Together with the electric power industry and mechanical engineering, the chemical industry determines the scientific and technological progress of the world economy.
The raw material base of the chemical industry is very diverse. The industry primarily uses natural raw materials (salts, sulfur, oil, gas, coal, wood), as well as numerous wastes from other industries.
Supplying raw materials for all sectors of the economy, processing waste from other industries, the chemical industry uses a lot of energy, raw materials, equipment, and means of transport. Therefore, it is characterized by a developed combination with other industries.
The chemical industry is a complex complex, covering several industries: mining chemicals (extraction of mineral raw materials), basic chemistry (production of mineral fertilizers, acids, soda), chemistry of organic synthesis (produces mainly semi-finished products for the manufacture of polymer materials), processing of polymer materials (manufacturing tires, polyethylene film, etc.).
The principles for locating chemical enterprises are very different and are similar to the principles for locating mechanical engineering. The mining and chemical industry gravitates towards sources of raw materials. Basic chemistry takes into account two factors: the production of acids is mainly located near the consumer, and mineral fertilizers - mainly near sources of raw materials.
Organic synthesis and polymer chemistry requires a lot of raw materials, energy and water. Its enterprises are often located along pipelines (for example, petrochemical plants). There is a special group of chemical production, such as the pharmaceutical industry, which focuses on skilled labor resources.
Modern production of various plastics is characterized by a large volume of products produced, mass application, and automation. A special place is occupied by the production of fiberglass, heavy-duty plastics, which are widely used in transport engineering (there are already cars whose bodies are completely plastic), pipe production (they are half the price and lighter than steel).
Film materials, varnishes, paints, and adhesives are of great importance. Modern adhesives, for example, are used under water, in space, and even in surgery.
Our clothes today also largely consist of chemical fibers. There are artificial fibers, which are made from plant fiber (viscose, acetate), and synthetic fibers, which are made from oil, gas and coal (nylon, lavsan).
The close connection of the chemical industry with other sectors of the economy determines its constant development and improvement. Therefore, this industry changes its product range extremely quickly, quickly responding to modern demands. A distinctive feature of the chemical industry is the location of its enterprises throughout the world.
Developed countries are significantly ahead of all others in terms of the number and total volume of chemical industry products. Their gap is especially noticeable in the production of synthetic materials. There are large areas and centers of the chemical industry in the world. Among them are the state of Texas and Pittsburgh in the USA, the Volga region in Russia, Donbass in Ukraine, Ruhr in Germany and many others.
In developing countries, not so long ago, the mining and chemical industry dominated predominantly - the extraction and primary processing of chemical raw materials. Most of the products were exported. However, since the mid-70s, oil and gas-rich countries of the world (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, etc.) began to independently increase the production of nitrogen fertilizers, polymers and other products.
The main contradiction in the development of the chemical industry is that, on the one hand, it determines scientific and technological progress, and on the other, it is the most dangerous industry from an environmental point of view. New chemical materials in the natural cycle are alien and often deadly to living beings.
Conclusions:
The chemical industry largely determines scientific and technological progress.
The raw material base of the chemical industry is extremely diverse, which determines its complex industrial structure.
When locating branches of the chemical industry, many factors are taken into account: raw materials, transport, availability of qualified labor resources, proximity to the consumer.
The chemical industry is developing rapidly and is environmentally unsafe.
The chemical industry unites industries in which chemical methods of processing raw materials and materials predominate. This includes enterprises producing inorganic acids, salts, alkalis, mineral fertilizers, rubbers, resins, plastics and many other products. Currently, it is difficult to find an area of the national economy where the achievements of the chemical industry are not used. Chemical materials are widely used in mechanical engineering (plastics, varnishes, adhesives, sealants, rubbers), agriculture (fertilizers and pesticides), healthcare (medicines, vitamins, surgical materials), etc. The chemical industry includes a variety of enterprises that differ both technological processes and final products of production.
All chemical products can be divided into the following classification groups:
1. Inorganic substances, including the following main products: ammonia; inorganic acids (sulfuric, nitric, hydrochloric); soda products; alkalis; mineral fertilizers and pesticides; silicates (building ceramics, binders, glass).
2. Organic substances: products of solid fuel processing; liquid fuel processing products; products of processing of gaseous fuels.
3. Products of organic synthesis: plastics; chemical fibers; rubber and rubber; paints and varnishes.
4. Chemical reagents and highly pure substances.
5. Medicines and chemical-pharmaceutical products.
22. Sulfuric acid production technology.
By production volume and area of application sulfuric acid occupies one of the first places among the chemical industry. Sulfuric acid is used in a wide variety of industries. It serves as one of the main products that determine the development of the chemical industry, which is why it is often called the “bread of chemistry.” In the chemical industry, sulfuric acid is used for the production of fertilizers, dyes, plastics, chemical fibers, and in the production of petroleum products - liquid fuels, lubricating oils, etc. In terms of its chemical composition, sulfuric acid is a compound of sulfuric anhydride S0 3 with water.
Currently, sulfuric acid is produced in industry by two methods - nitrous and contact. In both cases, the essence of the process comes down to the oxidation of sulfur dioxide S02 to sulfur dioxide S03 and the combination of trioxide with water.
Under normal conditions, sulfur dioxide is not oxidized by atmospheric oxygen, so the oxidation process is carried out either with the help of nitrogen or in the presence of a solid catalyst. The method of oxidation determines the technology of the process. In the nitrous method, dioxide is oxidized to SO3 using a nitrous mixture consisting of nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide taken in a 1:1 ratio. The contact method consists of the oxidation of dioxide in the presence of a solid catalyst.
The older method is the nitrous method of producing sulfuric acid. The nitrous method is difficult to automate. In addition, the resulting acid has a concentration of no more than 75-77% and is contaminated with impurities. These shortcomings have led to the fact that the nitrous method of producing sulfuric acid is increasingly losing its importance, and the contact method is being predominantly developed.
The contact process technology involves the oxidation of sulfur dioxide in the presence of solid catalysts. Until the 20s and 30s, platinum was used as a catalyst. It was then replaced by a much cheaper and more stable catalyst made from vanadium pentoxide V2O5.
With the contact production method, sulfuric acid can be obtained at almost any concentration and a high degree of purity. This sulfuric acid can be used in any production.
Nitrosic acid, produced using outdated technology, is used in the production of agricultural fertilizers, where high concentration and purity of the starting products are not required
The chemical industry is one of the most important sectors of the national economy.
The chemical industry includes the following main sectors: mining chemicals, basic chemistry, production of paints, varnishes, plastics, synthetic rubber and rubber products, production of chemical reagents and highly pure substances, photographic materials, production of organic products, chemical and pharmaceutical production.
Chemical products that are produced on an industrial scale for public consumption are varied.
The beginning of the production of basic chemical products in Europe (of course, in small quantities) should be dated back to the 15th century, when small specialized production of acids, alkalis and salts, various pharmaceuticals and some organic substances began to emerge.
In Russia, chemical production itself, which developed at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries, was the production of saltpeter and gunpowder, as well as the production of soda and sulfuric acid.
And today, sulfuric acid is one of the most important chemical products, a necessary basis, in particular, for such an important branch of the national economy as the production of mineral fertilizers. Now it is produced at chemical plants by the contact method. In this case, oxidation occurs on a solid contact - a catalyst (see Catalysis). Platinum was first used as catalysts, then iron oxides, and now mainly vanadium oxides with various additives - a mixed catalyst. The starting material for the production of sulfuric acid is sulfur dioxide, formed, in particular, as a result of the combustion of sulfur pyrites.
