Due to False Dmitry I's failure to fulfill his promises (about the introduction of Catholicism, territorial concessions and military assistance to the Poles against Sweden), relations with Poland worsened. Not as much is known about False Dmitry II as we would like. Outwardly, he looked like False Dmitry I, but no information about his real name has been preserved. As a result, Tushino became a haven for people dissatisfied with the rule of Vasily Shuisky. The image of the reign of False Dmitry II acquired features of similarity with the oprichnina of Ivan IV the Terrible, which was the reason for the death of the impostor. Concise Jewish Encyclopedia.

Jerusalem: Society for the Study of Jewish Communities, 1976 - 1982. Thus, if we analyze the path that False Dmitry 2 took, briefly, we can highlight several main stages of Tsar Vasily Shuisky, reign: features, policies and results Maxim Novichkov. Brief biography of the impostor. The reign of False Dmitry I, its results and end. On June 20, “the Tsar and Grand Duke of All Rus' Dmitry Ivanovich” enters Moscow to the sound of bells; he was soon identified by his mother, nun Martha. False Dmitry 2 briefly The appearance of the 2nd impostor False Dmitry II is the second impostor who pretended to be the son of Ivan IV.

End of reign. Following her husband, Marina Mnishek comes to the city. Help me briefly about the most important thing about False Dmitry 2. Very urgent. Thanks in advance. This “reign of False Dmitry 2” lasted for 2 years.

Unable to change the situation on his own, Shuisky entered into an agreement with the ruler of Sweden, promising to give up Karelians in exchange for help. False Dmitry 1 and False Dmitry 2 (briefly). The beginning of the 17th century is closely connected with the Time of Troubles for Rus'. Several lean years and general dissatisfaction with the rule of Boris Godunov made False Dmitry 1 popular and eventually managed to strengthen its position in Putivl. A short course on the history of state and law of Russia. Supporters of False Dmitry II, to strengthen his authority, brought Marina Mnishek, whom they had captured, to Tushino.

False Dmitry I - personality, reign, end. Russian history. /False Dmitry II - short biography. Dear guests! The Board of False Dmitry. Agreement on the election of the Polish prince Vladislav as king. The oath of Moscow to Vladislav and sending an embassy to Sigismund.

The reign of False Dmitry 1 and 2. For Rus', the beginning of the 17th century became one of the most difficult periods in history. Crop failures for several years, False Dmitry 1 and False Dmitry 2 (briefly) The reign of False Dmitry 1 began with attempts to pursue an independent policy. In an effort to enlist False Dmitry II The first mention of the second False Dmitry is marked in 1607, when he was captured as a spy, the Board of False Dmitry I. Konrad Bussov describes the origins of the appearance of False Dmitry II as follows:. . The image of the reign of False Dmitry II acquired features of similarity with the oprichnina of Ivan IV False Dmitry II (sk.) - an adventurer, an impostor, posing as False Dmitry I, who allegedly escaped during the uprising on May 17, 1606; While still in Tula, False Dmitry began to govern the state. His first concern was to stop the unrest and rebellions that were then boiling everywhere. Vasily Shuisky, before ascending the throne (briefly), Shuisky and Mstislavsky returned to Moscow, where the reign of young Fyodor Godunov had already led to gangs of Polish-Little Russian nobles joining False Dmitry II.

False Dmitry II (“Tushinsky thief”) (1572-1610) - an impostor of unknown origin. From 1607 he pretended to be the allegedly saved Tsar Dmitry during the Time of Troubles in Russia. The reign of False Dmitry I Jacob Marzharet, who observed the management mechanism from the inside, summed up his notes in the following terms: “If 7,500,000 zlotys were equal to 2,300,000 rubles. The reign of False Dmitry I, its results and end 11 Chapter 3. Accession and the “Tushino thief” and his Polish “helpers” 17 The calling of the Swedes 1598-1613. - a period in Russian history called the Time of Troubles. At the turn of the 16th-17th centuries, Russia, the Zemstvo reform of Alexander 2 was a set of transformations in the system of district administration and the results of the reign of Tsar Vasily I. Feudal war of the second quarter of the 15th century: stages of development After the death of Svyatoslav, a struggle for rule in Kyiv began between his sons. Like! If the content of the site was useful to you, we will be grateful for your like! The last minutes of False Dmitry's life.

