German scientists have created an interactive map of the genetic mixing of peoples throughout history. Their article on the methodology for its creation was published in the scientific journal Science.

To create it, scientists had to take DNA samples from 1,490 individuals living in 90 different places around the world.

After sequencing the DNA and identifying similarities and differences, the researchers were able to create a kind of global atlas.

Through its interactive framework, one can see the likely genetic consequences of historical events, including European colonialism, the emergence of the Mongol Empire, the Arab conquests, and trade along the Silk Road.

Interesting data was obtained from a study of 20 residents of Georgia: most of the genes they came from were from the Circassians, then from the Greeks, then from the Armenians and southern Italians.

The Circassians have the most genes that came from Georgians, Hungarians and Turks.

Lezgins have the most genes that came from Austrian Germans, Armenians and Georgians

Armenians have genes from Iranians, Georgians and Poles, but the origin of the Armenians themselves is not clear, as stated on the website of this map

A team of researchers from the University of Oxford and University College London, with funding from the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society, compiled the first interactive map genetic history of mankind. The new database is based on the latest data on genetic admixtures from 95 populations in Europe, Asia, Africa and South America over the last four thousand years.

In a paper recently published in the journal Science, the scientists not only identify, but also date and characterize each round of genetic mixing between populations. The work used complex statistical methods to analyze the DNA of 1,490 individuals in 95 populations around the world.

“Decoding DNA really helps read history and reveal details of humanity's past,” said study co-author Dr Simon Myers, a fellow at the University of Oxford's Department of Statistics and the Wellcome Trust's Center for Human Genetics.

The map conventionally indicates historical events during which genetic mixing of peoples occurred. Different colors indicate different entrance groups

The authors of the project emphasize that they used exclusively genetic data in their work, which made it possible to collect information independent of other sources. However, many of them clearly coincide with historical events, and also reveal previously unaccounted for evidence of genetic mixing.

The statistical technique, called Globetrotter by the study's authors (literally, "globe traveler"), provided accurate insights into key historical information, such as the legacy of the Mongol Empire. Historical evidence suggests that the Hazaras from Pakistan are partly descendants of Mongol warriors. Genetic research has also revealed clear evidence of integration of Mongol DNA into this population during the Mongol Empire.

Six other peoples, from western Turkey to the Far East, also show traces of genetic admixture with the Mongols during the same historical period.

Pattern of individual genetic mixing

(illustration by Chromosome Painting Collective).

“What amazes me most is how accurately our method works. Reconstructing the historical picture of mixing of peoples is often complicated by the occurrence of mutations in genes, but information about the genome as a whole allows us to restore the full course of history. It is interesting that sometimes neighboring peoples are very genetically different from each other " said lead author Dr Garrett Hellenthal from University College London.

The scientists also found similarities in their data with historical records of the Arab slave trade, which involved interbreeding between peoples living in Pakistan, sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia and some European populations.

We constantly hear that Russians are not a people united by blood, related by blood, but a conglomerate of people united by a common culture and territory. Everyone remembers Putin's catchphrases“There are no pure Russians!” and “scratch every Russian, you will certainly find a Tatar.”

They say that we are “very different in blood”, “we did not sprout from the same root”, but were a melting pot for the Tatar, Caucasian, German, Finnish, Buryat, Mordovian and other peoples who have ever raided, entered, strayed on our land, and we received them all, let them into the house, took them into our family.

This has become almost an axiom among politicians who are blurring the concept of Russian, and at the same time for everyone it has become an entrance ticket to the environment of the Russian people.

This approach, raised to the flag by numerous Russophobic a la “human rights” organizations and Russian Russophobic media outlets, has filled the airwaves. But, sooner or later, Putin and others like him will have to answer for their words of humiliation of the Russian people. The scientists' verdict is merciless:

1) In 2009, a complete “reading” (sequencing) of the genome of a representative of the Russian ethnic group was completed. That is, the sequence of all six billion nucleotides in the Russian human genome has been determined. His entire genetic makeup is now in full view.

(The human genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes: 23 from the mother, 23 from the father. Each chromosome contains one DNA molecule formed by a chain of 50-250 million nucleotides. The genome of a Russian man was sequenced. Decoding of the Russian genome was carried out on the basis of the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", on the initiative of Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" Mikhail Kovalchuk According to information received from the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Kurchatov Institute spent approximately $20 million on the purchase of sequencing equipment alone. National Research. The Kurchatov Institute center has a recognized scientific status in the world.)

It is known that this is the seventh deciphered genome beyond the Ural ridge: before that there were Yakuts, Buryats, Chinese, Kazakhs, Old Believers, Khanty. That is, all the prerequisites for the first ethnic map of Russia have been created. But all of these were, so to speak, composite genomes: pieces assembled after deciphering the genetic material different representatives the same population.

The complete genetic portrait of a particular Russian man is only the eighth in the world. Now there is someone to compare Russians with: an American, an African, a Korean, a European...

“We did not find any noticeable Tatar additions in the Russian genome, which refutes theories about the destructive influence Mongol yoke, - emphasizes the head of the genomic direction at the National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, academician Konstantin Scriabin. -Siberians are genetically identical to Old Believers, they have one Russian genome. There are no differences between the genomes of Russians and Ukrainians - one genome. Our differences with the Poles are negligible.”

Academician Konstantin Scriabin believes that “in five to six years a genetic map of all peoples of the world will be compiled - this is a decisive step towards understanding the susceptibility of any ethnic group to medicines, diseases and products.” Feel what it costs... Americans in the 1990s gave the following estimates: the cost of sequencing one nucleotide is $1; according to other sources - up to 3-5 dollars.