The chemical industry in our country is based on a powerful raw material and fuel and energy base: unique apatite deposits on the Kola Peninsula, large reserves of phosphorites in Southern Kazakhstan (Karatau), Leningrad region and other areas, reserves of potassium salts in the Urals, Belarus and Ukraine, a number of deposits of sodium chloride - raw materials for the chlorine and soda industries, etc. Petrochemical raw materials - oil refining products, natural gas - are also widely used.
Branches of the chemical industry are found in all major economic regions of our country and are represented by a large number of production associations: mining and chemical - Apatit, Karatau, Uralkali, Belaruskali; for the production of mineral fertilizers - Nevinnomysskoye, Novomoskovskoye, Voskresenskoye, etc.
Chemicalization of the national economy is one of the main directions of scientific and technological progress, characterized by the introduction of chemical methods, processes and materials into various sectors of the national economy. It contributes to solving important socio-economic, scientific and technical problems: the production of new, more advanced means of production and consumer goods, and increasing the efficiency of social production. Therefore, national economic plans provide for rapid growth of the chemical industry. Thus, in the twelfth five-year plan (1985-1990), the volume of production in this industry will increase by 30-32%.
Chemicalization ensures the expansion of the raw material base of industry, saving natural resources, improving the quality and range of materials and products, reducing the costs of their production, and using effective production methods. For example, in the future, the role of chemicalization in expanding the fuel and energy base will increase due to the widespread introduction of various methods of coal processing, the use of products such as methanol and carbon as motor fuel, etc. In the metallurgical industry, methods of chemical technology are used ( oxygen blasting, metal enrichment, etc.). In mechanical engineering, plastics are widely used as structural, insulating, decorative and other materials, etc. In construction, structures made of plastics, synthetic rubber, etc. are widely used.
The improvement of chemical technology, which makes it possible to create substances with predetermined properties, determines the accelerated development of the production of modern engineering plastics and other polymer materials.
The production of household chemicals, paints and varnishes, dyes, textile auxiliaries, film and photographic materials, and chemical fibers is developing.
The development of the chemical industry is closely related to the increase in agricultural production. One of the most important tasks of the chemical industry is to provide agriculture with mineral fertilizers, chemical feed additives, and chemical plant protection products. The plans for the thirteenth five-year plan plan to increase the production of mineral fertilizers to 41-43 million tons in 1990, and chemical plant protection products to 440-480 thousand tons.
Each chemical production has its own characteristics, its own technology, and its own prospects. But what is common and characteristic of the modern chemical industry is the intensive development of all its branches, the use of the latest achievements of science and technology for its development.
The main directions of scientific and technological progress in the chemical industry are as follows:
1) development of highly efficient technological processes that ensure comprehensive and more complete use of raw materials and energy resources;
2) further consolidation of the capacity of units and technological lines based on new technology, wider use of progressive technological processes, mechanization and automation means;
3) creation of highly effective methods for treating wastewater and atmospheric emissions;
4) development and widespread introduction into industry of automated control systems for technological processes, production and individual enterprises;
5) expanding the range of products both through new types and through modification of old ones;
6) improving product quality.
The development of the chemical industry is determined to a large extent by the improvement of chemical technology, without which it is impossible to increase labor productivity and at the same time improve the quality of products and reduce their cost.
The most important direction in the development of chemical technology is increasing the productivity and intensity of operation of devices; it can be achieved by increasing the size or improving the operation of devices, and often by a combination of both.
The mechanization of labor-intensive processes, that is, the replacement of human physical labor with machine labor, is one of the main tasks of the chemical industry. In most chemical plants, the main operations are mechanized, but the stages of loading raw materials, unloading products, and transporting materials are not always mechanized.
In the chemical industry, due to its harmfulness, the use of automation and remote control of production processes has become very important, namely the use of devices that allow the production process to be carried out without the direct participation of a person, only under his control. Automation is the highest level of mechanization. Remote control is incomplete automation when a person controls the process from a distance, for example from a control panel. Of particular importance is complex automation using electronic computers, which receive information about the progress of the chemical process from various measuring instruments, and also establish optimal conditions and give commands to the executing devices. Thus, the chemical industry includes cybernetics - the science of management. One of the pressing tasks in the development of chemical technology is the widespread use of automated production technology control systems - automated process control systems.
Replacing batch production processes with continuous ones is also an important direction in the development of chemical technology. A periodic process is a process where a portion of raw materials is loaded into a machine, goes through a number of processing stages, and then all the resulting substances are unloaded.
From unloading the product to loading a new portion of raw materials, the machine does not work. With this process, automation is difficult, since the operating mode of the device changes. At the same time, energy costs increase, and therefore many periodic processes are being replaced by continuous ones. Continuous is a process in which the supply of raw materials to the apparatus and the output of products are carried out continuously or in systematic portions over a long period of time. The equipment is not idle, the productivity of the devices increases. This process is easier to automate. Currently, most industrial chemical processes are carried out continuously.
Integrated automation and mechanization of chemical production, the introduction of automated control systems, and the replacement of periodic production processes with continuous ones served as the basis for the creation of large enterprises for the production of fertilizers, chemical fibers and threads, synthetic resins and plastics, organic synthesis products and production associations in the modern chemical industry.
Chemical industry, its sectoral composition and importance in the national economy of the country. (Factors for the location of the chemical industry. The role of combining production processes.)
1. Definition of the industry, its importance and production volumes.
Chemical industry- a complex industry that, along with mechanical engineering, determines the level of scientific and technological progress, providing all sectors of the national economy with chemical technologies and materials, including new, progressive ones, and producing consumer goods.
The chemical industry is one of the leading branches of heavy industry, is the scientific, technical and material basis for the chemicalization of the national economy and plays an extremely important role in the development of productive forces, strengthening the defense capability of the state and in ensuring the vital needs of society. It unites a whole complex of industries in which chemical methods of processing objects of embodied labor (raw materials, materials) predominate, allows solving technical, technological and economic problems, creating new materials with predetermined properties, replacing metal in construction, mechanical engineering, increasing productivity and saving costs of social labor. The chemical industry includes the production of several thousand different types of products, the number of which is second only to mechanical engineering.
The importance of the chemical industry is expressed in the progressive chemicalization of the entire national economic complex: the production of valuable industrial products is expanding; Expensive and scarce raw materials are replaced with cheaper and more abundant ones; complex use of raw materials is carried out; Many industrial wastes, including environmentally harmful ones, are captured and disposed of. Based on the integrated use of various raw materials and the recycling of industrial waste, the chemical industry forms a complex system of connections with many industries and is combined with the processing of oil, gas, coal, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, and the forestry industry. Entire industrial complexes are formed from such combinations.
The production process in the chemical industry is most often based on the transformation of the molecular structure of a substance. The products of this sector of the national economy can be divided into items for industrial purposes and items for long-term or short-term personal use.
Consumers of chemical industry products are found in all spheres of the national economy. Mechanical engineering needs plastics, varnishes, paints; agriculture - in mineral fertilizers, preparations for controlling plant pests, in feed additives (livestock farming); transport – in motor fuel, lubricants, synthetic rubber. The chemical and petrochemical industries are becoming a source of raw materials for the production of consumer goods, especially chemical fibers and plastics. Modern aircraft manufacturing, jet technology, radar, space technology, and rocketry are unthinkable without the use of synthetic materials and new types of synthetic fuel (see Tables 1 and 2).
Table 1
Key performance indicators of the chemical and petrochemical industry in Russia
Number of enterprises
Product volume, billion rubles.