Painting by K. Wenig, 1879 Now at the head of the board Here you can read the full text of the great Textbook of Russian history Work program for the academic subject “History” (grade 10, basic level) Explanatory Municipal entity Pavlovsky district of the Krasnodar Territory_ municipal budgetary FOR APPLICANTS TO UNIVERSITIES. SHORT COURSE. HISTORY OF RUSSIA. from ancient times to the beginning of the 20th century.

FALSE DMITRY II(?–610, Kaluga) - impostor, adventurer, nicknamed the “Tushino thief”, posed as the Russian Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich , allegedly survived in Uglich and then escaped during the uprising on May 17, 1606 in Moscow.

He first showed up in Starodub-Seversky in 1607, hoping that Moscow would be taken by the troops of I.I. Bolotnikov, but he himself did not help him. In 1608, near Orel, he assembled an army from the Polish detachments of princes A. Vishnevetsky and R. Ruzhinsky, Cossacks I. M. Zarutsky and the surviving peasants Bolotnikov.

In 1607–1608, leaving Starodub, he defeated the troops of Vasily Shuisky near Bolkhov (Oryol land), approached Moscow. The cities of Kozelsk, Kaluga, Mozhaisk and Zvenigorod surrendered to him almost without a fight. The royal governors, who were guarding him on the Tver road, lost the battle to him on June 4, 1607, after which the impostor along the Volokolamsk road reached the village of Tushina and became a camp (which is why he was called the “Tushino thief”). He formed a government from the “Tushino members” who came over to his side - princes Trubetskoy, A.Yu. Sitsky, Filaret Romanov, M.G. Saltykov. The military forces were commanded by Hetman R. Ruzhinsky, 10 elected representatives of Polish mercenaries were subordinate to him. The main clashes with regular Russian troops (M.V. Skopin-Shuisky, Ivan Romanov) took place to the southwest of the capital.

In August 1608, the Poles arrived to False Dmitry II, led by E. Mnishk, whose daughter Marina (c. 1588–1614) not only “recognized” him as her “miraculously escaped husband” (False Dmitry I), which strengthened the position of the new impostor, but and secretly married him. According to some sources, she gave birth to his son Ivan, nicknamed the “little thief” (1611–1614); according to others, the boy was the son of the Cossack ataman Zarutsky.

By the fall of 1608, False Dmitry II controlled the territories east, north and northwest of Moscow. Everyone who was attracted by robbery and profit, and unwillingness to obey anyone, flocked to the impostor. This caused an increase in popular discontent; Galich, Kostroma, Vologda, Beloozero, Gorodets, and Kashin moved away from the impostor. The Polish invasion in the summer of 1609 completed the collapse of the “Tushino camp”. Former followers of the impostor went to King Sigismund III. False Dmitry II sent ambassadors to Poland asking for help, but received no support; Metropolitan Filaret (father of the future Russian Tsar Mikhail Romanov), who was captured in Rostov, and who was named patriarch in Tushino, did not live up to his hopes.

At the end of 1609 he fled to Kaluga, after the defeat of Shuisky’s troops near Klushino in the summer of 1610 he tried to return to Moscow again, but was unsuccessful. Under pressure from the troops of M.V. Skopin-Shuisky, he retreated to Kaluga along the Old Kaluga Road, and on December 11, 1610 he was killed by one of his accomplices.

Lev Pushkarev, Natalya Pushkareva

Summer 1606. Before the ashes of the first impostor had time to scatter, the blood of thousands of Poles killed during the pogrom had not yet dried, rumors spread throughout Muscovy and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth about the second miraculous salvation of Tsar Dmitry.

And two years later he himself appeared. In a short time, he attracted to his side many people of various classes, including the highest nobility. He split the country into two camps, between which a stubborn civil war developed. False Dmitry was defeated in it and was killed by his own allies. But the turmoil he caused continued for many years.

His identity remains, perhaps, even more mysterious than that of the first impostor. The abundance of conflicting evidence is confusing. So who was False Dmitry II?

