A pronoun is an independent part of speech that unites words whose semantics are oriented towards the names of objects, but do not name them. Pronouns in a sentence can replace an adjective, a numeral, a noun and an adverb.
However, unlike these parts of speech, the pronoun does not name objects, but points to them. For example: Sasha thought for a long time what would be better to give to his mother for her birthday. After much thought, he settled on the most successful gift option.
We see that the pronoun "He" in the second sentence, replaces the noun “Sasha”, which is the subject in the first. Thus, we know who we are talking about in the second sentence, while avoiding repetitions of the noun “Sasha”.
Pronoun grades
All pronouns are divided by category into the following groups:
Personal pronouns: you, I, he, she, they, it. Such pronouns indicate participants in a speech or action that was carried out before, is happening now, or will happen in the future.
Reflexive pronouns: yourself, you, them. Pronouns that indicate the addressee, identified with the character.
Possessive pronouns: yours, hers, mine. Indicate any affiliation with a specific person.
Demonstrative pronouns: that, so much, this. They identify the person who is (was, will be) discussed in the sentence.
Determinative pronouns: most, all, every, any. They cover a person, object or sign, often performing a clarifying role.
Negative pronouns: nothing, no one, no one. Point to negative characteristics person and object.
Indefinite pronouns: something, someone. Indicate deliberately hidden or uncertain objects or persons.
Grammatical properties of pronouns
When declension of pronouns, non-standard paradigms and suppletive forms are used. For example: the pronoun “nothing” cannot have the nominative case form, while the pronoun “someone” exists only in the nominative case. Pronouns are divided into three grammatical categories: pronominal nouns, pronominal adjectives and pronominal numerals.
Pronominal nouns include such categories of pronouns as reflexive, personal, negative and interrogative-relative. Such pronouns are considered to be similar to a noun, since they have a case category identical to them, as well as a syntactic function.
Pronominal adjectives consist of demonstrative and attributive pronouns. Such pronouns have forms of numbers, cases and gender, and perform the function of definition in a sentence.
In our Russian language, there are separate words that allow you to eliminate unnecessary tautologies, while making the pronunciation more literate and beautiful.
Here we will try to figure out what pronouns are, what they are, how to correctly combine them with other parts of speech.
What is a pronoun
The term “pronoun” refers to completely different groups of words that have different grammatical and lexical forms that allow you to replace repeating elements of absolutely any text.
Worth considering: the pronoun does not point to a specific object or feature, but to what was said in the text before it.
In a word, the term as a part of speech is an independent word, but does not carry clear specifics. It can only point to what was said before.
Girl Masha I went to the zoo with my mother. She I wanted to see a tall giraffe.
“Girl Masha” - specifically indicates a specific girl, “she” defines a sign of the fair sex. But if the text talked about Masha, then “she” will point to her; in some sentences this pronoun is more appropriate than repeating the girl’s name. There are many such examples.
What are the pronouns in Russian?
Depending on which parts of speech, as well as parts of the sentence they replace, several categories are distinguished. Signs characteristic of these types and examples are given in the table below.
Pronoun grades
| Rank | Signs | Examples |
| Personal | Indicate a specific animate or inanimate object | I, we (1st person) |
| you, you (2nd person) | ||
| he, she, it, they (3rd person) | ||
| Refundable | denote the action of someone towards oneself | to myself |
| Possessives | show belonging to something or someone | theirs, yours |
| Undefined | may refer to absolutely different parts speeches, but do not give a specific concept | a few, something, something |
| Index fingers | point to a specific item but do not provide additional information | this, that, so much |
| Negative | show the absence of signs of an object | nobody, nothing |
| Interrogative | asking an impersonal question | How many? |
| Relative | connecting elements of complex sentences | which, what |
| Definitive | generalizing options, as a rule, in a sentence are definitions | any, anyone, everyone |
How to determine the person of a pronoun? Using the examples from the table, as well as the principles of case declension, this is easy to do.
How to determine the category
The definition algorithm comes down to parsing text sentences into grammatical basics and identifying the members that these elements are. If necessary, you need to ask a question, determine what the searched word indicates (using the table, correlate it with the category).
Correlation with other parts of speech
In relation to other parts of speech, variants of this category are divided into several types.
