The main problems in the novel are fathers and children. The problem of fathers and children in the image of Turgenev

The problem of fathers and children can be called eternal. But it is especially aggravated at turning points in the development of society, when the older and younger generations become exponents of the ideas of two different eras. It is precisely this time in the history of Russia - the 60s of the 19th century - that is shown in the novel by I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”. The conflict between fathers and children depicted in it goes far beyond family boundaries - it is social conflict the old nobility and aristocracy and the young revolutionary-democratic intelligentsia.

The problem of fathers and children is revealed in the novel in the relationship between the young nihilist Bazarov and the representative of the nobility Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, Bazarov with his parents, as well as through the example of relationships within the Kirsanov family.

Two generations are contrasted in the novel, even their external description. Evgeny Bazarov appears before us as a person cut off from the outside world, gloomy and at the same time possessing a huge inner strength and energy. Describing Bazarov, Turgenev focuses on his mind. The description of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, on the contrary, consists mainly of external characteristics. Pavel Petrovich is an outwardly attractive man; he wears starched white shirts and patent leather ankle boots. Former socialite, once noisy in metropolitan society, he retained his habits while living with his brother in the village. Pavel Petrovich is always impeccable and elegant.

Pavel Petrovich leads life typical representative aristocratic society - spends time in idleness and idleness. In contrast, Bazarov brings real benefits to people and deals with specific problems. In my opinion, the problem of fathers and children is most deeply shown in the novel precisely in the relationship between these two heroes, despite the fact that they are not directly related. The conflict that arose between Bazarov and Kirsanov proves that the problem of fathers and sons in Turgenev’s novel is both a problem of two generations and a problem of the collision of two different socio-political camps.

These heroes of the novel occupy directly opposite positions in life. In the frequent disputes between Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich, almost all the main issues were touched upon on which common democrats and liberals disagreed (about the ways of further development of the country, about materialism and idealism, about knowledge of science, understanding of art and about attitude towards the people). At the same time, Pavel Petrovich actively defends the old foundations, and Bazarov, on the contrary, advocates their destruction. And to Kirsanov’s reproach that you are destroying everything (“But you also need to build”), Bazarov replies that “first you need to clear the place.”

We also see a generational conflict in Bazarov’s relationship with his parents. The main character has very contradictory feelings towards them: on the one hand, he admits that he loves his parents, on the other, he despises the “stupid life of his fathers.” What alienates Bazarov from his parents is, first of all, his beliefs. If in Arkady we see superficial contempt for the older generation, caused more by the desire to imitate a friend, and not coming from within, then with Bazarov everything is different. This is his position in life.

As for the problem of fathers and children within the Kirsanov family, it seems to me that it is not deep. Arkady looks like his father. He has essentially the same values - home, family, peace. He prefers such simple happiness to caring for the world's good. Arkady is only trying to imitate Bazarov, and this is precisely the reason for the discord within the Kirsanov family. The older generation of Kirsanovs doubts “the benefits of his influence on Arkady.” But Bazarov leaves Arkady’s life, and everything falls into place.

At the same time, he so fully reveals the life positions of the main characters of the novel, shows their positive and negative sides, that he gives the reader the opportunity to decide for himself who was right. It is not surprising that Turgenev’s contemporaries reacted sharply to the appearance of the work. The reactionary press accused the writer of currying favor with young people, while the democratic press accused the author of slandering the younger generation.

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1. The problem of fathers and children in the novel by I.S. Turgenev

The problem of fathers and children can be called eternal. But it is especially aggravated at turning points in the development of society, when the older and younger generations become exponents of the ideas of two different eras. It is precisely this time in the history of Russia - the 60s of the 19th century - that is shown in the novel by I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”. The conflict between fathers and children depicted in it goes far beyond family boundaries - it is a social conflict between the old nobility and aristocracy and the young revolutionary-democratic intelligentsia.

Two generations are contrasted in the novel even by their external description. Evgeny Bazarov appears before us as a person cut off from the outside world, gloomy and at the same time possessing enormous inner strength and energy. Describing Bazarov, Turgenev focuses on his mind. The description of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, on the contrary, consists mainly of external characteristics. Pavel Petrovich is an outwardly attractive man; he wears starched white shirts and patent leather ankle boots. A former socialite who had once made a splash in metropolitan society, he maintained his habits while living with his brother in the village. Pavel Petrovich is always impeccable and elegant.