Civil War

The soil that gave rise to the appearance of the first False Dmitry was, it seems, only fertilized by his murder. Already in August 1606, a certain Ivan Bolotnikov, who called himself the commander of Tsar Dmitry, crossed the Russian-Polish border with a small detachment. Dissatisfied people flocked to him from everywhere. And although in the same year Bolotnikov’s army was defeated near Moscow, and in 1607 the rebel leader surrendered in besieged Tula, the name of the “legitimate tsar” again and again raised people against the government.

And in June 1607, in the border town of Starodub, the man appeared who declared himself Tsar Demetrius Ioannovich, who had twice miraculously escaped from the hands of assassins and was now going to win the throne. And again, those dissatisfied with the existing order found a center of gravity. Growing like a snowball, the army of the second impostor rolled towards Moscow. As in the case of the first False Dmitry, along the way the royal governors with their troops crossed over to his side, the cities opened their gates to him and swore allegiance to him as the rightful king. True, in a number of cases, the governors of Tsar Vasily Shuisky showed stubborn resistance to him, and this did not happen without bloody battles.

Finally, False Dmitry II in the summer of 1608 approached Moscow. Since the government of Vasily Shuisky retained control over the capital, the new impostor, unlike the first, was not able to solemnly enter it under the ringing of bells. He settled in a fortified camp in the village of Tushino, which for a time became the alternative capital of Russia. From here, the impostor’s troops spread to all corners of the country, taking cities and bringing the population to swear allegiance to the “legitimate king.” According to the chronicles, they committed all sorts of atrocities to the rebellious. Opponents nicknamed False Dmitry II “Tsarik” or “Tushino thief.”

Many cities remained loyal to Vasily Shuisky. The stubborn defense of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra from the troops of the impostor became widely famous. In Zaraysk, governor Mikhail Pozharsky bravely repelled all the attacks of his army. However, there were many who sought benefits from the “legitimate Tsar Dmitry.” Among them was the boyar Fyodor Romanov, repressed under Boris Godunov, the father of the future Tsar Mikhail, who was tonsured a monk under the name Philaret. False Dmitry II convened an alternative church council from his supporters in the highest clergy, which proclaimed Philaret Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'.

To give his power legitimacy, False Dmitry the Second ordered the wife of the first impostor, Marina Mnishek, the crowned Moscow queen, to be delivered to him. Out of ambition, Marina decided to pretend that this was her real husband. The impostor pursued a cunning policy. In order to create mass support for himself, he abolished serfdom and allowed the lands of those boyars who did not swear allegiance to him to be divided between serfs and peasants. False Dmitry II generously distributed favors and privileges to his supporters, which, according to his opponents, were worth a penny on market day (which is not at all the case, as we see in the example of Patriarch Philaret, who is completely legitimate).

For a long time the civil war was in a state of equilibrium, and decisive success did not lean in either direction. Finally, Tsar Vasily Shuisky, not trusting his subjects, resorted to the same means as the impostor - foreign intervention. Having recruited Swedish mercenaries, his nephew Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky defeated the Tushins and lifted the siege of Moscow in the winter of 1609/10.

But the fight is not over. False Dmitry II (like Bolotnikov earlier) settled in Kaluga, which this time became the center of the movement not only against Shuisky, but also against the Poles. In the summer of 1610, the boyars in Moscow overthrew Shuisky and called the Polish prince Vladislav to the throne. Thus, they wanted to make peace with the Poles and suppress the movement of False Dmitry II, which was increasingly taking on an anti-serfdom character. The Poles, who had previously served the impostor, began to leave him en masse. The Cossacks and Tatars remained with False Dmitry, becoming irreconcilable enemies of the Poles. But the impostor had a conflict with a noble Tatar, who in December 1610 killed False Dmitry out of personal revenge.

Could there be a prince who escaped?

All Russian sources were abandoned by opponents of False Dmitry II, who endowed him with the most unattractive features. But the most mysterious thing remains its origin.

Evidence that the second impostor was a baptized Jew should apparently be left, since their bias is obvious. Belonging to the “tribe that crucified Christ” was, in the eyes of his contemporaries, the most terrible characteristic.

Of the sources that were not intended to denigrate the impostor in advance, the “Lithuanian” ones, that is, Western Russian ones of that time, apparently deserve the greatest trust. One of them describes in detail the biography and appearance of False Dmitry II. He was a literate man from Starodub near the Russian-Lithuanian border. From there he moved to Belaya Rus' and was a home teacher in the family of a priest. His teaching is confirmed by other sources, so it can be considered completely reliable. But was he a simple tradesman from Starodub itself?

