Ballad "Svetlana". |
| 4.3 | A.S. Griboyedov. The play "Woe from Wit". |
| 4.4 | A.S. Pushkin. Poems: “Village”, “Prisoner”, “In the depths of the Siberian ores...”, “Poet”, “To Chaadaev”, “Song of the prophetic Oleg”, “To the sea”, “Nanny”, “K***” ( “I remember a wonderful moment...”), “October 19” (“The forest drops its crimson attire...”), “Prophet”, “Winter Road”, “Anchar”, “On the hills of Georgia lies the darkness of the night...”, “I you loved: love still, perhaps...", "Winter morning", "Demons", "Conversation of a bookseller with a poet", "Cloud", "I erected a monument to myself not made by hands...", "The daylight has gone out...", "Desert sower of freedom ...”, “Imitations of the Koran” (IX. “And the tired traveler grumbled at God ...”), “Elegy”, (“The fading fun of crazy years ...”), “... I visited again...”. |
| 4.5 | A.S. Pushkin. Novel "The Captain's Daughter". |
| 4.6 | A.S. Pushkin. Poem "The Bronze Horseman". |
| 4.7 | A.S. Pushkin. Novel "Eugene Onegin". |
| 4.8 | M.Yu. Lermontov. Poems: “No, I’m not Byron, I’m different...”, “Clouds”, “Beggar”, “From under the mysterious, cold half-mask...”, “Sail”, “Death of a Poet”, “Borodino”, “When the yellowing one worries Niva...", "Duma", "Poet" ("My dagger shines with a golden finish..."), "Three Palms", "Prayer" ("In a difficult moment of life..."), "Both boring and sad", "No, It’s not you that I love so passionately...", "Motherland", "Dream" ("In the midday heat in the valley of Dagestan..."), "Prophet", "How often, surrounded by a motley crowd...", "Valerik", "I go out alone on the road…". |
| 4.9 | M.Yu. Lermontov. Poem "Song about... merchant Kalashnikov." |
| 4.10 | M.Yu. Lermontov. Poem "Mtsyri". |
| 4.11 | M.Yu. Lermontov. Novel "Hero of Our Time". |
| 4.12 | N.V. Gogol. The play "The Inspector General". |
| 4.13 | N.V. Gogol. The story "The Overcoat". |
| 4.14 | N.V. Gogol. Poem "Dead Souls". |
| 5 |
N.V. Gogol. Poem "Dead Souls" |
| 5.1 | A.N. Ostrovsky. The play "The Thunderstorm". |
| 5.2 | I.S. Turgenev. Novel "Fathers and Sons". |
| 5.3 | F.I. Tyutchev. Poems: “Noon”, “There is melodiousness in the sea waves...”, “A kite rose from the clearing...”, “There is in the original autumn...”, “Silentium!”, “Not what you think, nature...”, “With the mind Russia cannot be understood...", "Oh, how murderously we love...", "We are not given the power to predict...", "K. B." (“I met you – and all the past…”), “Nature is a sphinx. And the more true it is...” |
| 5.4 | A.A. Fet. Poems: “The dawn bids farewell to the earth...”, “With one push to drive away a living boat...”, “Evening”, “Learn from them - from the oak, from the birch...”, “This morning, this joy...”, “Whisper, timid breathing ...", "The night was shining. The garden was full of moonlight. They were lying...", "It was still a May night." |
| 5.5 | I.A. Goncharov. Novel "Oblomov". |
| 5.6 | ON THE. Nekrasov. Poems: “Troika”, “I don’t like your irony...”, “Railroad”, “On the road”, “Yesterday, at six o’clock...”, “You and I are stupid people...”, “The Poet and the Citizen”, “Elegy” (“Let changing fashion tell us…”), “O Muse! I’m at the door of the coffin...” |
| 5.7 | ON THE. Nekrasov. Poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” |
| 5.8 | M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. Fairy tales: “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals”, “The Wild Landowner”, “The Wise Minnow”. |
| 5.9 | M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. Novel “The History of a City” (review study). |