The first 4 classes answer questions from those parts of speech that the search words belong to:
- noun pronouns;
- adjective pronouns;
- pronouns-adverbs;
- numeral pronouns;
- pronouns are words of the state category.
The 1st includes personal variants of this part, the 2nd includes possessive and some relative ones, all the rest may include different categories of pronouns.
Grammatical features
The grammar, as well as the spelling of words in this part of speech, is determined by the category of a particular word. This is how personal and some interrogative pronouns are declined well. However, they can change completely.
Relatives are used without question: they are a kind of “bridge” of complex sentences.
Syntactic role
In sentences, pronouns can be both main and secondary members. Moreover, they most often replace nouns and adjectives, numerals, adverbs, and therefore perform the role of those members that they replace.
A sentence can have elements of this part of speech: subjects (he), determiners (whose? which?), additions (that).
Numeral pronouns together with a noun can be one part of a sentence: subject or object.
Conclusion
Thus, the correct use of pronouns in your speech will give it not only emotionality and beauty, but will also show the literacy of a native Russian speaker.
The name of this part of speech speaks for itself. Place of the name, that is, instead of the name. It is immediately clear that those parts that are called nominal can be replaced by a pronoun. The proposal will not suffer from this replacement, but will only benefit. Nouns and adjectives, and other parts with them, may not be repeated; a synonymous pronoun will handle this.
Specific conversation about each
There are not many types of pronouns, they are easy to remember. Each category name is bright and telling. For clarity, you can analyze each of them.
- personal, indicate persons (I, he, you), they most often replace nouns.
- reflexive, return to themselves (themselves), it cannot have any grammatical category other than case.
- possessive, they attract to a specific person, it becomes mine, yours, his, theirs. They successfully replace the adjective.
- interrogatives, contain a question (who?, which?, how many?), used in interrogative sentences.
- relative,
- indicative, they give direction to a specific object (that, this, there).
- definitive,
- negative, they deny the object and its existence (no one, no need).
- Indefinite, they cannot decide who they are talking about in general (something, someone), they are formed from pronouns containing a question, in a prefix way.
Features of pronouns
Some pronouns are unusual and do not seem to be inflected. For example, the third person personal pronouns he, she, they in the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases have an additional letter N to the word: to him, about her, with them.
In negative pronouns, the presence of the prefixes ne- and ni- completely depends on the stress of the syllable. In a stressed strong position the letter E is inserted, in an unstressed position the letter I is inserted. For example, SOMEONE, but NOBODY.
Indefinite pronouns have their own spelling rules. The prefix KOE- and the suffixes -TO, -OR, -ANIBUD involved in the formation have a hyphen: someone.
In language there is such a thing as pronouns by reciprocity. There are a great many of them, which appeared due to the abundance of prepositions and the meaning of the relationship to several, and most often, to two objects or individuals. An example of this is the following expressions beloved by Russian people: from case to case, from time to time, from each other.
The pronoun always indicates, but does not specifically name anything. This feature does not allow the pronoun to be given complete freedom. This part of speech often performs a substitute function.
§1. general characteristics pronouns as parts of speech
A pronoun is an independent part of speech. The pronoun is not a significant part of speech.
Pronouns are a class of words heterogeneous in meaning and grammatical features.
For a pronoun, it is important what words it can replace: nouns, adjectives or numerals. The morphological features and syntactic role of pronouns indicating objects, characteristics or quantity are similar to nouns, adjectives and numerals. Therefore, they are sometimes called “noun pronouns,” “adjective pronouns,” and “numeral pronouns.”
1. Grammatical meaning- “indication”.
Pronouns are words that answer different questions. The fact is that a pronoun can replace any name: a noun, an adjective, and a numeral. Pronouns do not themselves express the meaning of different names, but only indicate them.
2. Morphological characteristics:
- constants - rank in meaning, other features are different, they depend on what part of speech the pronoun relates to: a noun, adjective or numeral,
- changeable - case (for most pronouns), then differently for pronouns associated with nouns, adjectives and numerals.