Number of industrial production personnel, thousand people.
including workers, thousand people
Profit, billion rubles
Profitability level, %
Increase in costs by 1 rub. products,% compared to the previous year
table 2
Production of the most important types of chemical products in the Russian Federation
Sulfuric acid in monohydrate, million tons
Soda ash, million tons
Caustic soda, million tons
Mineral fertilizers in terms of 100% nutrients, million tons
Including
phosphate, million tons
nitrogen, million tons
potash, million tons
Chemical plant protection products (100% calculated), thousand tons
Thousand tons
Fiberglass and products made from them, thousand tons
Synthetic detergents, thousand tons
Laundry soap, thousand tons
Toilet soap, thousand tons
Feed microbiological protein, thousand tons of commercial product
Chemical fibers, million tons
In 1990 – 1991 The volume of chemical production in the Russian Federation was about 70% of its production in the former USSR. The share of Russian chemical products in the industrial volume in 1995 did not exceed 9%. The sharp decline in the production of almost all types of chemical products in Russia that began after the collapse of the USSR continues to this day. The need of the country's national economy for chemical products is not satisfied due to the backlog and reduction of capital construction, incomplete use of existing production capacities, delays in the import and development of new production facilities, and often due to disruptions in the supply of fuel and energy, technological raw materials, materials, incompleteness of equipment, lack of transport, insufficient development of new technological processes, deterioration of production conditions and the quality of raw materials, lack of personnel with the necessary qualifications, as well as due to disruption of technology and increased frequency of accidents. A number of production facilities have been closed for environmental reasons. The issue has arisen of the urgent withdrawal of about fifty enterprises from Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Angarsk, Krasnoyarsk and other cities of the country.
The stabilization of production in the chemical industry is associated with the formation of new production conditions and forms of ownership.
In recent years, new joint-stock economic structures, both intra-industry and inter-industry holding type, have become widespread. Inter-industry holdings are associated with the integrated production of mineral and hydrocarbon raw materials and have a rather complex structure and composition of shareholders interested in one or another product of the holding and capable of investing large amounts of money in their development. Intra-industry holdings can unite enterprises associated with consistent technology for processing different types of raw materials and intermediate products within the chemical complex itself. It is expected to attract foreign investors to newly created structures with an indispensable comprehensive solution to environmental protection issues.
2. Industry composition of the chemical industry.
The chemical industry unites many specialized industries, heterogeneous in raw materials and purpose of products, but similar in production technology.
The modern chemical industry in Russia includes the following industries and sub-sectors.
Chemical industry sectors:
1. mining chemical(extraction and enrichment of chemical mineral raw materials - phosphorites, apatites, potassium and table salts, sulfur pyrites);
2. basic (inorganic) chemistry(production of inorganic acids, mineral salts, alkalis, fertilizers, chemical feed products, chlorine, ammonia, soda ash and caustic soda);
3. organic chemistry:
Production of synthetic dyes (production of organic dyes, intermediates, synthetic tanning agents);
Production of synthetic resins and plastics;
Production of artificial and synthetic fibers and threads;
4. production of chemical reagents, highly pure substances and catalysts;
Photochemical (production of photographic film, magnetic tapes and other photographic materials);
5. paint and varnish(production of whitewash, paints, varnishes, enamels, nitro enamels, etc.);
6. chemical-pharmaceutical(production of medicinal substances and drugs);
Production of chemical plant protection products;
7. production of household chemical goods;
Production of plastic products, fiberglass materials, fiberglass and products made from them.
8. microbiological industry.
Petrochemical industries:
Production of synthetic rubber;
Production of basic organic synthesis products, including petroleum products and carbon black;
Rubber-asbestos (production of rubber and asbestos products).
In addition, on the basis of waste gases and by-products, a certain part of chemical products is produced in the coke industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, pulp and paper, wood processing (timber chemistry) and other industries. On a technological basis, the chemical industry includes the production of cement and other binders, ceramics, porcelain, glass, a number of food products, as well as the microbiological industry (protein and vitamin concentrates, amino acids, vitamins, antibiotics, etc.).
Chemicalization of the national economy– one of the decisive levers for increasing production efficiency and quality of work in all spheres of human activity.
The most important advantage of using chemical processes and materials is the ability to create materials with predetermined properties that have the necessary lightness and strength, anti-corrosion and dielectric properties, and the ability to work in extreme conditions.
The use of artificial and synthetic materials provides a significant, often decisive, increase in labor productivity, a reduction in the cost of products, an improvement in their quality, facilitates conditions and improves production standards, and frees up labor and material resources.
Polymer materials have caused a genuine revolution in almost all sectors of the economy. The use of plastics, rubber, paints and varnishes and chemical fibers lightens the weight of aircraft, ships, cars, increases their speed, saves a significant amount of expensive and scarce materials, extends the life of machines and equipment, and increases their productivity.
Plastics and synthetic resins, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers and products made from them, paints and varnishes are especially widely used in mechanical engineering.
In agriculture, the main part of the increase in yield is achieved through the use of mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products.
In some cases, especially for new branches of technology, chemical products turn out to be indispensable (in microelectronics, instrument making, nuclear and rocket technology).
The introduction of chemical products into production leads to a huge economic effect in the form of saving scarce and expensive natural materials.
3. Industry location and structure.
The location of chemical industry sectors is influenced by factors, among which the most important are raw materials, energy, water, consumer, labor, environmental, and infrastructure. The chemical industry as a whole is a highly raw material-intensive industry. The costs of raw materials due to the high value of raw materials or their significant specific costs range from 40 to 90% based on the production of 1 ton of annual products. The industry is characterized by the use of a huge number of raw materials of mineral, plant, and animal origin, as well as air, water, all kinds of industrial gas emissions - waste from non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy. In the modern chemical industry of organic synthesis, hydrocarbon oil and gas raw materials play an important role.
It is extremely important to comprehensively use raw materials, especially hydrocarbons, to produce many types of chemicals and chemical materials. Intra-industry and inter-industry combination and cooperation of production has become widely developed in chemistry. Chemical and petrochemical plants emerged, in conjunction with gas and oil refining.
A simplified scheme for the production of petrochemical products - the main raw material for organic and polymer chemistry.
distillate
Catalytic reforming
enlarged combined installation)
chemical fiber
Ethylene Propylene BDF
Finished products of polymer chemistry
Nylon-chemical fiber Lavsan-chemical fiber Nitron-chemical fiber
Chemical production is divided into labor-intensive (chemical fibers, plastics), medium-labor-intensive, low-labor-intensive and non-labor-intensive. It is advisable to create labor-intensive industries in areas with abundant labor resources, and non-labor-intensive ones in areas with a shortage of labor resources.
The location of the industry can be represented as a list of economic regions specializing in the chemical industry. The coefficients of specialization of the chemical industry are high in the regions of the European part of the country: Volga, Volga-Vyatka, Central Black Earth, North-West. They are also significant in the Central, Ural, North Caucasus and West Siberian regions.
From this we can conclude: the chemical industry is developed as a branch of specialization in all regions, except for the outlying, remote ones, which do not have a sufficiently powerful socio-economic factor - there is no large population, qualified labor resources and consumers (Northern, East Siberian, Far Eastern). The exception here is the West Siberian region, whose specialization in the chemistry of organic synthesis is due to large volumes of hydrocarbon production in the main oil and gas province of the country and the construction of new processing plants here. The largest hubs of the chemical industry in Russia are the following cities: Nizhnekamsk, Tolyatti, Moscow, Ufa, Sterlitamak, Dzerzhinsk, St. Petersburg.