(Sequencing (reading the genetic code) of mitochondrial DNA and the DNA of the human Y chromosome is the most advanced DNA analysis method to date. Mitochondrial DNA is passed down through the female line from generation to generation practically unchanged since the time when “the ancestor of mankind, Eve "came down from the tree in East Africa. And the Y chromosome is present only in men and therefore is also passed on to male offspring almost unchanged, while all other chromosomes, when transmitted from father and mother to their children, are shuffled by nature, like a deck of cards before being dealt. Thus. , in contrast to indirect signs ( appearance, body proportions), sequencing of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA indisputably and directly indicate the degree of relatedness of people.)

2) Outstanding anthropologist, researcher of human biological nature, A.P. Bogdanov in late XIX century wrote: “We often use expressions: this is purely Russian beauty, this is the spitting image of a hare, typically Russian face. One can be convinced that it is not something fantastic, but something real that lies in this general expression Russian physiognomy. In each of us, in the sphere of our “unconscious”, there is a fairly definite concept of the Russian type” (A.P. Bogdanov, “Anthropological physiognomy.” M., 1878).

A hundred years later, and here is the modern anthropologist V. Deryabin, with the help the latest method mathematical multivariate analysis of mixed characteristics comes to the same conclusion: “The first and most important conclusion consists in stating the significant unity of Russians throughout Russia and the impossibility of identifying even the corresponding regional types, clearly limited from each other” (“Questions of Anthropology.” Issue 88, 1995). How is this Russian anthropological unity expressed, the unity of hereditary genetic characteristics expressed in the appearance of a person, in the structure of his body?

First of all, hair color and eye color, the shape of the skull structure. According to these characteristics, we Russians differ from both the European peoples and the Mongoloids. And we cannot be compared with Negroes and Semites at all, the differences are too striking. Academician V.P. Alekseev proved a high degree of similarity in the structure of the skull among all representatives of the modern Russian people, while clarifying that the “Proto-Slavic type” is very stable and has its roots in the Neolithic era, and possibly the Mesolithic. According to the calculations of the anthropologist Deryabin, light eyes (gray, gray-blue, light blue and blue) are found in 45 percent of Russians, in Western Europe Only 35 percent are light-eyed. Dark, black hair is found in five percent of Russians, and in 45 percent of the population of foreign Europe. The popular opinion about the “snub nose” of Russians is also not confirmed. 75 percent of Russians have a straight nose profile.

Conclusion of anthropologists:
“In terms of their racial composition, Russians are typical Caucasians, who, according to most anthropological characteristics, occupy a central position among the peoples of Europe and are distinguished by slightly lighter pigmentation of their eyes and hair. One should also recognize the significant unity of the Russian racial type throughout European Russia.”
“A Russian is a European, but a European with physical characteristics unique to him. These signs make up what we call a typical hare.”

Anthropologists have seriously scratched the Russians, and - there is no Tatar, that is, a Mongoloid, in the Russians. One of the typical signs of a Mongoloid is the epicanthus - a Mongolian fold at the inner corner of the eye. In typical Mongoloids, this fold occurs in 95 percent; in a study of eight and a half thousand Russians, such a fold was found in only 12 people, and in its rudimentary form.

Another example. Russians literally have special blood - the predominance of groups 1 and 2, which is evidenced by many years of practice at blood transfusion stations. Among Jews, for example, the predominant blood group is 4, and the negative Rh factor is more common. During biochemical studies of blood, it turned out that Russians, like all European peoples, are characterized by a special PH-c gene; this gene is practically absent in Mongoloids (O.V. Borisova “Polymorphism of erythrocyte acid phosphatase in various population groups Soviet Union" "Questions in Anthropology". Vol. 53, 1976).

It turns out that no matter how you scratch a Russian, you still won’t find a Tatar or anyone else in him. This is confirmed by the encyclopedia “Peoples of Russia”, in the chapter “Racial Composition of the Population of Russia” it is noted: “Representatives of the Caucasoid race make up more than 90 percent of the country’s population and about 9 percent more are representatives of forms mixed between Caucasoids and Mongoloids. The number of pure Mongoloids does not exceed 1 million people.” (“Peoples of Russia”. M., 1994).

It is easy to calculate that if there are 84 percent Russians in Russia, then all of them are exclusively people of the European type. The peoples of Siberia, the Volga region, the Caucasus, and the Urals represent a mixture of European and Mongolian races. This was beautifully expressed by anthropologist A.P. Bogdanov in the 19th century, studying the peoples of Russia, he wrote, refuting from his far, far away today’s myth that the Russians poured foreign blood into their people during the eras of invasions and colonization:

“Perhaps many Russians married natives and became sedentary, but the majority of the primitive Russian colonizers throughout Rus' and Siberia were not like that. They were a trading, industrial people, who cared about organizing themselves according to their own, in accordance with the ideal of well-being they had created for themselves. And this ideal of the Russian person is not at all such that he can easily twist his life with some kind of “trash,” just as even now Russian people often dishonor the non-religious. He will do business with him, will be affectionate and friendly with him, will become friendly with him in everything, except to become related, to introduce a foreign element into his family. For this, ordinary Russian people are still strong, and when it comes to the family, to the roots of their home, then they have a kind of aristocracy. Often villagers of different tribes live in the same neighborhood, but marriages between them are rare.”