It is known that the second impostor could speak, read and write fluently not only in Russian and Polish, but, according to some news, also in Hebrew. He knew well the entire church circle of the yearly service. True, he did not know either Latin or ancient Greek, which clearly indicates his origin not from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but from Muscovy.

At that time, it was almost impossible for a person without a family without a tribe to take on the authoritative leadership of a movement in which noble nobles would be under his command. And the actions of the second impostor reveal in him a skillful, cynical and cruel politician. Modern historian D. Levchik substantiates the version that False Dmitry II was... the real Tsarevich Dmitry (he, not the first impostor)! Obviously, only a genetic analysis of the relics of Tsarevich Dmitry can refute the rumor of a “miraculous salvation” that is emerging even now, in the fifth century after the events.

For Rus', the beginning of the 17th century was one of the most difficult periods in history. Crop failures for several years in a row provoked dissatisfaction with the rule of Boris Godunov not only in the circles of the boyar nobility, but also among the common people.

The man who later became known as False Dmitry 1 (and, of course, serious political forces in Poland), took advantage of the most convenient moment and in 1601 declared himself a miraculously saved prince.

It must be said that the origin of False Dmitry 1 has still not been reliably established. However, a short biography of False Dmitry 1 reports that he was the son of Bogdan Otrepyev, a nobleman from Galich. Having taken monastic vows, Grigory Otrepiev became a monk of the Chudov Monastery, from where he fled, presumably, in 1601.

After 1601, having received serious support from the aristocracy and clergy of Poland, False Dmitry was preparing the return of the “legitimate” ruler to the throne of Russia. During this period, False Dmitry himself generously gives out promises of rewards (to give Poland the Seversk and Smolensk lands) and assistance (in particular to Sigismund 3 against Sweden), and secretly accepts Catholicism.

Only in the fall of 1604 did he, with a Polish-Lithuanian detachment, enter Russian lands near Chernigov. This move was apparently well calculated. Peasant uprisings in the southern lands greatly contributed to the successful outcome of the campaign. False Dmitry 1 was able to gain a strong foothold in Putivl.

Soon after this, Boris Godunov dies. Power passes to his son Fedor. But he was overthrown on June 1, 1605 during the uprising. And the bulk of the army went over to the side of the impostor. Having entered the capital of Russia on June 30, 1605 according to the new style, False Dmitry 1 was crowned king the very next day. The ceremony took place in the Assumption Cathedral.

The reign of False Dmitry 1 began with attempts to pursue an independent policy. He established cash and land salaries in order to gain the support of the nobility. Considerable funds were required for this and they were found by revising the land rights of the monasteries. The peasants also received certain relief. For example, the southern regions were exempt from paying taxes for 10 years. However, these measures did not bring success to False Dmitry. To pay the money, Poland had to significantly increase taxes. And this attracted the Krkstyan-Cossack uprising already in the next 1606. To stop it, the impostor had to make great concessions, but military force was not used.

However, False Dmitry 1 was in no hurry to fully fulfill the promises made to Sigismund 3, which noticeably spoiled their relationship. The situation inside the country was also close to a crisis. As a result of the conspiracy that arose, headed by Shuisky, False Dmitry 1 was killed. This happened during a riot that broke out in the capital. The townspeople were extremely negatively opposed to the many Poles who had gathered for the wedding of the impostor and Maria Mniszech. The body was initially buried, but then burned. Ashes were thrown from the cannon towards Poland.

But, already in 167, another impostor appeared in Poland - False Dmitry 2. He is known under the nickname Tushinsky Thief. Very little is known about the biography of this “miraculously saved False Dmitry 1”. Perhaps the only reliably established fact is his incredible similarity to the first impostor. He supported the Bolotnikov uprising that began during that period. However, the two armies failed to unite near Tula, as originally planned.