This person leads the life of a typical representative of an aristocratic society - he spends his time in idleness and idleness. In contrast, Bazarov brings real benefits to people and deals with specific problems. In my opinion, the problem of fathers and children is most deeply shown in the novel precisely in the relationship between these two heroes, despite the fact that they are not directly related. The conflict that arose between Bazarov and Kirsanov proves that the problem of fathers and sons in Turgenev’s novel is both a problem of two generations and a problem of the collision of two different socio-political camps.

With all this, we see that it was to the parents that their son Evgeniy was truly dear. The old Bazarovs love Evgeny very much, and this love softens their relationship with their son, the lack of mutual understanding. It is stronger than other feelings and lives even when the main character dies. “There is a small rural cemetery in one of the remote corners of Russia... It looks sad: the ditches surrounding it have long been overgrown; gray wooden crosses have drooped and are rotting under their once painted roofs... But between them there is one (grave), which is not touched by man, which is not trampled by animals: only birds sit on it and sing at dawn... Bazarov is buried in this grave... Two already decrepit old men come to her....”

The problem of fathers and children is one of the most important in Russian classical literature. The collision of the “present century” with the “past century” was reflected in his wonderful comedy “Woe from Wit” by A. S. Griboedov, this theme is revealed in all its severity in Ostrovsky’s drama “The Thunderstorm”, we find echoes of it in Pushkin and many other Russian classics . As people looking to the future, writers tend to side with the new generation. Turgenev, in his work “Fathers and Sons,” does not openly take sides on either side. At the same time, it so fully reveals the life positions of the main characters of the novel, shows their positive and negative sides, which gives the reader the opportunity to decide for himself who was right. It is not surprising that Turgenev’s contemporaries reacted sharply to the appearance of the work. The reactionary press accused the writer of currying favor with young people, and the democratic press accused the author of slandering the younger generation.

Be that as it may, Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” became one of the best classical works Russian literature, and the topics raised in it remain relevant today.

Is the conflict between fathers and children eternal?

All children love their parents. Although kids are sometimes capricious and disobey, for them mom is the kindest and most beautiful, and dad is the strongest and smartest.

But children grow up, and in almost every family some kind of misunderstanding arises, and conflict often flares up between the older and younger generations. Why is this happening? Why don’t family and close people feel comfortable around each other, can’t or don’t even want to be together? These are not issues of today: the problem has existed for centuries and, unfortunately, not only has not been solved, but is becoming more and more aggravated. The conflict between “fathers and sons,” of course, could not help but end up on the pages of the works of Russian writers.

In the 19th century I.S. This is exactly what Turgenev called one of his significant novels - “Fathers and Sons.” Basically, the writer talks about the clash of ideas, but I would like to dwell on an everyday situation that is close to any person: the relationship between Yevgeny Bazarov and his parents.

Bazarov's parents, Vasily Ivanovich and Arina Vlasevna, madly love their only son. When, after a long separation, he comes to them, they can’t get enough of their “Enyushenka”; they don’t know what to feed or where to put their son. The father experiences undisguised joy and pride when Arkady calls Bazarov “one of the most wonderful people he has ever met.” What about Bazarov? Does he have the same feelings towards old people? He loves his parents, but judges them harshly, calling their lives insignificant and stinking. This existence makes him bored and angry. Having not lived with the family for even two days, Evgeniy is about to leave: his father’s adoration and mother’s worries interfere with him.

The situation is clear and typical: young people always think that their parents are “retired people, and their song is over,” that everything new and interesting is located outside their home. That they, the young, will do much more and better than their ancestors. Of course, this is how it should be, otherwise life would stand still! But young man there should remain a feeling of emotional attachment to parents and home, a feeling of sincere gratitude to everything that the elders gave him.

In the last tragic moments of his life, Bazarov is surrounded by the love of his parents and speaks about them with tenderness: “After all, people like them are hard to find during the day...” No matter where the hero strives, no matter what goals he sets for himself, it’s enough he has the warmth to give the old people their due before he dies.

I would like to recall another work that makes us think about how callous and cruel we are sometimes towards our closest person - our mother. In K. Paustovsky's story "Telegram" the old loving mother Katerina Petrovna has been waiting for her daughter Nastya for a long time. And she has things to do, worries, everyday bustle, and doesn’t even have time to answer her mother’s letter. But since the mother writes, it means she is alive and well. Nastya sends the old lady money and doesn’t think that the mother just needs to see her daughter, hold her hand, stroke her head. When the girl received an alarming telegram and finally arrived in the village, her mother had already been buried by strangers. All she has to do is come to the fresh grave mound. She feels the bitterness and heaviness of her loss, but nothing can be returned.