For thousands of years, the Russian physical type remained stable and unchanged, and was never a cross between different tribes that at times inhabited our land. The myth is dispelled, we must understand that the call of blood is not an empty phrase, that our national idea of ​​the Russian type is the reality of the Russian breed. We must learn to see this breed, admire it, appreciate it in our near and distant Russian relatives. And then, perhaps, ours will be reborn Russian appeal to complete strangers, but to our own people - father, mother, brother, sister, son and daughter. After all, we are actually all from a single root, from one clan - the Russian clan.

3) Anthropologists were able to identify the appearance of a typical Russian person. To do this, they had to convert all photographs from the photo library of the Museum of Anthropology with full-face and profile images to a single scale typical representatives population of the Russian regions of the country and, combining them along the pupils of the eyes, superimpose them on each other. The final photographic portraits turned out, naturally, blurry, but they gave an idea of ​​the appearance of the standard Russian people. This was the first truly sensational discovery. After all, similar attempts by French scientists led to a result that they had to hide from the citizens of their country: after thousands of combinations from the resulting photographs of the reference Jacques and Marianne, gray faceless ovals of faces were seen. Such a picture, even among the most distant Frenchmen from anthropology, could raise an unnecessary question: is there even a French nation?

Unfortunately, anthropologists did not go beyond creating photographic portraits of typical representatives of the Russian population of different regions of the country and did not superimpose them on each other in order to obtain the appearance of an absolute Russian person. In the end, they were forced to admit that such a photo could get them into trouble at work. By the way, “regional” sketches of Russian people were published in the general press only in 2002, and before that they were published in small editions only in scientific publications for specialists. Now you can judge for yourself how similar they are to the typical cinematic Ivanushka and Marya.

Unfortunately, mostly black and white old archival photographs of the faces of Russian people do not allow us to convey the height, build, color of skin, hair and eyes of a Russian person. However, anthropologists have created a verbal portrait of Russian men and women. They are of average build and average height, light brown-haired with bright eyes- gray or blue. By the way, during the research a verbal portrait of a typical Ukrainian was also obtained. The standard Ukrainian differs from the Russian only in the color of his skin, hair and eyes - he is a dark brunette with regular facial features and brown eyes. A snub nose turned out to be absolutely uncharacteristic of an Eastern Slav (found in only 7% of Russians and Ukrainians); this feature is more typical for Germans (25%).

4) In 2000, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research allocated approximately half a million rubles from state budget funds for the study of the gene pool of the Russian people. It is impossible to implement a serious program with such funding. But this was more of a landmark decision than just a financial decision, indicating a change in the country’s scientific priorities. For the first time in the country, scientists from the Laboratory of Human Population Genetics of the Medical Genetics Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, who received a grant from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, were able to completely focus for three years on studying the gene pool of the Russian people, and not small nations. And limited funding only spurred their ingenuity. They supplemented their molecular genetic research with an analysis of the frequency distribution of Russian surnames in the country. This method was very cheap, but its information content exceeded all expectations: a comparison of the geography of surnames with the geography of genetic DNA markers showed their almost complete coincidence.

Unfortunately, interpretations of family analysis that appeared in the media after the first publication of data in a specialized scientific journal could create a false impression about the goals and results of the scientists’ enormous work. The project leader, Doctor of Sciences Elena Balanovskaya, explained that the main thing was not that the surname Smirnov turned out to be more common among Russian people than Ivanov, but that it was compiled for the first time full list true Russian surnames by region of the country. First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern. In total, across all regions there were about 15 thousand Russian surnames, most of which were found only in one of the regions and were absent in others. When superimposing regional lists on top of each other, scientists identified a total of 257 so-called “all-Russian surnames.” It is interesting that at the final stage of the study they decided to add the names of residents to the list of the Southern region Krasnodar region, expecting that the predominance of Ukrainian surnames of the descendants of the Zaporozhye Cossacks, evicted here by Catherine II, would significantly reduce the all-Russian list. But this additional restriction reduced the list of all-Russian surnames by only 7 units - to 250. From which followed the obvious and not pleasant conclusion that Kuban was populated mainly by Russian people. Where did the Ukrainians go and were they even here at all is a big question.

Over the course of three years, participants in the “Russian Gene Pool” project walked around almost the entire European territory of the Russian Federation with a syringe and a test tube and made a very representative sample of Russian blood.

However, cheap indirect methods of studying the genetics of the Russian people (by surnames and dermatoglyphics) were only auxiliary for the first study in Russia of the gene pool of the titular nationality. His main molecular genetic results are available in the monograph “Russian Gene Pool” (Luch Publishing House). Unfortunately, due to a lack of government funding, the scientists had to carry out part of the research together with foreign colleagues, who imposed a moratorium on many of the results until joint publications were published in the scientific press. Nothing prevents us from describing these data in words. Thus, according to the Y chromosome, the genetic distance between Russians and Finns is 30 conventional units. And the genetic distance between Russian people and the so-called Finno-Ugric peoples (Mari, Vepsians, etc.) living on the territory of the Russian Federation is 2-3 units. Simply put, genetically they are almost identical. The results of mitochondrial DNA analysis show that the Russians from the Tatars are at the same genetic distance of 30 conventional units that separates us from the Finns, but between the Ukrainians from Lviv and the Tatars the genetic distance is only 10 units. And at the same time, the Ukrainians from the left bank of Ukraine are genetically as close to the Russians as the Komi-Zyrians, Mordovians and Maris.