The following groups of chemical production are distinguished:
1) raw material orientation: mining and chemical industries that utilize non-transportable raw materials (coconut gas, sulfur dioxide) or are characterized by a high raw material index (production of soda ash);
2) fuel, energy and raw materials orientation: highly energy-intensive industries (polymers, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers, synthetic resins and plastics, caustic soda);
3) consumer orientation: production with high transport costs for delivering products to the consumer or production of difficult-to-transport products (sulfuric acid).
The chemical industry consists of two main parts: organic chemistry synthesis and polymers(or organic chemistry) and basic(inorganic) chemistry, including the mining and chemical industry. In addition, there is a group of other industries, which includes paint and varnish, aniline dye, photochemical, etc.
I.Chemistry of organic synthesis and polymers.
This is a relatively new industry, using mainly oil, associated and natural gas, and coal as raw materials. Petroleum and gas chemistry are based on oil and gas processing (fuel industry), using not primary sources of hydrocarbon raw materials (oil, natural and associated gas), but their processed products: gasoline, propane, butane and other raw materials for the production of polymer chemistry. The polymer materials industry includes, first of all, the production of monomer materials and polymer intermediates (ethylene-polyethylene; propylene-polypropylene, etc.).
Thus, fuel industry enterprises in the central regions of the country, using imported oil and gas, throw away raw materials for the chemical industry, which are already their own raw materials. These enterprises are located, as a rule, in the central regions of the European part of the country, at the end points of oil and gas pipelines or along their routes, as well as in fuel production areas.
Since the possibilities for combining production in petrochemicals are extremely wide - from powerful full-cycle plants to individual production of raw materials or the final stage - the following individual productions can be distinguished in this multi-stage process.
Plastics and synthetic resins industry originally arose in the Central, Volga-Vyatka, and Ural regions using imported raw materials. This industry is distinguished by the largest scale of production among all industries of polymeric materials, due to the widespread use of plastics as a modern structural material, replacing valuable non-ferrous metals (copper, nickel), glass, wood and others. Many consumer goods are made from plastic.
The production volumes of plastics and synthetic resins in the country are still insufficient: if in Russia 11 kg of them were produced per capita in 1997, then in economically developed countries - 10-13 times more (Germany - 143, USA - 125, Japan - 116 kg).
Production is widespread in the industrial regions of the European part of the country: Central Economic Region (Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuyevo); North-West (St. Petersburg); Volga region (Kazan, Volgograd, Samara); Volgo-Vyatsky district (Dzerzhinsk); Ural (Ekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil, Ufa, Salavat); as well as in Western Siberia (Tyumen, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk).
Among the CIS countries for the production of plastics, Ukraine (Lisichansk, Gorlovka) stands out; Belarus (Grodno, Novopolotsk); Georgia (Rustavi). Table No. 3 presents the leading countries in the production of plastics and synthetic resins.
Table 3
Leading countries in the production of plastics and synthetic resins (million tons)
Great Britain
The Republic of Korea
Netherlands
Chemical fiber and thread industry in recent years, it has changed its structure due to the increase in the production of synthetic fibers (nylon, lavsan, nylon), with a decrease in the share of artificial fibers, primarily viscose, made mainly from cellulose, and acetate, the raw material for which is lint - cotton fluff. The raw materials for the production of synthetic chemical products are synthetic resins obtained from the processing of oil, associated petroleum and natural gases and coal.
Synthetic fibers are widely used for the manufacture of a variety of fabrics, knitted and carpet products, parachute silk, fishing nets, tire cord, leatherette and many other types of products.
The production volumes of chemical fibers and threads and, consequently, the level of their use in the domestic textile industry are 5-8 times less than the volumes produced in economically developed countries. If in Russia only about 1 kg of them were produced per capita in 1997, then in economically developed countries - more than 10 (USA - 17, Japan - 14, Germany - 13 kg).
Enterprises gravitate towards areas where the textile industry is concentrated, among which the Central Economic Region (Serpukhov, Klin, Tver, Ryazan, Shuya), North-West (St. Petersburg), Volga Region (Saratov, Balakovo, Engels) stands out. Some large enterprises are located in the Central Black Earth region - Kursk (9%), Western Siberia - Barnaul, Eastern Siberia - Krasnoyarsk.
The production of synthetic fibers is available in Ukraine (Kyiv, Cherkassy, Chernigov); in Belarus (Mogilev, Grodno); in Georgia (Rustavi). Table No. 4 presents the leading countries in the production of chemical fibers.
Table 4
Leading countries in the production of chemical fibers (million tons)
Great Britain
The Republic of Korea
Great Britain
Synthetic rubber industry occupies a prominent place in the world. The production of synthetic rubber (SR) arose on the basis of food alcohol (in the Central, Volga, Central Chernozem regions) and hydrolytic alcohol (in Krasnoyarsk). Rubber is essential in the production of widely used rubber products. The absence in our country of full-fledged rubber plants - sources of natural rubber (the main source used throughout the world was the Brazilian Hevea) led to the invention in the 30s. in the USSR synthetic rubber. Its modern production in recent years has increasingly focused on hydrocarbon raw materials, which explains the focus on oil refining regions and centers, while simultaneously moving closer to the consumer - tire and rubber production.
Nowadays, to produce 1 ton of synthetic rubber, about 3 tons of liquid gases are consumed, instead of 9 tons of grain or 22 tons of potatoes. Therefore, the production of synthetic rubber has largely moved from the central regions (Yaroslavl, Efremov, Voronezh), where it first arose not yet in alcohol from potatoes, to the Volga region (Tolyatti, Nizhnekamsk, Kazan), to the Urals (Perm, Sterlitamak, Tchaikovsky) and to Western Siberia (Omsk, Tobolsk).
As a rule, joint production is complex: oil refining - synthetic rubber - soot and cordon production - tire production (Omsk, Yaroslavl). There are examples with other feedstocks: wood hydrolysis – synthetic rubber – tire production (Krasnoyarsk).
Synthetic rubber production is available in the CIS countries: Azerbaijan (Baku, Sumgait); Kazakhstan (Karaganda).
II.Basic chemistry.
It is mainly based on the mining and chemical industry, producing mineral fertilizers, acids, alkalis, soda and a large number of other products.
In 1997, Russia produced (in terms of 100% nutrients) 9.5 million tons of mineral fertilizers (per capita – 65 kg). In the USA (1995) – 25 million tons (95 kg). In Canada, for example, 400 kg of mineral fertilizers are produced per capita. Table No. 5 presents the leading countries in the world production of mineral fertilizers.
Table 5
Countries are leaders in global production of mineral fertilizers (in million tons of nutrient)
The sharp decline in fertilizer production in the country (16 million tons was produced in 1990) is primarily due to a lack of funds among agricultural consumers. A significant part of the fertilizer production capacity is not used or is mostly exported.
I. Mineral fertilizers there are three types: nitrogen– produced by the nitrogen fertilizer industry (fertilizers), potassium, phosphate or phosphorus– phosphate fertilizer industry. They are produced in our country in a ratio of 3:2:1.
Nitrogen fertilizers obtained from the combination of air nitrogen with hydrogen (ammonium nitrate, urea, etc.). The cheapest source of hydrogen in our time is associated, natural, and coconut gases. Therefore, nitrogen fertilizer plants gravitate towards gas pipelines (Volga region, Center), as well as to centers of ferrous metallurgy (Ural, Cherepovets).
Potash fertilizers obtained from potassium-sodium salts, dissolving them in water, followed by crystallization from a solution of separately potassium salts (KCL) and sodium salts (NaCL). This production is weight-loss and is entirely focused on the deposits of potassium salts in the Urals (Berezniki, Solikamsk).