| 5.10 | L.N. Tolstoy. Novel "War and Peace". |
| 5.11 | F.M. Dostoevsky. Novel "Crime and Punishment". |
| 5.12 | N.S. Leskov. One piece (of the examinee’s choice). |
| 6 |
N.S. Leskov. One piece (of the examinee’s choice) |
| 6.1 | A.P. Chekhov. Stories: “Student”, “Ionych”, “Man in a Case”, “Lady with a Dog”, “Death of an Official”, “Chameleon”. |
| 6.2 | A.P. Chekhov. Play "The Cherry Orchard". |
| 7 |
A.P. Chekhov. Play "The Cherry Orchard" |
| 7.1 | I.A. Bunin. Stories: “Mr. from San Francisco”, “Clean Monday”. |
| 7.2 | M. Gorky. The story "Old Woman Izergil". |
| 7.3 | M. Gorky. The play "At the Bottom". |
| 7.4 | A.A. Block. Poems: “Stranger”, “Russia”, “Night, street, lantern, pharmacy...”, “In a restaurant”, “The river spreads out. Flows, lazily sad...” (from the cycle “On the Kulikovo Field”), “On the Railway”, “I Enter Dark Temples...”, “Factory”, “Rus”, “About Valor, About Deeds, About Glory...” , “Oh, I want to live crazy…”. |
| 7.5 | A.A. Block. Poem "Twelve". |
| 7.6 | V.V. Mayakovsky. Poems: “Could you?”, “Listen!”, “Violin and a little nervously”, “Lilichka!”, “Anniversary”, “Sat over”, “Here!”, “Good attitude towards horses”, “An extraordinary adventure , who was with Vladimir Mayakovsky in the summer at the dacha”, “Giveaway sale”, “Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva”. |
| 7.7 | V.V. Mayakovsky. Poem "Cloud in Pants." |
| 7.8 | S.A. Yesenin. Poems: “Go you, Rus', my dear!..”, “Do not wander, do not crush in the crimson bushes...”, “Now we are leaving little by little...”, “Letter to the mother,” “The feather grass is sleeping. Dear plain...", "You are my Shagane, Shagane...", "I do not regret, I do not call, I do not cry...", "Soviet Rus'", "The road was thinking about the red evening...", "The hewn horns began to sing...", "Rus" , “Pushkin”, “I am walking through the valley. On the back of the head is a cap...”, “A low house with blue shutters...”. |
| 7.9 | M.I. Tsvetaeva. Poems: “To my poems, written so early...”, “Poems to Blok” (“Your name is a bird in the hand...”), “Who is created from stone, who is created from clay...”, “Longing for the homeland! A long time ago...", "Books in red binding", "To Grandmother", "Seven hills - like seven bells!.." (from the series "Poems about Moscow"). |
| 7.10 | O.E. Mandelstam. Poems: “Notre Dame”, “Insomnia. Homer. Tight sails...", "For the explosive valor of the coming centuries...", "I returned to my city, familiar to tears...". |
| 7.11 | A.A. Akhmatova. Poems: “Song of the Last Meeting”, “I clenched my hands under a dark veil...”, “I have no need for odic hosts...”, “I had a voice. He called comfortingly...", "Native Land", "Tear-stained autumn, like a widow...", "Seaside Sonnet", "Before spring there are days like this...", "I am not with those who abandoned the earth...", "Poems about St. Petersburg ", "Courage". |
| 7.12 | A.A. Akhmatova. Poem "Requiem". |
| 7.13 | M.A. Sholokhov. Novel "Quiet Don". |
| 7.14 | M.A. Sholokhov. The story “The Fate of Man.” |
| 7.15A | M.A. Bulgakov. The novel “The White Guard” (choice allowed). |
| 7.15B | M.A. Bulgakov. The novel “The Master and Margarita” (choice allowed). |
| 7.16 | A.T. Tvardovsky. Poems: “The whole essence is in one single covenant...”, “In memory of the mother” (“In the land where they were taken in droves...”), “I know, it’s not my fault...”. |
| 7.17 | A.T. Tvardovsky. The poem “Vasily Terkin” (chapters “Crossing”, “Two Soldiers”, “Duel”, “Death and the Warrior”). |