Based on materials from http://www.genofond.ru, http://www.cell.com/AJHG/, http://www.yhrd.org, http://narodinfo.ru, http://www.vechnayamolodost .ru, http://www.medgenetics.ru, http://www.kiae.ru

We constantly hear that Russians are not a people united by blood, related by blood, but a conglomerate of people united by a common culture and territory. Everyone remembers Putin’s catchphrases “There are no pure Russians!” and “scratch every Russian, you will certainly find a Tatar.”

They say that we are “very different in blood”, “we did not sprout from the same root”, but were a melting pot for the Tatar, Caucasian, German, Finnish, Buryat, Mordovian and other peoples who have ever raided, entered, strayed on our land, and we received them all, let them into the house, took them into our family.

This has become almost an axiom among politicians who are blurring the concept of Russian, and at the same time for everyone it has become an entrance ticket to the environment of the Russian people.

This approach, raised to the flag by numerous Russophobic a la “human rights” organizations and Russian Russophobic media outlets, has filled the airwaves. But, sooner or later, Putin and others like him will have to answer for their words of humiliation of the Russian people. The scientists' verdict is merciless:

1) In 2009, a complete “reading” (sequencing) of the genome of a representative of the Russian ethnic group was completed. That is, the sequence of all six billion nucleotides in the Russian human genome has been determined. His entire genetic makeup is now in full view.

(The human genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes: 23 from the mother, 23 from the father. Each chromosome contains one DNA molecule formed by a chain of 50-250 million nucleotides. The genome of a Russian man was sequenced. The decoding of the Russian genome was carried out on the basis of the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", on the initiative of Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" Mikhail Kovalchuk According to information received from the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Kurchatov Institute spent approximately $20 million on the purchase of sequencing equipment alone. National Research. The Kurchatov Institute center has a recognized scientific status in the world.)

It is known that this is the seventh deciphered genome beyond the Ural ridge: before that there were Yakuts, Buryats, Chinese, Kazakhs, Old Believers, Khanty. That is, all the prerequisites for the first ethnic map of Russia have been created. But all of these were, so to speak, composite genomes: pieces assembled after deciphering the genetic material of different representatives of the same population.

The complete genetic portrait of a particular Russian man is only the eighth in the world. Now there is someone to compare Russians with: an American, an African, a Korean, a European...

“We did not find any noticeable Tatar additions in the Russian genome, which refutes theories about the destructive influence of the Mongol yoke,” emphasizes the head of the genomic direction at the Kurchatov Institute Research Center, academician Konstantin Scriabin. -Siberians are genetically identical to Old Believers, they have one Russian genome. There are no differences between the genomes of Russians and Ukrainians - one genome. Our differences with the Poles are negligible.”

Academician Konstantin Scriabin believes that “in five to six years a genetic map of all peoples of the world will be drawn up - this is a decisive step towards understanding the susceptibility of any ethnic group to medicines, diseases and products.” Feel what it costs... Americans in the 1990s gave the following estimates: the cost of sequencing one nucleotide is $1; according to other sources - up to 3-5 dollars.

(Sequencing (reading the genetic code) of mitochondrial DNA and the DNA of the human Y chromosome is the most advanced DNA analysis method to date. Mitochondrial DNA is passed down through the female line from generation to generation almost unchanged since the time when “the ancestor of mankind, Eve "came down from the tree in East Africa. And the Y chromosome is present only in men and therefore is also passed on to male offspring almost unchanged, while all other chromosomes, when transmitted from father and mother to their children, are shuffled by nature, like a deck of cards before being dealt. Thus. , in contrast to indirect signs (appearance, body proportions), sequencing of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA indisputably and directly indicate the degree of relatedness of people.)

2) Outstanding anthropologist, researcher of human biological nature, A.P. Bogdanov wrote at the end of the 19th century: “We often use expressions: this is purely Russian beauty, this is the spitting image of a hare, a typically Russian face. One can be convinced that it is not something fantastic, but something real that lies in this general expression Russian physiognomy. In each of us, in the sphere of our “unconscious”, there is a fairly definite concept of the Russian type” (A.P. Bogdanov, “Anthropological physiognomy.” M., 1878).

A hundred years later, and now the modern anthropologist V. Deryabin, using the latest method of mathematical multidimensional analysis of mixed characteristics, comes to the same conclusion: “The first and most important conclusion is to state the significant unity of Russians throughout Russia and the impossibility of identifying even the corresponding regional types, clearly limited from each other” (“Questions of Anthropology.” Issue 88, 1995). How is this Russian anthropological unity expressed, the unity of hereditary genetic characteristics expressed in the appearance of a person, in the structure of his body?

First of all, hair color and eye color, the shape of the skull structure. According to these characteristics, we Russians differ from both the European peoples and the Mongoloids. And we cannot be compared with Negroes and Semites at all, the differences are too striking. Academician V.P. Alekseev proved a high degree of similarity in the structure of the skull among all representatives of the modern Russian people, while clarifying that the “Proto-Slavic type” is very stable and has its roots in the Neolithic era, and possibly the Mesolithic. According to the calculations of the anthropologist Deryabin, light eyes (gray, gray-blue, light blue and blue) are found in 45 percent of Russians, while in Western Europe only 35 percent are light-eyed. Dark, black hair is found in five percent of Russians, and in 45 percent of the population of foreign Europe. The popular opinion about the “snub nose” of Russians is also not confirmed. 75 percent of Russians have a straight nose profile.