3. Syntactic role in a sentence, as with nouns, adjectives and numerals.
§2. Places by value
- Personal :
I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
- Returnable : myself
- Possessives :
mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, yours
- Demonstratives: ,
and also obsolete: this kind of (sort of), this, that
- Definitive: all, every, every, any, other, different, most, himself, and also obsolete: all kinds, every
- Interrogative :
- Relative : who, what, which, which, which, whose, how many
- Indefinite: pronouns formed from interrogative-relative pronouns using the prefixes not, some and suffixes -to, -or, -something: someone, something, several, some, something, anyone, anything, some, some etc. under.
- Negative: no one, no one, nothing, nothing, none, no one's
In school practice, the categories of pronouns learn by heart. Believe me, guys are the worst at it definitive pronouns: not remembered and that’s it! They are somehow different.
Our website user O.V. Lobankova sent a poem including attributive pronouns.
I teach myself lessons ALL day long,
I can handle ANY question.
But EVERY time when to the board
My name is, I'm all sad.
I am THE smartest, but I am shy;
ANOTHER is bolder than me, to envy.
NO other teacher even knows
Which “tortures” me EVERY time!
(Olga Lobankova)
1) a question word in interrogative sentences;
2) a conjunction word connecting parts of complex sentences in a complex sentence.
Others consider them to be different words with different functions, but the same in form, i.e. homonyms. Proponents of this interpretation distinguish not one category, but two:
Interrogative
- relative
§3. Morphological features of pronouns associated with different names
Language allows us to avoid many unnecessary repetitions of the same words. This is possible, in particular, because the role of other words can be taken on by pronouns. They are able to replace names in sentences: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Let's look at an example:
Yaroslavl- beautiful city. Yaroslavl stands on the banks of the Volga.
If in the second sentence we replace the word Yaroslavl on a pronoun He, we will avoid repetition: He stands on the banks of the Volga.
If a pronoun can replace a noun, then it correlates with the noun, if an adjective, then with the adjective, and if a numeral, then with the numeral.
1. Pronouns associated with nouns
This group includes:
- all personal pronouns
- return: self ,
- interrogative-relative: who, what ,
- indefinite: someone, something, someone, something, etc.,
- negative: nobody, nothing .
Morphological characteristics these pronouns are similar to morphological characteristics nouns They also have gender, number and case. And personal pronouns also have an unchangeable feature of person.
Pronouns, like nouns, do not change by gender. In some words, belonging to a gender is expressed by endings: he she it, other indicators have no genus. But often the gender can be determined from the context. Singular forms of the adjective help. or past tense verbs, for example: someone came, someone unfamiliar, something big. Thanks to syntactic connections, we know that the word Who- m.r., a What- average. Pronouns I And You- general kind, compare: I already an adult. I already an adult.
Number
Pronouns have a constant number sign. I And We, You And You, He And They- these are different words. The peculiarity of pronouns corresponding to nouns is that they do not change in number.
Case
Pronouns change by case, i.e. bow down.
But:
- at the reflexive pronoun myself, negative no one, nothing no I.P. form,
- someone there are only forms of I.p.,
- at an indefinite pronoun something there are forms I. and V.p.
Face
Personal pronouns have a person. Pronouns do not change according to persons.
Syntactic role in a sentence, like a noun. For example:
Nobody nothing won't know.
Nobody- subject, Nothing- addition.
Myself cannot be subject. The second feature is that myself can be included in the predicate along with the verb. The pronoun in this case does not add any other meaning other than reflexivity.
2. Pronouns associated with adjectives
This group includes:
- All possessive pronouns,
- demonstrative: almost all pronouns of this category,
- all attributive pronouns,
- four interrogatives and relatives: which, which, which, whose,
- indefinite, formed from which, which, whose: any, some and etc.
- negative: none, no one's
Like adjectives, the pronouns associated with them change in gender, number and case, consistent with the noun to which they refer.
The exception is possessive pronouns her his, used in singular and pronoun their, used in plural. These are unchangeable words. Examples:
I.p. her, him, them sister, brother, society
R.p. her, him, them sister, brother, society
D.p. her, him, them sister, brother, society
V.p. her, him, them sister, brother, society
etc. her, him, them sister, brother, society
P.p. (O) her, him, them sister, brother, society
I.p. her, his, their sisters, brothers, windows, etc.