In 1608, Shuisky’s army was completely defeated, and False Dmitry 2 himself settled in Tushino. He failed to take Moscow, and therefore the army took up robberies and pogroms. It was because of this episode in the biography that False Dmitry received his nickname. This “rule of False Dmitry 2” lasted for 2 years. Unable to change the situation on his own, Shuisky entered into an agreement with the ruler of Sweden, promising to give up Karelians in exchange for help. Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky, the Tsar's nephew, was appointed commander. He turned out to be talented in military affairs and Shuisky’s victories gave Poland a reason to intervene and begin an intervention. However, the path through Russian lands was not easy. Smolensk was able to defend itself for 20 months.

False Dmitry 2, after the appearance of Shuisky’s army, fled and settled in Kaluga. Sigismund Vladislav was crowned king. The hopes placed on Skopin-Shuisky were not justified. In 1610 he died under unclear circumstances. Hoping to retake the throne, False Dmitry 2 and his army moved towards the capital. But soon he again had to flee to Kaluga, where he was killed in August 1610. In 1613, the Time of Troubles for Rus' ended and the first ruler of the Romanov family was crowned king.

“Tushinsky thief” - I remember this phrase from school. I, like most of my peers, learned that False Dmitry II was popularly called that way in Russian history lessons. In essence, that was the extent of the matter then. And later, when history became my passion along with poetry, little was added to the knowledge about the second impostor. I had certain hopes for the Internet... Something has become clear, but something, I’m afraid, will forever remain a secret behind seven seals...

Biography of False Dmitry II

Our famous classic - N.V. Gogol - has an amusing phrase: “complete incident” (by the way, this can be said about his own life). So - the biography of the “Tushino thief” is not only replete with “blank spots”, it is all one continuous “blank spot”. We know neither the true name nor the origin of this dark personality. According to very cautious and little-based assumptions, he could be either a priest’s son or even a Jewish offspring from a seedy province. One thing is beyond doubt - the spirit of adventurism inherent in the Russian man and susceptibility to outside influences played a detrimental role in his advancement. Having played on the fact that False Dmitry I allegedly managed to escape during the Moscow uprising, the “Tushino thief”, however, could not, like his more successful predecessor, reach Moscow and be crowned. His entire short adult life was spent in military skirmishes of a local nature. The ending of the impostor's biography was inglorious: he was killed by his former ally, Tatar Pyotr Urusov, during a hunt. It should not be surprising that the burial place of False Dmitry II is unknown. Most likely, he was also buried like a thief - secretly...

Domestic and foreign policy of False Dmitry II

The local successes of False Dmitry II were short-lived. It is generally surprising how he was able to gather any significant forces under his banner. Apparently, the people still retained a naive belief in the miraculous salvation of the previous impostor. The “Tushinsky thief” decided to begin his ascent to power from the Belarusian cities of Propoisk and Starodub. It was here that he risked declaring himself “Tsar Dimitri Ioannovich.” The remnants of the Polish gentry, part of the Cossacks, and the rebels of Ataman Ivan Bolotnikov began to gather around him (how much we were told at one time about the first “peasant war” led by the latter...). All this, without exaggeration, motley rabble, led by a very dubious subject, undertook a campaign first on Bryansk, then on Tula. They even managed to defeat the army of Vasily Shuisky and set up a camp in Tushino, near Moscow. Significant territories north of Moscow were under the control of the impostor’s troops. Yaroslavl, Vologda, Rostov, Suzdal, and Vladimir submitted to False Dmitry II. Support for the impostor was provided by widespread popular discontent with the boyar government and personally with Vasily Shuisky. However, the Poles, in whose hands the “Tushino thief” was just a puppet, robbed the peasants themselves. In 1609, the Poles decided on open intervention and besieged Smolensk. The attempt to place the Polish prince Vladislav on the Russian throne also failed. The talented military leader and experienced strategist M.V. Skopin-Shuisky finally thwarted the plans of the impostor. There was nothing left for him but to flee to Kaluga, where he soon met an inglorious death.

• The official widow of False Dmitry I, Marina Mnishek, arrived at the camp of the “Tushino thief” and publicly recognized him as her miraculously saved husband. What do you say to this? Only how strong both the instinct of self-preservation and the thirst for power at any cost are in people. Marina was ready to go to the end in this deadly game.
• The end of those who supported the impostor was also inglorious: he was first blinded, then killed with a blow to the head with a club and his lifeless body was thrown into an ice hole.