Writers show that often the basis of the eternal conflict lies in the ordinary callousness and ingratitude of children.

Life is not easy: parents and children cannot live without ever arguing, quarreling, or offending each other. But if both of them remember that they are one link in an endless chain of generations, that life is tightly connected links in this chain, that everything rests on love, kindness, mutual understanding, then perhaps the long-standing conflict of generations will exhaust itself, and people on earth will be happier. I think it's possible.

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Nihilism or protest

The new philosophy of youth is based on the denial of everything that no generation has grown up with. Nihilism denies the existence of love between people as a feeling, the need for a family and the relationship between a woman and a man, sealed by marriage. This worldview goes against the spiritual foundations of the Russian people. Family and children have always been the priority of the nation, emphasizing its character. The Bazarovs try to undermine these positions, but they themselves fall for love and die.

Evgeniy opens up to Odintsova. The woman remains calm and unrequited; for her, the main feeling is something else. The stone breaks against stronger material. The theory of the absence of love does not gain life. The nihilist's approach to related feelings is surprising. Bazarov is trying to “uproot him.” Evgeniy does not understand why the man does not blame his brother for stealing scarves, but looks for an excuse and tries to help him. Family ties for him are prejudices.

Evgeniy kills his filial affection and denies his love for his mother. As a result, spiritual devastation occurs, the tragedy of a child left away from the family. It’s scary to read the pages of grief of Bazarov’s parents; they stand before your eyes for a long time, causing inconsolable tears.

Science and art

What is the problem between fathers and children? In the perception of the surrounding world and its history. The new generation is trying to deny the importance of art. Poems and novels are one of the manifestations of sensuality from which the Bazarovs are hiding. Nihilism is a kind of wall through which beautiful poetry praising nature, man, and culture cannot break through. Nihilists argue that society needs scientists. A chemist is 20 times more useful than a poet. It is important for Bazarov that two and two are four, everything else is “trifles.” Nature for people is not a place of relaxation and inspiration. Nature is a workshop in which you need to work.

The generational conflict led to an ideological dispute between the two cultures. Aristocratic culture has rich experience and a huge heritage. There are many positive things in culture: discipline, impeccable appearance, slowness, precision of form and content. Democratic culture, according to Bazarov’s philosophy, is opposite in its main positions. There is no point in following the rules at the table, art becomes nonsense, poetry becomes romantic nonsense.

The attitude towards God is particularly controversial. The atheism of nihilists is categorical; they do not recognize any faith in their souls; they deprive a person of even the opportunity to believe in the possibility of a Higher Power. The Bazarovs explain everything using the laws of natural science.

Youth problem

In every time there is a dispute between fathers and children. New generations are trying to oppose themselves to the “old people”. In the novel there is a confrontation between aristocrats (pure, pompous, but knowing the rules of communication culture) and democrats (brave, introducing new forms of communication and government); between liberals (soft, calm) and revolutionaries - commoners (seeking to change everything at once). Family conflicts move to another level. The dispute between two generations requires finding a solution. How to preserve the best of the past, move on without destroying the foundations of morality and humanity. The cruelty of nihilists initially causes rejection. The patience of elders is more humane. Fathers are ready to forgive their children's mistakes and mistakes. Everything is built on love, wisdom and reason.

The theme of fathers and sons is eternal. It is especially aggravated during critical moments of social development. It is during this period that people from different generations represent residents of opposite historical eras. The problem of fathers and children in the image of Turgenev reflects the sixties of the 19th century. The reader can see not only the family drama, but also the social conflict between the aristocratic nobility and the developing intelligentsia.

Key Narrative Objects

The main participants in the process are the young and outstanding representative of the nobility Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. The text describes Bazarov’s relationship with his parents, and also discusses examples of communication in the Kirsanov family.

External description of the main characters of the work

The problem of fathers and sons in the portrayal of I. S. Turgenev is visible even in the appearance of the characters. Evgeny Bazarov is presented to readers as an object not of this world. He is always gloomy, but has enormous fortitude and an impressive energy reserve for new achievements. The author pays special attention to describing the hero’s high mental abilities. Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov is deprived of a vivid description of his mind, but he appears to the reader as a very well-groomed person, his entire description consists of admiration for external characteristics. He is always perfect, he can only be seen in a starched white shirt and patent leather ankle boots. Which is no wonder: his secular past does not allow itself to be forgotten. Despite living with his brother in a village society, he still always looks impeccable and elegant.