Among the CIS countries, Belarus (Soligorsk) and Ukraine (Kalush, Stebnik) stand out for the production of potash fertilizers based on large deposits of potassium salts.
Phosphate fertilizers obtained from apatites (“fertility stone”) and phosphorites. In the production of superphosphate, two tons of fertilizers are obtained from a ton of enriched apatite, which determines the attraction of superphosphate plants to agricultural areas.
The main source of raw materials is the Khibiny apatite deposit. Phosphorite reserves are available in the Central Economic Region - Egoryevskoye and Polpinskoye deposits. Large enterprises are located in the Central Economic Region (Voskresensk), Central Chernozem Region (Uvarovo), and Northwestern Region (St. Petersburg, Volkhov).
Among the CIS countries, Kazakhstan stands out for the production of superphosphate and double superphosphate at the large phosphorite deposit of the Karatau ridge. The Karatau-Dzhambul TPK was formed here.
II.Sulfuric acid industry. Sulfuric acid is widely used in the production of mineral fertilizers (superphosphate, ammonium sulfate), in metallurgy (decomposition of ores, such as uranium), for the purification of petroleum products, the production of artificial fibers, dyes, medicinal and detergents, and explosives. The raw material base includes, first of all, fossil raw materials: sulfur pyrite - pyrite (Ural) and native sulfur (Volga region - Alekseevskoye deposit in the Samara region). In addition, sulfuric acid is produced from sulfur dioxide captured during the smelting of sulfide ores, sour crude oil refining, and desulfurization of natural and coconut gas. The main source of sulfur are individual gas condensate fields - Astrakhan, Orenburg.
The importance of the production of sulfuric acid and the breadth of its use are very eloquently demonstrated by the production volumes. Thus, in 1997, 6.1 million tons of sulfuric acid monohydrate were produced. The production of sulfuric acid is dangerous for transportation and tends to occur in places where mineral fertilizers, synthetic fibers, and plastics are produced. The main enterprises are located in the Central region - Voskresensky, Shchelkovsky, Novomoskovsky plants; in the Volgo-Vyatka region - Chernorechensky plant in Dzerzhinsk; in the Ural region - Bereznikovsky and Perm plants.
III. Soda industry. Soda, which has several types, is used in the chemical, glass, pulp and paper and textile industries, in non-ferrous metallurgy, as well as in everyday life. The soda industry requires a combination of salt, limestone and coal (fuel). Enterprises for the production of caustic and soda ash are based mainly on raw materials - deposits of table salt (NaCl), as well as potassium salt (KCL), since potash plants produce a large amount of table salt as waste. The main enterprises are located in the Urals (Berezniki, Sterlitamak), in Eastern Siberia (Usolye).
Among the CIS countries in the production of soda, Ukraine stands out (Artemovsk and Slavyansk).
4. Economic regions of the country in which the largest chemical industry complexes have developed.
central District– polymer chemistry (production of plastics and products made from them, synthetic rubber, tires and rubber products, chemical fiber), production of dyes and varnishes, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, sulfuric acid;
Ural region– production of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, soda, sulfur, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry (production of synthetic alcohol, synthetic rubber, plastics from oil and associated gases);
North-West region– production of phosphorus fertilizers, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry (production of synthetic resins, plastics, chemical fiber);
Volga region– petrochemical production (orgsynthesis), production of polymer products (synthetic rubber, chemical fiber);
North Caucasus– production of nitrogen fertilizers, organic synthesis, synthetic resins and plastics;
Siberia (Western and Eastern)– chemistry of organic synthesis, nitrogen industry using coke oven gas, production of polymer chemistry (plastics, chemical fiber, synthetic rubber), tire production (see Tables 6 and 7).
Table 6
Production of certain types of chemical products in the Russian Federation by economic region by the mid-90s. (in % of total)
Mineral fertilizers
Caustic soda
Soda Ash
Chemical fibers
Synthetic resins and plastics
Synthetic rubber
Tires
Phosphorus
Potash
Russia, total
Western zone
Northern
Northwestern
Central
Volgo-Vyatsky
Central Black Earth
Povolzhsky
North Caucasian
Ural
Eastern zone
West Siberian
East Siberian
Far Eastern
Table 7
Territorial structure of production of chemical and petrochemical industry products by regions of Russia in 1995 (as a percentage of the total)
Russia, total
Northern
Northwestern
Central
Central Black Earth
Volgo-Vyatsky
Povolzhsky
North Caucasian
Ural
Total: Western zone of Russia
West Siberian
East Siberian
Far Eastern
Total: Eastern zone of Russia
From the point of view of the territorial organization of production in Russia, four enlarged chemical and chemical forestry bases can be distinguished in accordance with the raw material and processing capabilities of various regions.
Northern European base includes huge reserves of Khibiny apatites, plant (forest), water and fuel and energy resources. The main chemistry is based on the apatite raw materials of the Kola Peninsula - the production of phosphate fertilizers in the country. Organic chemistry in the future will be developed through the processing of local oil and gas resources in the Northern Economic Region.
Central base formed due to consumer demand for products of the processing industry, which operates mainly on imported raw materials: oil refining, petrochemistry, organic synthesis, polymer chemistry (chemical fibers, synthetic resins and plastics, synthetic rubber), tire production, motor fuel, lubricating oils, etc. Based on local and imported raw materials, production of basic chemicals is located: mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda, pharmaceutical products.
Volga-Ural base is formed on the huge reserves of potassium, table salts of the Urals and Volga region, sulfur, oil, gas, non-ferrous metal ores, hydropower and forest resources. The share of chemical products from the Volga-Ural base is more than 40%, petrochemicals – 50%, forest industrial products – about 20%. The limiting factor for the further development of this base is environmental.
Siberian base has the most promising opportunities thanks to unique and diverse raw material resources: oil, gas of Western Siberia, coal of Eastern and Western Siberia, table salt, hydropower and forest resources, as well as reserves of non-ferrous and ferrous metal ores. The petrochemical (Tobolsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Angarsk) and coal chemical (Kemerovo, Cheremkhovo) industries received accelerated development due to a favorable combination of raw materials and fuel and energy factors.
5. Structure of the chemical industry of Kuzbass and its production and technical potential.
The chemical complex of the Kemerovo region is one of the largest in Siberia, complex in structure, including the industry of organic synthesis, chemical fibers, the production of mineral fertilizers, synthetic resins, plastics, etc.
The origin of the chemical industry in Kuzbass is associated with the start of construction in 1915. coke plant in Kemerovo. This marked the beginning of the development of coal chemistry based on the use of coke oven gas obtained during the sintering of coal in coke oven batteries.
Today, the chemical industry of Kuzbass is represented by 15 large and medium-sized industrial enterprises, of which 8 are located in Kemerovo.
The bulk of chemical products are produced at such large enterprises as OJSC Azot, AK Khimvolokno, PA Spectr, AF Tokem, PA Progress and PA Organika (Novokuznetsk), JSC Purin (Anzhero-Sudzhensk). Repair and construction base - AP "Sibkhimremont", research centers - design institute GIAP, engineering and scientific center AF "Tokem", research institute PO "Organika", departments, problem laboratories, faculties of universities in the region. The level of monopolization in the chemical industry in the mid-90s was 82-83%.
The industry produces about 300 types of chemical products. The share of Kuzbass chemistry in the production of chemical products in the Russian Federation: synthetic ammonia - 9%, synthetic resins and plastics - 7%, synthetic dyes - 5%, caprollactam - 100%, chemical fibers - 8.5%, in member countries CIS: share of caprolactam - 25%, press powders - 45%, chemicals for rubber - 50%, anthraquinone coatings - 100%.