Examples show that possessive pronouns her his And their themselves do not change. Nouns help determine their grammatical form.
Pronouns what, such, formally coinciding with short adjectives, like them, they change according to gender and number.
What father, what is mother, what does it feel like state, what are laws, that's how it is son, that's how it is daughter, that's how it is society, these are customs.
Syntactic role in a sentence predominantly a definition, less often part of a predicate. For example:
Mine, yours- definitions.
Without hard work ability nothing.
Nothing- part of the predicate. (Zero connective to be)
3. Pronouns associated with numerals
This is a small group of pronouns, which include the words how many, so many and their derivatives: several, how many, etc.
Like numerals, these pronouns change by case. They have no gender or number characteristics. Like numerals, they, being in the form I. and V.p. control the form of a noun: they require a noun after themselves. in the form of R.p. plural, for example: several apples, so many kilograms. In other cases they agree with the nouns in the case, for example: several apples, so many kilograms, (about) so many kilograms.
Like numerals, in a sentence such pronouns serve the same role as the noun to which the pronoun refers. For example:
Several apples were on the table.
Several apples- subject.
He ate several apples.
Several apples- addition.
Test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Can pronouns replace verbs?
Is it correct to believe that the syntactic role of a pronoun in a sentence can be the same as that of the nouns, adjectives or numerals that it replaces?
Which feature is characteristic of personal pronouns that other pronouns do not have?
- Case
- Numbers
Is the person of personal pronouns a constant (unchangeable feature)?
What case form does the reflexive pronoun not have? myself?
What part of speech do pronouns relate to? how much, how much?
- With nouns
- With adjectives
- With numerals
Which case forms do pronouns not have? no one, nothing?
someone?
- All except I.p.
What forms does the pronoun have? something?
- I.p. and V.p.
- Only I.p.
- Only V.p.
What category do pronouns belong to: this, that, such, such, so much?
- Definitive
- Undefined
- Index fingers
How many pronouns are there in the example: Treat every person the way you would like everyone to treat you.?
Right answers:
- With numerals
- I.p. and V.p.
- Index fingers
In contact with
You already know that nominal parts of speech can be replaced with a pronoun if necessary. But this must be done very carefully. Despite the fact that pronouns only indicate objects and signs, they carry a certain meaning. You will learn in this lesson what categories of meaning pronouns are divided into.
1. Let's remember what we've learned
Pronoun is an independent part of speech that indicates objects, signs or quantity, but does not name them. Pronouns include such different words as we, any, who, your, several, that etc. There are more than 50 pronouns in the Russian language.
2. Places of pronouns
The number of pronouns is quite large, and many of them have common features, for example, similar meaning or same type of declination. Based on this, it is possible to combine pronouns into groups based on similarity, or, in other words, ranks. Breaking a large number of words into small groups will help organize your knowledge of pronouns.
All pronouns can be divided into 9 digits, combining words that are similar in meaning. This lesson discusses each of them briefly. In the following lessons, each of the categories will be discussed in more detail.
Personal pronouns. These include words that indicate participants in the dialogue ( me, we, you, you), to persons not participating in it, as well as those who point to objects ( he, she, it, they).
Consider an example of the use of personal pronouns.
I couldn't You tell to me a little about him?
Pronoun You indicates the person with whom the dialogue is being conducted,
to me(n.f. - I) - on the speaker himself,
about him(n.f. - He) - either to a person not participating in the conversation, or to an object.
The next category is unique in that it includes only one word - pronoun myself. It, like the discharge itself, is called return. Pronoun myself indicates who is being spoken about, as well as the fact that the action is directed at the person performing the action. Consider examples of its use.
She doesn't regret it at all myself!
Take it to myself assistant
The children only thought about to yourself.
All examples use the pronoun myself in various cases.
Possessive pronouns. This category includes words indicating that an object or objects belong to a certain person or certain persons. Possessive pronouns answer questions whose? whose? whose? whose? These include words mine, ours, yours, yours, his, hers, theirs And mine.
Consider an example.
- This is yours pencil?
- Not no my. Most likely this is her pencil.
Possessive pronouns are used in this dialogue yours, mine, hers. All of them indicate that the object belongs to one person or another - the interlocutor, the speaker or a person not participating in the conversation, and answer the question whose?