Conclusion of anthropologists:
“Russians in their racial composition are typical Caucasians, who, according to most anthropological characteristics, occupy a central position among the peoples of Europe and are distinguished by slightly lighter pigmentation of their eyes and hair. One should also recognize the significant unity of the Russian racial type throughout European Russia.”
“A Russian is a European, but a European with physical characteristics unique to him. These signs make up what we call a typical hare.”

Anthropologists have seriously scratched the Russians, and there is no Tatar, that is, a Mongoloid, in the Russians. One of the typical signs of a Mongoloid is the epicanthus - a Mongolian fold at the inner corner of the eye. In typical Mongoloids, this fold occurs in 95 percent; in a study of eight and a half thousand Russians, such a fold was found in only 12 people, and in its rudimentary form.

Another example. Russians literally have special blood - the predominance of groups 1 and 2, which is evidenced by many years of practice at blood transfusion stations. Among Jews, for example, the predominant blood group is 4, and the negative Rh factor is more common. During biochemical studies of blood, it turned out that Russians, like all European peoples, are characterized by a special gene RN-c, this gene is practically absent in Mongoloids (O.V. Borisova “Polymorphism of erythrocyte acid phosphatase in various population groups of the Soviet Union.” “Questions of Anthropology ". Issue 53, 1976).

It turns out that no matter how you scratch a Russian, you still won’t find a Tatar or anyone else in him. This is confirmed by the encyclopedia “Peoples of Russia”, in the chapter “Racial Composition of the Population of Russia” it is noted: “Representatives of the Caucasoid race make up more than 90 percent of the country’s population and about 9 percent more are representatives of forms mixed between Caucasoids and Mongoloids. The number of pure Mongoloids does not exceed 1 million people.” (“Peoples of Russia”. M., 1994).

It is easy to calculate that if there are 84 percent Russians in Russia, then all of them are exclusively people of the European type. The peoples of Siberia, the Volga region, the Caucasus, and the Urals represent a mixture of European and Mongolian races. This was beautifully expressed by anthropologist A.P. Bogdanov in the 19th century, studying the peoples of Russia, he wrote, refuting from his far, far away today’s myth that the Russians poured foreign blood into their people during the eras of invasions and colonization:

“Perhaps many Russians married natives and became sedentary, but the majority of the primitive Russian colonizers throughout Rus' and Siberia were not like that. They were a trading, industrial people, who cared about organizing themselves according to their own, in accordance with the ideal of well-being they had created for themselves. And this ideal of the Russian person is not at all such that he can easily twist his life with some kind of “trash,” just as even now Russian people often dishonor the non-religious. He will do business with him, will be affectionate and friendly with him, will become friendly with him in everything, except to become related, to introduce a foreign element into his family. For this, ordinary Russian people are still strong, and when it comes to the family, to the roots of their home, then they have a kind of aristocracy. Often villagers of different tribes live in the same neighborhood, but marriages between them are rare.”

For thousands of years, the Russian physical type remained stable and unchanged, and was never a cross between different tribes that at times inhabited our land. The myth is dispelled, we must understand that the call of blood is not an empty phrase, that our national idea of ​​the Russian type is the reality of the Russian breed. We must learn to see this breed, admire it, appreciate it in our near and distant Russian relatives. And then, perhaps, our Russian appeal to complete strangers, but our own people for us - father, mother, brother, sister, son and daughter - will be revived. After all, we are actually all from a single root, from one clan - the Russian clan.

3) Anthropologists were able to identify the appearance of a typical Russian person. To do this, they had to transfer to a single scale all the photographs from the photo library of the Museum of Anthropology with full-face and profile images of typical representatives of the population of the Russian regions of the country and, combining them by the pupils of the eyes, superimpose them on each other. The final photographic portraits turned out, naturally, blurry, but they gave an idea of ​​the appearance of the standard Russian people. This was the first truly sensational discovery. After all, similar attempts by French scientists led to a result that they had to hide from the citizens of their country: after thousands of combinations from the resulting photographs of the reference Jacques and Marianne, gray faceless ovals of faces were seen. Such a picture, even among the most distant Frenchmen from anthropology, could raise an unnecessary question: is there even a French nation?

Unfortunately, anthropologists did not go beyond creating photographic portraits of typical representatives of the Russian population of different regions of the country and did not superimpose them on each other in order to obtain the appearance of an absolute Russian person. In the end, they were forced to admit that such a photo could get them into trouble at work. By the way, “regional” sketches of Russian people were published in the general press only in 2002, and before that they were published in small editions only in scientific publications for specialists. Now you can judge for yourself how similar they are to the typical cinematic Ivanushka and Marya.

Unfortunately, mostly black and white old archival photographs of the faces of Russian people do not allow us to convey the height, build, color of skin, hair and eyes of a Russian person. However, anthropologists have created a verbal portrait of Russian men and women. They are of average build and average height, light brown-haired with light eyes - gray or blue. By the way, during the research a verbal portrait of a typical Ukrainian was also obtained. The standard Ukrainian differs from the Russian only in the color of his skin, hair and eyes - he is a dark brunette with regular facial features and brown eyes. A snub nose turned out to be absolutely uncharacteristic of an Eastern Slav (found in only 7% of Russians and Ukrainians); this feature is more typical for Germans (25%).