Table 8
Structure of gross output of the chemical industry of Kuzbass (gross output – 100%)
Types of products
Share of industry gross output, %
Basic chemistry (mineral fertilizers, acids, alkalis, etc.)
Manufacturer of chemical fibers
Synthetic resins and products
Paints and varnishes and synthetic dyes
Chemical and pharmaceutical production
Organic synthesis products and rubber products
Other types
The share of morally and physically obsolete PPOF in the industry by the mid-90s was about 50%, which negatively affected the development of the industry during the period of its structural restructuring. Replenishment of PPOF, their renewal is hampered by the reduction in production in the Russian Federation, disruption of ties with the CIS countries, and high prices for equipment on the foreign market. Only certain enterprises (AF Tokem, OJSC Azot, PA Spektr) could purchase part of the equipment on the foreign market.
In the mid-90s, enterprises in the industry retained high intellectual potential, partly due to the old composition of personnel, partly due to a reduction in the number of teaching staff (by 20-40%) in the course of adapting to new development conditions. The share of the PPP industry in the industry decreased to 6.2%.
In the first half of the 90s, the volume of production in the chemical industry decreased; the share of unprofitable enterprises in 1995 was above 88%. The share of industry products in the total volume of industrial production was -7.5%, the chemical and pharmaceutical industry - 0.7%. Production volumes were maintained and even slightly increased only in the sectors of export products - caprolactam, mineral fertilizers, ion-exchange resins.
The process of development of the industry was complicated by the accelerated pace of privatization. By 1994, 29.4% of enterprises were federally owned, 5.9% were part of public organizations (associations), 29.4% were privately owned, and mixed Russian ownership was 35.3%. The volume of production was distributed accordingly among these groups - 7.3%; 0.1%; 11.3%; 81.3%.
At the enterprise level, the process of restructuring production was difficult. At Azot OJSC, due to the lack of domestic raw materials and high production costs, the production of aniline-based caprolactam and the tire vulcanization shop were closed. The conversion of the Progress software was difficult, during 1988-1991. The range of commercial products was replaced, the production of defense products was completely withdrawn in 1994. At the same time, the range of consumer goods was sharply expanded, and the production of safe explosives for the fuel and energy complex and bricks from waste from the Antonovsky mine management was mastered.
The process of technical re-equipment and reconstruction does not stop at AK Khimvolokno, AF Tokem, PA Progress, especially in export-supplying production - caprolactam, ion-exchange resins, cord fabric, mineral fertilizers, etc. This makes it possible to calculate for high product quality and competitiveness.
The share of the chemical industry in the commodity structure of exports of the region's products increased from 7.6% in 1993 to 9.6% in 1995.
Exports of chemical products mainly included products of large-scale production - organic chemical fertilizers, chemical fibers and threads, synthetic resins and plastics, caustic soda and small-scale production of medicines. The Kemerovo region provides itself with mineral fertilizers by 92.4%, chemical fibers by 23.4%, and synthetic resins by 51.5%.
Chemical products are exported from Kuzbass to the regions of Siberia: 55.8% of their production is supplied for mineral fertilizers, 16.1% for chemical fibers and threads, 36.1% for synthetic resins and plastics, 22.7% for caustic soda. . Accordingly, these indicators for the Russian Federation are 69.6; 92.2; 74.1; 61.8. Polyamide cord fabric is supplied to Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Barnaul; polyamide textile threads - to Novosibirsk, Kansk, Krasnoyarsk, Cheremkhovo.
The chemical industry of Kuzbass supplies its products, including to the USA, Great Britain, and China.
Table 9
Export of chemical products from Kuzbass to foreign and neighboring countries in 1995 (% of total production)
Types of chemical products
CIS countries
Far abroad countries
Nitrogen fertilizers
Chemical fibers and threads
Synthetic resins and plastics
Caustic soda
Scientists in the field believe that in the process of structural restructuring of the chemical complex, basic production should be gradually reduced - especially large-scale chemicals producing raw materials and semi-finished products, and the final stages of production should be created, focused on the production of materials and their processing - the production of plastic and rubber products for the construction and machine-building complexes ; materials for the production of packaging for food and non-food products, consumer goods, etc.
The prospects for the territorial location of chemical production in the region should be determined not so much by the availability of raw materials, energy, water, etc. resources, but also by such indicators as the intensity of settlement and industrial saturation of the area. Based on this, the creation and development of new chemical production facilities is impractical in such areas of the region as the old large industrial hubs - Kemerovo and Novokuznetsk; in areas where new coal deposits are being developed - Erunakovsky, Leninsky, Karakansky, etc.; in the southern regions of the region, where recreational zones are being formed.
A springboard for the development and location of new chemical production can be:
Northeast of the region, where the western wing of the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin enters;
Angers industrial hub, where for the labor resources released as a result of the closure of the coal industry, the existing chemical and pharmaceutical production capacities can be expanded and new ones created for the processing of structural materials.
6. Brief description of the main chemical production facilities of Kuzbass (acids, fertilizers, fibers, caprolactam)
OJSC "Azot" is the largest chemical enterprise in the region. It accounts for about half of the fixed assets, workers, and products of the region's industry. This enterprise has modern, highly profitable production facilities and continuously improves technology in order to increase production efficiency and reduce environmental damage. Produces: ammonia, caprolactam, mineral fertilizers, ion exchange resins, catalysts and chemicals for rubber and caoutchoucs, tires for passenger cars.
Kemerovo AK Khimvolokno is one of the large enterprises in the Russian Federation for the production of polyamide cord, technical and textile threads, fibers and granules (nylon-6). The raw material used is caprolactam, supplied by Azot OJSC. The main product is polyamide cord fabric, the output of which accounts for up to 60% of the total production volume. Tires made from Kuzbass cord are mostly produced at tire factories in Siberia.
Polyamide textile threads are widely used for the production of hosiery, knitwear and various fabrics.
AK Khimvolokno is the largest supplier of primary and secondary polyamide of various grades in both the domestic and foreign markets.
The company has developed a program for technical development, improvement of production and development of new types of products. It is planned to produce high-strength grades of polyamide cord fabric, as well as to organize on free space the production of anode cord, which has a number of specific properties that allow it to be used for the production of tires: aviation, extra-large and special-purpose. Work is underway to expand the range and improve the quality of textile polyamide threads through the production of modified, antistatic, thinner threads of various colors. To meet the needs of Siberian enterprises for glass-filled polyamide, an organization for the production of composite materials based on polyamide using fillers of fine and fibrous structure is being developed.
AF "Tokem" is the largest manufacturer of polymer materials in Russia. Main types of products: solid and liquid phenolic resins, injection-molded and pressed phenolic boards, including low-phenolic, ion-exchange resins, formaldehyde, textolite and decorative laminated plastic, household and technical plastic products.
JSC Spectr, an enterprise with modern technologies and competitive products, produces anthraquine dyes for wool, plant and artificial fibers.
PA "Progress" is an enterprise of the Russian military-industrial complex, which for 55 years has been producing pyroxylin gunpowder and ammunition. The conversion process began in 1988. At the first stage of conversion, there was an increase in the output of already mastered consumer goods products. Since 1993, the production of microcellulose, stabilized ester, decorative films based on PVC and linoleum (half-film), water-dispersed paints, matting nitro varnish, and adhesives for household and general technical purposes began. The production of emulsion explosives, including those used in underground mining, is developing. One of the areas of conversion in the fuel and energy complex was developments aimed at increasing safety and productivity in underground coal mining - the production of materials for mine ventilation pipes was prepared.
The production of soluble emulsion oil used in hydraulic support during underground mining in coal enterprises, as well as superfine basalt fiber, was launched.