Interrogative and relative pronouns. They contain the same words, but their functions are different, so they are traditionally divided into two different groups.
Interrogative pronouns indicate objects, characteristics, quantity, serve to express a question and are used in interrogative sentences. These are the words Who? What? Which? whose? which? what? How many? Consider examples.
Who called?
Which hour?
How many will people come to the party?
These sentences use interrogative pronouns Who? which? How many?
Relative pronouns, like interrogatives, indicate objects, characteristics, quantity, but at the same time serve to connect parts of complex sentences. This category includes the same words as the category of interrogative pronouns: who, what, which, whose, which, which, how many. They are also called allied words. Consider examples of their use.
Brother doesn't know Who called.
Say please, which hour.
These sentences use the same pronouns as in the previous examples - who, which, how much. However, here they serve not to express questions, but to attach subordinate clauses to main clauses.
Indefinite pronouns. This is the most numerous of all pronominal categories. What these pronouns have in common is the meaning of uncertainty.
Indefinite pronouns indicate indefinite objects, characteristics or quantity. Enough applies to them a large number of words that have specific morphemes by which indefinite pronouns can be easily recognized: -something, -either, -something, -, as well as a shock attachment Not-. The category of indefinite pronouns includes someone, something, some, something, someone's, someone, several, some and others.
Somebody knocked quietly on the door.
We need to discuss some question.
It was on the table some apples
In these examples there are indefinite pronouns someone, some, several, which indicate an indefinite person, an indefinite attribute of an object and an indefinite quantity.
Negative pronouns. Words of this category have a common meaning. They express the absence of an object or sign. There are two types of negative pronouns - with a prefix Not-(these are words no one, nothing) and with the prefix neither- (nobody, nothing, none, no one's).
Please note: negative pronouns no one And nothing do not have a nominative case form. Words someone And something belong to the category of indefinite pronouns.
Let us give examples of the use of negative pronouns.
The day until the evening is boring, if you do nothing.
They dont have no pets.
Here we see negative pronouns nothing And no.
Demonstrative pronouns. As you can guess from the name of the category, such pronouns indicate something, namely an object, attribute or quantity. These include the words: this, that, such, such, so much, as well as less common pronouns this, this one, such, sort of.
Who doesn't work That doesn't eat.
This The car is always parked in our yard.
So many We have never seen snow before.
Demonstrative pronoun That from the first example indicates an object, this from the second sentence - to the attribute of the object, so many from the third - by quantity.
Determinative pronouns. These pronouns indicate the generalized quality of the subject. These include the following words: each, every, most, himself, all, different, other, any, as well as outdated everyone And all kinds.
Every of you knows what a pronoun is.
All the room is illuminated with an amber shine(A.S. Pushkin).
This shirt will match any trousers.
In these examples we came across attributive pronouns every, all, any.
To summarize the knowledge gained about pronouns of all categories, you can study this table.
Table 1. Classes of pronouns ()
Bibliography
- Russian language. 6th grade / Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
- Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades - M.: Bustard, 2008.
- Russian language. 6th grade / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.
- Terver.ru ().
- Licey.net().
Homework
Task No. 1
Fill in the missing pronouns, determine the categories, and add the missing punctuation marks. If you have any difficulties, please refer to the material for help.
Antipych somehow looked especially at ………., and the dog immediately understood the man: ………was calling ………. out of friendship, out of friendship, not for ………, but just like that, to joke, to play. The grass waved its tail, began to descend lower and lower on its legs, and when it crawled up to the old man’s knees, it lay on its back and turned its light belly up. Antipych just extended his hand to stroke………. , ……..when he suddenly jumps up and puts his paws on your shoulders - and smack, smack………….. : and in the nose and in the cheeks and in………..lips.
Words for reference: what, her, his, most, she, her, he
Task No. 2
Fill in the missing letters, as well as appropriate pronouns. Underline them, as well as the words in place of which these pronouns are used, as parts of the sentence. Indicate the case of all pronouns:
M...my friend is Masha. I've been friends with _______________ for a long time. Masha is very kind... In the... fall holidays, _____________ and I went on holiday to the camp. ____________ was very heavy.