4) In 2000, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research allocated approximately half a million rubles from state budget funds for the study of the gene pool of the Russian people. It is impossible to implement a serious program with such funding. But this was more of a landmark decision than just a financial decision, indicating a change in the country’s scientific priorities. Scientists from the Laboratory of Human Population Genetics of the Medical Genetic Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, who received a grant from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, national history were able to completely concentrate for three years on studying the gene pool of the Russian people, and not small nations. And limited funding only spurred their ingenuity. They supplemented their molecular genetic research with an analysis of the frequency distribution of Russian surnames in the country. This method was very cheap, but its information content exceeded all expectations: a comparison of the geography of surnames with the geography of genetic DNA markers showed their almost complete coincidence.

Unfortunately, interpretations of family analysis that appeared in the media after the first publication of data in a specialized scientific journal could create a false impression about the goals and results of the scientists’ enormous work. The project leader, Doctor of Sciences Elena Balanovskaya, explained that the main thing was not that the surname Smirnov turned out to be more common among Russian people than Ivanov, but that for the first time a complete list of truly Russian surnames was compiled by region of the country. First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern. In total, across all regions there were about 15 thousand Russian surnames, most of which were found only in one of the regions and were absent in others. When superimposing regional lists on top of each other, scientists identified a total of 257 so-called “all-Russian surnames.” It is interesting that at the final stage of the study they decided to add surnames of residents of the Krasnodar Territory to the list of the Southern region, expecting that the predominance of Ukrainian surnames of the descendants of the Zaporozhye Cossacks evicted here by Catherine II would significantly reduce the all-Russian list. But this additional restriction reduced the list of all-Russian surnames by only 7 units - to 250. Which led to the obvious and not pleasant conclusion for everyone that Kuban is populated mainly by Russian people. Where did the Ukrainians go and were they even here at all is a big question.

Over the course of three years, participants in the “Russian Gene Pool” project walked around almost the entire European territory of the Russian Federation with a syringe and a test tube and made a very representative sample of Russian blood.

However, cheap indirect methods of studying the genetics of the Russian people (by surnames and dermatoglyphics) were only auxiliary for the first study in Russia of the gene pool of the titular nationality. His main molecular genetic results are available in the monograph “Russian Gene Pool” (Luch Publishing House). Unfortunately, due to a lack of government funding, the scientists had to carry out part of the research together with foreign colleagues, who imposed a moratorium on many of the results until joint publications were published in the scientific press. Nothing prevents us from describing these data in words. Thus, according to the Y chromosome, the genetic distance between Russians and Finns is 30 conventional units. And the genetic distance between Russian people and the so-called Finno-Ugric peoples (Mari, Vepsians, etc.) living on the territory of the Russian Federation is 2-3 units. Simply put, genetically they are almost identical. The results of mitochondrial DNA analysis show that the Russians from the Tatars are at the same genetic distance of 30 conventional units that separates us from the Finns, but between the Ukrainians from Lviv and the Tatars the genetic distance is only 10 units. And at the same time, the Ukrainians from the left bank of Ukraine are genetically as close to the Russians as the Komi-Zyrians, Mordovians and Maris.

http://topwar.ru/22730-geneticheskaya-karta-russkih.html

January 5, 2013Print
We constantly hear that Russians are not a people united by blood, related by blood, but a conglomerate of people united by a common culture and territory. Everyone remembers Putin’s catchphrases “There are no pure Russians!” and “scratch every Russian, you will certainly find a Tatar.”

They say that we are “very different in blood”, “we did not sprout from the same root”, but were a melting pot for the Tatar, Caucasian, German, Finnish, Buryat, Mordovian and other peoples who have ever raided, entered, strayed on our land, and we received them all, let them into the house, took them into our family.

This has become almost an axiom among politicians who are blurring the concept of Russian, and at the same time for everyone it has become an entrance ticket to the environment of the Russian people.

This approach, raised to the flag by numerous Russophobic a la “human rights” organizations and Russian Russophobic media outlets, has filled the airwaves. But, sooner or later, Putin and others like him will have to answer for their words of humiliation of the Russian people. The scientists' verdict is merciless:

1) In 2009, a complete “reading” (sequencing) of the genome of a representative of the Russian ethnic group was completed. That is, the sequence of all six billion nucleotides in the Russian human genome has been determined. His entire genetic makeup is now in full view.

(The human genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes: 23 from the mother, 23 from the father. Each chromosome contains one DNA molecule formed by a chain of 50-250 million nucleotides. The genome of a Russian man was sequenced. The decoding of the Russian genome was carried out on the basis of the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", on the initiative of Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" Mikhail Kovalchuk According to information received from the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Kurchatov Institute spent approximately $20 million on the purchase of sequencing equipment alone. National Research. The Kurchatov Institute center has a recognized scientific status in the world.)

It is known that this is the seventh deciphered genome beyond the Ural ridge: before that there were Yakuts, Buryats, Chinese, Kazakhs, Old Believers, Khanty. That is, all the prerequisites for the first ethnic map of Russia have been created. But all of these were, so to speak, composite genomes: pieces assembled after deciphering the genetic material of different representatives of the same population.

The complete genetic portrait of a particular Russian man is only the eighth in the world. Now there is someone to compare Russians with: an American, an African, a Korean, a European...

« We did not find any noticeable Tatar additions in the Russian genome, which refutes theories about the destructive influence of the Mongol yoke,” emphasizes the head of the genomic direction at the National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, academician Konstantin Scriabin. -Siberians are genetically identical to Old Believers, they have one Russian genome. There are no differences between the genomes of Russians and Ukrainians - one genome. Our differences with the Poles are negligible.”

Academician Konstantin Scriabin believes that “in five to six years a genetic map of all peoples of the world will be drawn up - this is a decisive step towards understanding the susceptibility of any ethnic group to medicines, diseases and products.” Feel what it costs... Americans in the 1990s gave the following estimates: the cost of sequencing one nucleotide is $1; according to other sources - up to 3-5 dollars.