Personal qualities of a youth representative

Turgenev endowed Bazarov with such qualities as decisiveness in action and well-founded personal opinion. Such people set goals for themselves and brought real benefits to society. Many representatives of that group had similar characteristics. historical period. The author assumed that the future of Russia would consist of precisely such people. But as an ardent fan he completely denied inner world and emotionality. He did not allow the existence of the sensual side of life. On this issue, Turgenev categorically disagrees with his character. Many critics suggest that it was for this reason that the main character was killed by the author.

Aristocratic elite

To show the errors in youth views, the problem of fathers and sons in the image of Turgenev is reflected through the clash of a convinced nihilist with a member of the aristocracy. Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov was chosen by the author as a representative of noble society. For the first time the reader sees this hero perfectly dressed in an English frock coat. From the first lines it is clear that this person is the absolute opposite of Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov on the issue of attitude towards life values. The typical life of a wealthy aristocrat was reduced to constant idleness and holidays.

Fathers and sons in the image of I. S. Turgenev

The clash between a representative of an aristocratic society and a developing intelligentsia is the main problem described in the work. The relationship between Bazarov and Kirsanov is proof of the existence of Despite the fact that they are not related, nevertheless, two different socio-political camps do not find common ground. The problem of fathers and children in the depiction of Turgenev on the basis of real family unions occurs, but indirectly.

Opposite life positions

During the course, the author often touches on topics of political disagreement. Democrats and liberals do not reach a consensus on these issues. The main debate arises from reflections on further development countries, about material values, experience, idealism, science, art history and attitudes towards ordinary people. Kirsanov stubbornly defends old concepts, and Bazarov, in turn, strives to destroy them. Kirsanov tried to reproach his opponent for this desire. But Bazarov always answered that it was necessary to first clear the place in order to build something new.

Bazarov's relationship with his parents

In the family of Evgeny Bazarov there is a problem of fathers and children. Turgenev I.S. finds its reflection in the hero’s attitude towards his parents. It is contradictory. Bazarov confesses his love for them, but at the same time despises their stupid and aimless lives. This is his unshakable life position. But, despite his attitude, his son was very dear to his parents. The old people loved him very much and softened tense conversations. Even after the death of the main character of the work, the very moment of their unconditional love is considered. Turgenev described a rural cemetery with a sad overgrown landscape where the main character Bazarov is buried. Birds sing at his grave, old parents come to visit her.

Perhaps, if not for the ardent defense of one’s rightness and a more gentle attitude towards the opinions of other people, the duel and subsequent infection with typhus could have been avoided. Obviously, it was the wound that contributed to the spread of the disease. But a clash of views was inevitable. The problem of fathers and children in the depiction of Turgenev led to tragic consequences.

The widespread relevance of the problem

In high school, students are asked to write an essay on literature. The problem of fathers and sons is an insoluble dispute that has lasted hundreds of years. Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" remains one of the best works of world classics. An impartial description of everyday life and relationships without embellishment makes it clear to the reader that youth is a perpetual motion machine. Behind them lies strength and new achievements, inventions and improvement of life. But mature aristocrats also live their own lives, they cannot be blamed. They look at life differently, do not understand each other's views, but they are happy. Each in their own way. This is the meaning of life. Just be happy.

The problem of “fathers and sons” in I. S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons”