| 7.18 | B.L. Parsnip. Poems: “February. Get some ink and cry!..”, “Definition of poetry”, “I want to achieve everything...”, “Hamlet”, “Winter Night” (“It’s chalk, it’s chalk all over the earth...”), “There will be no one in the house... “,” “It’s snowing,” “About these poems,” “Loving others is a heavy cross...”, “Pines,” “Hoarfrost,” “July.” |
| 7.19 | B.L. Parsnip. The novel “Doctor Zhivago” (review study with analysis of fragments). |
| 7.20 | A.P. Platonov. One piece (of the examinee’s choice). |
| 7.21 | A.I. Solzhenitsyn. The story "Matrenin's yard". |
| 7.22 | A.I. Solzhenitsyn. The story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.” |
| 8 |
From the literature of the second half of the twentieth century. |
| 8.1 | Prose of the second half of the 20th century. F. Abramov, Ch.T. Aitmatov, V.P. Astafiev, V.I. Belov, A.G. Bitov, V.V. Bykov, V.S. Grossman, S.D. Dovlatov, V.L. Kondratyev, V.P. Nekrasov, E.I. Nosov, V.G. Rasputin, V.F. Tendryakov, Yu.V. Trifonov, V.M. Shukshin (works of at least three authors of your choice). |
| 8.2 | Poetry of the second half of the 20th century. B.A. Akhmadulina, I.A. Brodsky, A.A. Voznesensky, V.S. Vysotsky, E.A. Evtushenko, N.A. Zabolotsky, Yu.P. Kuznetsov, L.N. Martynov, B.Sh. Okudzhava, N.M. Rubtsov, D.S. Samoilov, B.A. Slutsky, V.N. Sokolov, V.A. Soloukhin, A.A. Tarkovsky (poems by at least three authors of your choice). |
| 8.3 | Drama of the second half of the twentieth century. A.N. Arbuzov, A.V. Vampilov, A.M. Volodin, V.S. Rozov, M.M. Roshchin (work of one author's choice). |
Poems from the codifier
The program does not include many poems, which also facilitates the preparation process. All these poems are connected thematically. Therefore, systematic reading of them guarantees the absence of problems with task 16, where you need to select similar works by analogy and tell what they have in common with the one given in the question. Of course, you don’t need to learn them by heart, but you can make for yourself thematic selections of poetic works and write down your impressions of each of them.
- V.A. Zhukovsky: “Sea”, Ballad “Svetlana”
- A.S. Pushkin. Pushkin's lyrics: “Village”, “Prisoner”, “In the depths of the Siberian ores...”, “Poet”, “To Chaadaev”, “Song of the prophetic Oleg”, “To the sea”, “Nanny”, “K***” (“I remember a wonderful moment...”), “October 19” (“The forest drops its crimson attire...”), “Prophet”, “Winter Road”, “Anchar”, “On the hills of Georgia lies the darkness of the night...”, “I loved you: love still, perhaps...", "Winter Morning", "Demons", "Conversation of a Bookseller with a Poet", "Cloud", "I erected a monument to myself not made by hands...", "The daylight has gone out...", "Desert Sower of Freedom ...”, “Imitations of the Koran” (IX. “And the tired traveler grumbled at God ...”), “Elegy”, (“The fading fun of crazy years ...”), “... I visited again...”. Poem "The Bronze Horseman".
- M.Yu. Lermontov: “No, I’m not Byron, I’m different...”, “Clouds”, “Beggar”, “From under a mysterious, cold half-mask...”, “Sail”, “Death of a Poet”, “Borodino”, “When the yellowing one worries Niva...", "Duma", "Poet" ("My dagger shines with a golden finish..."), "Three Palms", "Prayer" ("In a difficult moment of life..."), "Both boring and sad", "No, It’s not you that I love so passionately...", "Motherland", "Dream" ("In the midday heat in the valley of Dagestan..."), "Prophet", "How often, surrounded by a motley crowd...", "Valerik", "I go out alone on the road…". Poem "Song about... merchant Kalashnikov." Poem "Mtsyri".