Table 10
Products manufactured by enterprises
Business name
Manufactured products
JSC "Azot"
Ammonia, caprolactam, mineral fertilizers, ion exchange resins, catalysts and rubber chemicals
JSC "Khimvolokno"
Polyamide cord fabrics, technical and textile threads, fibers, granulates
AF "Tokem"
Polymer materials, solid and liquid phenolic resins, cast and pressed phenolic boards
JSC "Spectrum"
Anthraquine dyes
Progress software
Microcellulose, stabilized ester, decorative linoleum films, water-dispersion paints, explosives
7. Problems of development of the chemical industry of Kuzbass.
In Soviet times, the chemical complex of the Kemerovo region had a strong position. In the structure of industrial production in Kuzbass until 1989, the chemical complex accounted for approximately 17.8%, the number of employees exceeded 60 thousand people. Of the industries, chemistry was third - after the coal industry and metallurgy.
Today, the chemical industry is experiencing a complex of problems associated with changes in the entire economic structure of Russia and Kuzbass in particular. The main problems are non-payments, lack of investment, non-payment of wages, the need to modernize many industries, the destruction of inter-industry ties, and environmental problems.
The chemical industry of Kuzbass is represented by 15 large and medium-sized enterprises with a workforce of only 23.1 thousand people. This is only about 4.9% of the fixed assets of the region's industry. The degree of depreciation of fixed assets of chemical enterprises in the region is 37.7%; in Kemerovo – 63.3%.
The period 90-94 was characterized by a sharp drop in production volumes and a reduction in the number of workers. Especially at the Progress, Kommunar, and Spectrum factories. The process of curtailing production was smoothed out by the fact that enterprises capable of producing products for export began to actively engage in independent supplies of them abroad. This was facilitated by a favorable situation on the global mineral fertilizer market. In 1993-1994 the price of urea, the main product exported by Azot JSC, reached $200 per ton, and the plant produced over 50 thousand tons of it. Crystalline caprolactam also sold well. Its price per ton on the world market is close to $1,800.
Since 1995, prices for mineral fertilizers on the world market began to fall catastrophically.
This is due to several reasons - crises of overproduction in the countries of Southeast Asia and a number of crises in countries consuming mineral fertilizers; inconsistency of pricing policy, dumping of countries producing mineral fertilizers. The internal reason is high tariffs for rail transportation ($40 per ton when the cost of a ton of products does not exceed $30).
The 1997 crisis had an even more negative impact on chemical industry enterprises. After all, the most important features of the chemistry of Kuzbass are the wide production and technical connections of chemical industries. The paralysis of the banking system and, as a consequence, the failure to make current payments aggravated the difficult situation of the chemical enterprises of Kuzbass. The financial crisis has also aggravated the problem of working capital of enterprises. Fines, penalties, and penalties for payments to budgetary and non-budgetary funds began to grow like a snowball. At the end of 1997, Mezhregiongaz JSC stopped supplying gas to Azot. The block of shares was “diluted” among 20 thousand individuals and dozens of private shareholder companies. In 1998, subsidiaries of JSC Gazprom acquired about 58% of all shares of JSC Azot on the secondary market. In 1998, external management was introduced at the enterprise, and then an agreement was concluded between the regional administration and Gazprom on cooperation in the development of the chemical industry of the region and, above all, JSC Azot as the base enterprise of the chemical industry of Kuzbass. Azot and Gazprom's subsidiary, JSC Gas-Petrochemical Company, entered into a tolling agreement. The company was faced with the task of supplying a wide range of raw materials for the production of Azot and targeting sales to various consumers (from domestic agricultural producers to foreign importing companies).
The increase in production volumes in January-March 1999 led to a sharp increase in accounts payable to all major suppliers of raw materials, electricity, and contractors. As of March 1, 1999, accounts payable approached 500 million rubles.
A difficult situation has also developed at other chemical enterprises: Khimprom, Khimvolokna, Kommunar.
As a result of the corporatization of enterprises, technological chains were disrupted and the private interests of individual producers were allowed to predominate over the general ones.
On the initiative of the governor, in November 1998, an association of chemical enterprises of Kuzbass was created - “Chemistry of Kuzbass”, which united all chemical enterprises in the region. And on February 15, 1999, by decree of the regional administration, the Siberian Chemical Company was proclaimed. The company’s founders were the regional administration (52% of shares) and Gazprom’s subsidiary Gazsibkontrakt, the main gas supplier to Azot (48% of shares).
The company's objectives: development and implementation of measures to overcome the crisis; coordination of the work of enterprises connected by the unity of the production process with a complete technological cycle and having common interests in the production and sale of products; enterprise integration; increasing production efficiency and product competitiveness; consolidation of financial and production resources.
The basis for the formation of the Siberian Chemical Company, as well as for the entire chemical complex of the region, is JSC Azot. Today, Azot supplies almost 100% of caprolactam to Khimvolokno JSC; sulfenamide and diafen - 18 enterprises in Russia and 6 in the CIS and foreign countries; cyclohexane and dimethylformamide - “Khimprom”; technical water – Novokemero CHPP.
The effect of cooperation with the Siberian Chemical Company for a number of enterprises of the chemical complex today is:
for JSC "Azot":
Replenishment of working capital;
Stable supply of gas and energy to production;
Supply of raw materials at optimal prices;
Growth in production volumes;
according to JSC"Khimvolokno":
Increase in production volumes by 1.5 times;
Significant reduction in wage arrears;
ByJSC "Khimprom":
Increase in production volumes by more than 2 times;
Reducing wage debt by 3-4 times.
There are certain difficulties when building relationships and connections with other enterprises of the Kuzbass chemical complex. Thus, Khimvolokno cannot develop and pursue an independent policy without a stable supply of caprolactam from Azot JSC. But direct supplies of liquid caprolactam to Khimvolokno and Azot are not profitable, based on the characteristics of the caprolactam market, both global and Russian, and the existing price environment. The price of liquid caprolactam supplied to Khimvolokno today is 25.2 thousand rubles. with VAT, and the price of caprolactam supplied for export is 41% higher. Under these conditions, Azot’s interest in supplying raw materials to the Kemerovo Khimvolokna plant lies in the additional redistribution of caprolactam and making a profit by reducing prices for the Khimvolokna product received in return - cord. The sale of cheaper cord will allow Azot to compensate for losses associated with lowering the price of caprolactam.
For chemical enterprises in the region, the creation of the Siberian Chemical Company makes it possible to attract partners, establish contacts, and conclude agreements for the supply of products. This is also an opportunity to eliminate intermediaries.
Investments - both from own funds and from company funds - have already allowed:
Carry out major overhauls of the sulfuric acid workshop and ammonia production;
Start technical re-equipment of chemical production;
Resume the frozen construction of the 3rd ammonia production facility.
Some enterprises, such as JSC Spektr in Kemerovo, have still not decided whether they will remain on the industrial map of the region or go into oblivion.
Recently, the lion's share of chemical enterprises in Kuzbass has fallen under the ax of bankruptcy. Thus, for 5 months of 1999, power engineers issued 245.6 million rubles in payments to chemists and petrochemists. Consumers paid a little more than a fifth in cash - 50 million rubles. And the total amount of settlements even exceeded current payments by seven million rubles and amounted to 252.6 million. As of June 1, 1999 chemists owe a lot to power engineers - about 118 million rubles (not counting hundreds of millions of rubles of frozen debt following decisions of an arbitration court when enterprises in the industry were declared bankrupt).