The problem of “fathers and sons” is an eternal problem that arises for people of different generations. The life principles of elders were once considered the basis of human existence, but they are becoming a thing of the past and are being replaced by new ones life ideals belonging to to the younger generation. The generation of “fathers” tries to preserve everything that it believed in, what it lived with all its life, sometimes not accepting the new beliefs of the young, strives to leave everything in its place, strives for peace. “Children” are more progressive, always on the move, they want to rebuild and change everything, they do not understand the passivity of their elders. The problem of “fathers and sons” arises in almost all forms of organization human life: in the family, in the work team, in society as a whole. The task of establishing a balance in views when “fathers” and “children” collide is complex, and in some cases it cannot be solved at all. Someone enters into open conflict with representatives of the older generation, accusing them of inactivity and idle talk; someone, realizing the need for a peaceful solution to this problem, steps aside, giving both themselves and others the right to freely implement their plans and ideas, without colliding with representatives of another generation.
The clash between “fathers” and “children,” which occurred, is occurring, and will continue to occur, could not help but be reflected in the works of Russian writers. Each of them solves this problem differently in their works.
Among such writers, I would like to highlight I. S. Turgenev, who wrote the magnificent novel “Fathers and Sons.” The writer based his book on the complex conflict that arises between “fathers” and “children,” between new and obsolete views on life. Turgenev personally encountered this problem in the Sovremennik magazine. The new worldviews of Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky were alien to the writer. Turgenev had to leave the editorial office of the magazine.
In the novel “Fathers and Sons” the main opponents and antagonists are Evgeny Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. The conflict between them is considered from the point of view of the problem of “fathers and sons”, from the position of their social, political and public disagreements.
It must be said that Bazarov and Kirsanov differ in their social origins, which, of course, affected the formation of the views of these people.
Bazarov's ancestors were serfs. Everything he achieved was the result of hard mental work. Evgeniy became interested in medicine and natural sciences, conducted experiments, collected various beetles and insects.
Pavel Petrovich grew up in an atmosphere of prosperity and prosperity. At eighteen he was assigned to the page corps, and at twenty-eight he received the rank of captain. Having moved to the village to live with his brother, Kirsanov maintained social decency here too. Great importance Pavel Petrovich gave appearance. He was always well shaven and wore heavily starched collars, which Bazarov ironically ridicules: “Nails, nails, at least send me to an exhibition!..” Evgeny does not care at all about his appearance or what people think of him. Bazarov was a great materialist. For him, the only thing that mattered was what he could touch with his hands, put on his tongue. The nihilist denied all spiritual pleasures, not understanding that people get pleasure when they admire the beauties of nature, listen to music, read Pushkin, and admire the paintings of Raphael. Bazarov only said: “Raphael is not worth a penny…”
Pavel Petrovich, of course, did not accept such nihilist views. Kirsanov was fond of poetry and considered it his duty to uphold noble traditions.
Bazarov's disputes with P.P. Kirsanov play a huge role in revealing the main contradictions of the era. In them we see many directions and issues on which representatives of the younger and older generations do not agree.
Bazarov denies principles and authorities, Pavel Petrovich claims that “... only immoral or empty people can live without principles in our time.” Evgeniy exposes the state structure and accuses the “aristocrats” of idle talk. Pavel Petrovich recognizes the old social structure, not seeing any flaws in it, fearing its destruction.
One of the main contradictions arises between the antagonists in their attitude towards the people.
Although Bazarov treats the people with contempt for their darkness and ignorance, all representatives of the masses in Kirsanov’s house consider him “their” person, because he is easy to communicate with people, there is no lordly effeminacy in him. And at this time, Pavel Petrovich claims that Yevgeny Bazarov does not know the Russian people: “No, the Russian people are not what you imagine them to be. He sacredly honors traditions, he is patriarchal, he cannot live without faith...” But after these beautiful words, when talking with men, he turns away and sniffs cologne.
The disagreements that have arisen between our heroes are serious. Bazarov, whose life is built on negation, cannot understand Pavel Petrovich. The latter cannot understand Evgeniy. The culmination of their personal hostility and differences of opinion was a duel. But main reason The duel is not a contradiction between Kirsanov and Bazarov, but an unfriendly relationship that arose between them at the very beginning of their acquaintance with each other. Therefore, the problem of “fathers and sons” lies in personal bias towards each other, because it can be solved peacefully, without resorting to extreme measures, if older generation will be more tolerant of the younger generation, perhaps agreeing with them somewhere, and the generation of “children” will show more respect for their elders.
Turgenev studied the eternal problem of “fathers and sons” from the perspective of his time, his life. He himself belonged to the galaxy of “fathers” and, although the author’s sympathies were on the side of Bazarov, he advocated philanthropy and the development of the spiritual principle in people. Having included a description of nature in the narrative, testing Bazarov with love, the author imperceptibly gets involved in a dispute with his hero, disagreeing with him in many respects.
The problem of “fathers and sons” is relevant today. It is acutely relevant to people who belong to different generations. “Children” who openly oppose the generation of “fathers” must remember that only tolerance towards each other and mutual respect will help avoid serious clashes.

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The main problems in the novel are fathers and children. The problem of fathers and children in the image of Turgenev

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Similar documents

Nihilism or protest

Science and art

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Key Narrative Objects

External description of the main characters of the work

Personal qualities of a youth representative

Aristocratic elite

Fathers and sons in the image of I. S. Turgenev

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Bazarov's relationship with his parents

The widespread relevance of the problem

The problem of “fathers and sons” in I. S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons”

Makeup. Skin and hair care. Manicure

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

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Bazarov's relationship with his parents

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