- ON THE. Nekrasov: “Troika”, “I don’t like your irony...”, “Railroad”, “On the Road”, “Yesterday, at about six o’clock...”, “You and I are stupid people...”, “The Poet and the Citizen”, “Elegy” (“Let changing fashion tell us…”), “O Muse! I’m at the door of the coffin...” Poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”
- A.A. Fet: “The dawn says goodbye to the earth...”, “With one push, drive away a living boat...”, “Evening”, “Learn from them - from the oak, from the birch...”, “This morning, this joy...”, “Whisper, timid breathing ...", "The night was shining. The garden was full of moonlight. They were lying...", "It was still a May night."
- A.A. Block: “Stranger”, “Russia”, “Night, street, lantern, pharmacy...”, “In a restaurant”, “The river spreads out. Flows, lazily sad...” (from the cycle “On the Kulikovo Field”), “On the Railway”, “I Enter Dark Temples...”, “Factory”, “Rus”, “About Valor, About Deeds, About Glory...” , “Oh, I want to live crazy…”. Poem "Twelve"
- V.V. Mayakovsky: “Could you?”, “Listen!”, “Violin and a little nervously”, “Lilichka!”, “Anniversary”, “Getting to sit up”, “Here!”, “Good attitude towards horses”, “An extraordinary adventure , who was with Vladimir Mayakovsky in the summer at the dacha”, “Giveaway sale”, “Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva”. Poem "Cloud in Pants"
- S.A. Yesenin: “Go you, Rus', my dear!..”, “Don’t wander, don’t crush in the crimson bushes...”, “Now we are leaving little by little...”, “Letter to the mother,” “The feather grass is sleeping. Dear plain...", "You are my Shagane, Shagane...", "I do not regret, I do not call, I do not cry...", "Soviet Rus'", "The road was thinking about the red evening...", "The hewn horns began to sing...", "Rus" , “Pushkin”, “I am walking through the valley. On the back of the head is a cap...", "A low house with blue shutters..."
- M.I. Tsvetaeva: “To my poems, written so early...”, “Poems to Blok” (“Your name is a bird in the hand...”), “Who is created from stone, who is created from clay...”, “Longing for the homeland! A long time ago...", "Books in red binding", "To Grandmother", "Seven hills - like seven bells!.." (from the series "Poems about Moscow")
- O.E. Mandelstam: “Notre Dame”, “Insomnia. Homer. Tight sails...", "For the explosive valor of the coming centuries...", "I returned to my city, familiar to tears..."
- A.A. Akhmatova: “Song of the last meeting”, “Clenched my hands under a dark veil...”, “I don’t need anything
odic army...", "I had a voice. He called comfortingly...", "Native Land", "Tear-stained autumn, like a widow...", "Seaside Sonnet", "Before spring there are days like this...", "I am not with those who abandoned the earth...", "Poems about St. Petersburg ", "Courage". Poem "Requiem". - B.L. Pasternak: “February. Get some ink and cry!..”, “Definition of poetry”, “I want to achieve everything...”, “Hamlet”, “Winter Night” (“It’s chalk, it’s chalk all over the earth...”), “There will be no one in the house... “,” “It’s snowing,” “About these poems,” “Loving others is a heavy cross...”, “Pines,” “Hoarfrost,” “July.”
- Poems by at least three authors of your choice: B.A. Akhmadulina, I.A. Brodsky, A.A. Voznesensky, V.S. Vysotsky, E.A. Evtushenko, N.A. Zabolotsky, Yu.P. Kuznetsov, L.N. Martynov, B.Sh. Okudzhava, N.M. Rubtsov, D.S. Samoilov, B.A. Slutsky, V.N. Sokolov, V.A. Soloukhin, A.A. Tarkovsky. Interesting? Save it on your wall!