There have been positive changes in payments to energy workers and the main debtor Azot after the change of external manager. The situation with payments is worse at Khimvolokn: out of a five-month consumption of eight million rubles, six million were paid, less than one and a half million in cash. The company already has current debts of almost 4.5 million rubles. The calculations of the energy chemical company through which it builds relations with OJSC Khimprom cannot be called satisfactory). She gave only 700 thousand rubles from current payments this year in money, 21.8 million in products and offsets, but 4.8 million are still in the balance.
8. Conclusion.
The chemical industry, along with metallurgy, thermal energy and pulp and paper production, is included in the group of large-scale emissions of harmful substances that have the greatest impact on the state of the atmosphere, water resources, polluting soils and groundwater. Particularly dangerous are relatively small in volume, but highly toxic waste from the microbiological industry, the production of pesticides, etc. Emissions, primarily from the chemical industry, pollute many areas of the country. Thus, in the cities of Samara, Novokuybyshevsk, Tolyatti, Chapaevsk (Volga region), the atmosphere is oversaturated with particularly toxic substances: benzopyrene, hydrogen fluoride, dioxin, ethylene benzene. A number of particularly hazardous chemical production facilities are located in the city of Dzerzhinsk (Volga-Vyatka region), the atmosphere and territory of which contains cyanides, dioxins, and tetraethyl lead in high concentrations. In the r. Oka, after discharges from Dzerzhinsk factories, the content of methanol, cyanide, and formaldehyde increases sharply. The condition of the river is worsening. Chapaevka, the water of which, after the discharge of wastewater from the Chapaevsky Chemical Fertilizer Plant, becomes practically unusable due to the high level of pollution with pesticides. The largest plant "Apatit" (Northern region) causes great damage to the natural environment of the Kola Peninsula.
In order to improve the state of the environment in technological processes, the industry needs to use: oxidation and reduction using oxygen and nitrogen, electrochemical methods, membrane technology for separating gas and liquid mixtures, biotechnology, as well as methods of radiation, ultraviolet, electric pulse and plasma intensification of chemical reactions.
Urgent tasks in the Russian chemical industry are: overcoming the protracted crisis, technical re-equipment of enterprises with the widespread use of new and cutting-edge technologies capable of ensuring the integrated use of mineral and hydrocarbon raw materials, increasing production efficiency, reducing pollution emissions, recycling industrial waste, financing priority areas of development.
List of used literature:
1. Regional economics: Textbook for universities / T. G. Morozova, M. P. Pobednina, G. B. Polyak and others. Edited by prof. T. G. Morozova - M: Banks and exchanges, UNITY, 1995. - 304 p.
2. V. A. Kopylov: Geography of industry in Russia and the CIS countries: Textbook. – M: Information and Implementation Center “Marketing”, 1999. – 160 p.
3. Daily scientific and technical magazine No. 10: “Chemical Industry” / founders: Russian Federation Committee on the Chemical and Petrochemical Industry, LLC “TEZA”, International Federation of Chemists OJSC “Tekhnokhim” / Editorial Board: M. G. Slinko – editor-in-chief, 1999 (published since December 1924), 72 pp.
4. Eremenko V. A., Pecherkin A. S., Sidorov V. I. // Khim. prom., 1992, No. 3, 56 p.
5. Economics of the chemical industry / ed. Klimenko V.L.- L: 1990.- 288 p.
6. Technology of the most important industries / ed. Grinberg A.M., Khokhlova B.A. - M.: Higher School, 1985. – 310 s.
7. Socio-economic situation of the Kemerovo region. 1998. Statistical collection of Kemerovo, 1999.- 231 p.
8. Natural and intellectual resources of Siberia. Sibresurs ’95/ Abstracts of the first scientific and practical conference. Sections “Chemical production”, “Coal and coal products”. - Kemerovo, 1995.-148 p.
9. Ilyichev A.I., Vyatkin M.P., Kalishev N.V. Kuzbass: Resources, economics, market. Kuzbass encyclopedia. T.1.- 1995.- 288 p.
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The chemical forest complex is of great importance for the Russian economy. It unites technologically interconnected enterprises of the forestry and chemical industries. The sectors of the complex are closely related to all other sectors.
Chemical industry. It has a complex structure, including various branches of basic chemistry and organic synthesis. The industry has an extensive raw material base: various minerals, wood, water, air, and waste from other industries. But the main raw materials are now products of oil refining and coal coking. Russia occupies a leading place in the world in terms of reserves of chemical raw materials and wood.
The location of chemical industry enterprises depends on various factors; Among them, the most important are raw materials, energy, consumer, and water. The specificity of chemical production is that it is water-intensive and is one of the main polluters.
For different branches of the chemical industry, different factors are paramount.
Basic Chemistry
Basic chemistry includes the production of acids, alkalis and mineral fertilizers.
The sulfuric acid industry is one of the most important chemical industries; its products are used in the production of mineral fertilizers, metallurgy, food and light industries, etc.
Plants for the production of sulfuric acid are located only in areas of consumption, since it is poorly transportable.
The industry is developed in almost all economic regions. The most important enterprises are located in the Central region (Voskresensk, Shchelkovo, Novomoskovsk), in the Volgo-Vyatka region (Dzerzhinsk), in the Urals (Berezniki, Perm).
The soda industry produces products used in the glass, chemical industries, non-ferrous metallurgy, household goods, etc. It is located near salt deposits (the raw material for producing soda) - in the Altai Territory, Perm Region, and Bashkortostan.
Production of mineral fertilizers. Phosphates and apatites are used to produce phosphate fertilizers. Most factories in the Russian Federation operate on Khibiny apatite. Large enterprises are in Voskresensk, St. Petersburg, Kingisepp.
The production of potash fertilizers is represented by the Solekamsk and Bereznikovsky plants in the Urals.
The nitrogen industry uses mainly natural gas as a raw material, therefore new enterprises in the industry are located near gas fields, as well as along the routes of main gas pipelines. The main centers are Dzerzhinsk.
Berezniki, Novomoskovsk.
Chemistry of organic synthase
In recent years, the chemistry of organic synthesis has begun to play an important role.
It produces various organic compounds from hydrocarbon feedstocks (oil, natural gas, coal).
Basic organic synthesis includes the production of alcohols, organic acids, and solvents.
Organic synthesis enterprises produce plastics, resins, chemical fibers, etc., production of rubber, synthetic rubber, tires. The final stages of organic synthesis gravitate toward the consumer - mechanical engineering centers and the textile industry. Large plastics production factories are located in Kazan, Volgograd, Nizhny Tagil, Ufa, and Tyumen. Moscow, St. Petersburg.
The production of artificial and synthetic fibers requires a large amount of raw materials, fuel, and water. The main factories are located in Tver, Ryazan, Balashov, Barnaul, Kursk.
After the collapse of the USSR, chemistry, like other industries, is in a state of crisis. The country's national economy's need for chemical products is not being met due to the lag and reduction in capital construction and incomplete utilization of existing production facilities. There are often disruptions in the supply of fuel and energy, technological raw materials, materials (due to the severance of old production ties).
The decline in production is also associated with the deterioration of production conditions and the quality of raw materials, the lack of personnel with the necessary qualifications, violations of technology and the increasing frequency of accidents. A number of production facilities have been closed for environmental reasons.
The issue of urgent withdrawal of chemical enterprises from Moscow and other cities has become urgent.
The chemical industry has a high concentration of production in areas of the European part of the country. This contradicts the distribution of raw materials and fuel and energy resources throughout the territory of Russia. It is necessary to make more use of the rich resources of Siberia and the Far East.
In addition, the development of chemistry in the future should be based on improved investment, tax and credit policies, deepening the specialization of regions based on the development of highly efficient resources.