(Sequencing (reading the genetic code) of mitochondrial DNA and the DNA of the human Y chromosome is the most advanced DNA analysis method to date. Mitochondrial DNA is passed down through the female line from generation to generation almost unchanged since the time when “the ancestor of mankind, Eve "came down from the tree in East Africa. And the Y chromosome is present only in men and therefore is also passed on to male offspring almost unchanged, while all other chromosomes, when transmitted from father and mother to their children, are shuffled by nature, like a deck of cards before being dealt. Thus. , in contrast to indirect signs (appearance, body proportions), sequencing of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA indisputably and directly indicate the degree of relatedness of people.)

2) Outstanding anthropologist, researcher of human biological nature, A.P. Bogdanov wrote at the end of the 19th century: “We often use expressions: this is purely Russian beauty, this is the spitting image of a hare, a typically Russian face. One can be convinced that it is not something fantastic, but something real that lies in this general expression Russian physiognomy. In each of us, in the sphere of our “unconscious”, there is a fairly definite concept of the Russian type” (A.P. Bogdanov, “Anthropological physiognomy.” M., 1878).

A hundred years later, and now the modern anthropologist V. Deryabin, using the latest method of mathematical multidimensional analysis of mixed characteristics, comes to the same conclusion: “The first and most important conclusion is to state the significant unity of Russians throughout Russia and the impossibility of identifying even the corresponding regional types, clearly limited from each other” (“Questions of Anthropology.” Issue 88, 1995). How is this Russian anthropological unity expressed, the unity of hereditary genetic characteristics expressed in the appearance of a person, in the structure of his body?

First of all, hair color and eye color, the shape of the skull structure. According to these characteristics, we Russians differ from both the European peoples and the Mongoloids. And we cannot be compared with Negroes and Semites at all, the differences are too striking. Academician V.P. Alekseev proved a high degree of similarity in the structure of the skull among all representatives of the modern Russian people, while clarifying that the “Proto-Slavic type” is very stable and has its roots in the Neolithic era, and possibly the Mesolithic. According to the calculations of the anthropologist Deryabin, light eyes (gray, gray-blue, light blue and blue) are found in 45 percent of Russians, while in Western Europe only 35 percent are light-eyed. Dark, black hair is found in five percent of Russians, and in 45 percent of the population of foreign Europe. The popular opinion about the “snub nose” of Russians is also not confirmed. 75 percent of Russians have a straight nose profile.

Conclusion of anthropologists:
“Russians in their racial composition are typical Caucasians, who, according to most anthropological characteristics, occupy a central position among the peoples of Europe and are distinguished by slightly lighter pigmentation of their eyes and hair. One should also recognize the significant unity of the Russian racial type throughout European Russia.”
“A Russian is a European, but a European with physical characteristics unique to him. These signs make up what we call a typical hare.”

Anthropologists have seriously scratched the Russians, and there is no Tatar, that is, a Mongoloid, in the Russians. One of the typical signs of a Mongoloid is the epicanthus - a Mongolian fold at the inner corner of the eye. In typical Mongoloids, this fold occurs in 95 percent; in a study of eight and a half thousand Russians, such a fold was found in only 12 people, and in its rudimentary form.

Another example. Russians literally have special blood - the predominance of groups 1 and 2, which is evidenced by many years of practice at blood transfusion stations. Among Jews, for example, the predominant blood group is 4, and the negative Rh factor is more common. During biochemical studies of blood, it turned out that Russians, like all European peoples, are characterized by a special gene RN-c, this gene is practically absent in Mongoloids (O.V. Borisova “Polymorphism of erythrocyte acid phosphatase in various population groups of the Soviet Union.” “Questions of Anthropology ". Issue 53, 1976).

It turns out that no matter how you scratch a Russian, you still won’t find a Tatar or anyone else in him. This is confirmed by the encyclopedia “Peoples of Russia”, in the chapter “Racial Composition of the Population of Russia” it is noted: “Representatives of the Caucasoid race make up more than 90 percent of the country’s population and about 9 percent more are representatives of forms mixed between Caucasoids and Mongoloids. The number of pure Mongoloids does not exceed 1 million people.” (“Peoples of Russia”. M., 1994).

It is easy to calculate that if there are 84 percent Russians in Russia, then all of them are exclusively people of the European type. The peoples of Siberia, the Volga region, the Caucasus, and the Urals represent a mixture of European and Mongolian races. This was beautifully expressed by anthropologist A.P. Bogdanov in the 19th century, studying the peoples of Russia, he wrote, refuting from his far, far away today’s myth that the Russians poured foreign blood into their people during the eras of invasions and colonization:

“Perhaps many Russians married natives and became sedentary, but the majority of the primitive Russian colonizers throughout Rus' and Siberia were not like that. They were a trading, industrial people, who cared about organizing themselves according to their own, in accordance with the ideal of well-being they had created for themselves. And this ideal of the Russian person is not at all such that he can easily twist his life with some kind of “trash,” just as even now Russian people often dishonor the non-religious. He will do business with him, will be affectionate and friendly with him, will become friendly with him in everything, except to become related, to introduce a foreign element into his family. For this, ordinary Russian people are still strong, and when it comes to the family, to the roots of their home, then they have a kind of aristocracy. Often villagers of different tribes live in the same neighborhood, but marriages between them are rare.”

For thousands of years, the Russian physical type remained stable and unchanged, and was never a cross between different tribes that at times inhabited our land. The myth is dispelled, we must understand that the call of blood is not an empty phrase, that our national idea of ​​the Russian type is the reality of the Russian breed. We must learn to see this breed, admire it, appreciate it in our near and distant Russian relatives. And then, perhaps, our Russian appeal to complete strangers, but our own people for us - father, mother, brother, sister, son and daughter - will be revived. After all, we are actually all from a single root, from one clan - the Russian clan.

3) Anthropologists were able to identify the appearance of a typical Russian person. To do this, they had to transfer to a single scale all the photographs from the photo library of the Museum of Anthropology with full-face and profile images of typical representatives of the population of the Russian regions of the country and, combining them by the pupils of the eyes, superimpose them on each other. The final photographic portraits turned out, naturally, blurry, but they gave an idea of ​​the appearance of the standard Russian people. This was the first truly sensational discovery. After all, similar attempts by French scientists led to a result that they had to hide from the citizens of their country: after thousands of combinations from the resulting photographs of the reference Jacques and Marianne, gray faceless ovals of faces were seen. Such a picture, even among the most distant Frenchmen from anthropology, could raise an unnecessary question: is there even a French nation?

Unfortunately, anthropologists did not go beyond creating photographic portraits of typical representatives of the Russian population of different regions of the country and did not superimpose them on each other in order to obtain the appearance of an absolute Russian person. In the end, they were forced to admit that such a photo could get them into trouble at work. By the way, “regional” sketches of Russian people were published in the general press only in 2002, and before that they were published in small editions only in scientific publications for specialists. Now you can judge for yourself how similar they are to the typical cinematic Ivanushka and Marya.

Unfortunately, mostly black and white old archival photographs of the faces of Russian people do not allow us to convey the height, build, color of skin, hair and eyes of a Russian person. However, anthropologists have created a verbal portrait of Russian men and women. They are of average build and average height, light brown-haired with light eyes - gray or blue. By the way, during the research a verbal portrait of a typical Ukrainian was also obtained. The standard Ukrainian differs from the Russian only in the color of his skin, hair and eyes - he is a dark brunette with regular facial features and brown eyes. A snub nose turned out to be absolutely uncharacteristic of an Eastern Slav (found in only 7% of Russians and Ukrainians); this feature is more typical for Germans (25%).

4) In 2000, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research allocated approximately half a million rubles from state budget funds for the study of the gene pool of the Russian people. It is impossible to implement a serious program with such funding. But this was more of a landmark decision than just a financial decision, indicating a change in the country’s scientific priorities. For the first time in Russian history, scientists from the Laboratory of Human Population Genetics of the Medical Genetics Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, who received a grant from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, were able to focus entirely on studying the gene pool of the Russian people, rather than small nations, for three years. And limited funding only spurred their ingenuity. They supplemented their molecular genetic research with an analysis of the frequency distribution of Russian surnames in the country. This method was very cheap, but its information content exceeded all expectations: a comparison of the geography of surnames with the geography of genetic DNA markers showed their almost complete coincidence.

Unfortunately, interpretations of family analysis that appeared in the media after the first publication of data in a specialized scientific journal could create a false impression about the goals and results of the scientists’ enormous work. The project leader, Doctor of Sciences Elena Balanovskaya, explained that the main thing was not that the surname Smirnov turned out to be more common among Russian people than Ivanov, but that for the first time a complete list of truly Russian surnames was compiled by region of the country. First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern. In total, across all regions there were about 15 thousand Russian surnames, most of which were found only in one of the regions and were absent in others. When superimposing regional lists on top of each other, scientists identified a total of 257 so-called “all-Russian surnames.” It is interesting that at the final stage of the study they decided to add surnames of residents of the Krasnodar Territory to the list of the Southern region, expecting that the predominance of Ukrainian surnames of the descendants of the Zaporozhye Cossacks evicted here by Catherine II would significantly reduce the all-Russian list. But this additional restriction reduced the list of all-Russian surnames by only 7 units - to 250. Which led to the obvious and not pleasant conclusion for everyone that Kuban is populated mainly by Russian people. Where did the Ukrainians go and were they even here at all is a big question.

Over the course of three years, participants in the “Russian Gene Pool” project walked around almost the entire European territory of the Russian Federation with a syringe and a test tube and made a very representative sample of Russian blood.

However, cheap indirect methods of studying the genetics of the Russian people (by surnames and dermatoglyphics) were only auxiliary for the first study in Russia of the gene pool of the titular nationality. His main molecular genetic results are available in the monograph “Russian Gene Pool” (Luch Publishing House). Unfortunately, due to a lack of government funding, the scientists had to carry out part of the research together with foreign colleagues, who imposed a moratorium on many of the results until joint publications were published in the scientific press. Nothing prevents us from describing these data in words. Thus, according to the Y chromosome, the genetic distance between Russians and Finns is 30 conventional units. And the genetic distance between Russian people and the so-called Finno-Ugric peoples (Mari, Vepsians, etc.) living on the territory of the Russian Federation is 2-3 units. Simply put, genetically they are almost identical. The results of mitochondrial DNA analysis show that the Russians from the Tatars are at the same genetic distance of 30 conventional units that separates us from the Finns, but between the Ukrainians from Lviv and the Tatars the genetic distance is only 10 units. And at the same time, the Ukrainians from the left bank of Ukraine are genetically as close to the Russians as the Komi-Zyrians, Mordovians and Maris.