The emergence and development of social ecology is closely related to the widespread approach according to which the natural and social world cannot be considered in isolation from each other.
The term “social ecology” was first used by American scientists R. Park and E. Burgess in 1921 to define the internal mechanism of development of the “capitalist city”. By the term “social ecology” they understood primarily the process of planning and development of urbanization of large cities as the epicenter of interaction between society and nature.
Danilo J. Markovic (1996) notes that “social ecology can be defined as a branch sociology, the subject of study of which is the specific connections between humanity and the environment; the influence of the latter as a set of natural and social factors on man, as well as his influence on the environment with position of its preservation for his life as a natural social being."
Social ecology is a scientific discipline that empirically studies and theoretically generalizes the specific connections between society, nature, man and his living environment (environment) in the context of global problems of humanity with the aim of not only preserving, but also improving the environment of man as a natural and social being.
Social ecology explains and predicts the main directions of development of interaction between society and the natural environment: historical ecology, cultural ecology, ecology and economics, ecology and politics, ecology and morality, ecology and law, environmental informatics, etc.
The subject of the study of social ecology is to identify patterns of development of this system, value-ideological, sociocultural, legal and other prerequisites and conditions for its sustainable development. That is the subject of social ecology is a relationship in the system “society-man-technology-natural environment”.
In this system, all elements and subsystems are homogeneous, and the connections between them determine its immutability and structure. The object of social ecology is the “society-nature” system.
In addition, scientists have proposed that, within the framework of social ecology, a relatively independent (territorial) level of research should be identified: the population of urbanized zones, individual regions, regions, and the planetary level of the planet Earth should be investigated.
The creation of the Institute of Social Ecology and the definition of its subject of research were influenced primarily by:
Complex relationships between humans and the environment;
Exacerbation of the environmental crisis;
Standards of necessary wealth and organization of life, which should be taken into account when planning methods of exploiting nature;
Knowledge of the possibilities (study of mechanisms) of social control in order to limit pollution and preserve the natural environment;
Identification and analysis of public goals, including new ways of life, new concepts of ownership and responsibility for preserving the environment;
The influence of population density on human behavior, etc.
| | | next lecture ==> | |
The term “social ecology” itself contains a certain duality, this duality is also characteristic of man himself: on the one hand, man as a living biological being is part of natural nature, and as a social being - part of society, the social environment.
Which sciences should social ecology be classified as, humanitarian or natural, social or environmental? What is more natural or social in social ecology? Some scientists, mainly representing the natural sciences (anthropologists, geographers, biologists), believe that social ecology is a section of ecology, namely a section of human ecology. Others, mainly sociologists, talk about the humanitarian orientation of social ecology and present it as a branch of sociology. Philosophers, historians, and physicians made a huge contribution to the development of social ecology.
The initial interpretation of the term “Human ecology” given by Roderick Mackenzie in 1924, who defined “Human ecology” as the science of those spatial and temporal forms of human existence that are determined by selective (promoting selection), distributive (predetermining distribution) and adaptive environmental forces. That is, we were talking about the natural environment as an arena for the life of social groups and societies and about the characteristics of these social groups and societies that depend on the properties of this arena. It is interesting that this interpretation of the term “Human ecology” is surprisingly consistent with the conclusions of the ancient historian Herodotus (484-425 BC), who connected the process of character formation in people and the establishment of a particular political system with the action of natural factors (climate, landscape features, etc.). As can be seen from this example, the history of social ecology, which took shape as a separate science in the twentieth century, has its roots in ancient times. Problems of the relationship between nature and society have occupied the minds of scientists since the emergence of science. Not only Herodotus, but also Hippocrates, Plato, Eratosthenes, Aristotle, Thucydides, Diodorus Siculus studied various aspects of these interactions. Diodorus Siculus was the first to formulate the idea of the dependence between the productive power of labor and natural conditions. He noted the natural advantages of agriculture among the Egyptians over other peoples of the Mediterranean. He directly connected the height and obesity of the Indians (which he knew about from stories) with the abundance of fruits, and he also explained the characteristics of the Scythians with natural factors. Eratosthenes established in science an approach to the study of the Earth in which it is considered as a human home, and called this area of knowledge geography3. The physician Hippocrates was primarily concerned with the question of the impact of nature on each individual human being, and not on society. Therefore, Hippocrates is rightfully considered the father of medical geography. The idea of the predominant influence of nature on man and society through geographical factors became stronger in science even more in the Middle Ages, and later, it received its most complete development in the works of Montesquieu (1689-1755), Henry Thomas Buckle (1821-1862), L.I. . Mechnikov (1838-1888), F. Ratzel (1844-1904). According to the ideas of these scientists, the geographical environment and natural conditions determine not only the social organization, but also the character of the people, and man can only adapt to nature. As noted by the Swiss geographer, sociologist and publicist of Russian origin L.I. Mechnikov’s role of the natural environment is to teach people solidarity and mutual assistance, first by the force of fear and coercion (river civilizations), then on the basis of benefit (sea civilizations) and, finally, on the basis of free choice (global oceanic civilization). At the same time, the evolution of civilization and the Environment occurs in parallel. The English historian Henry Thomas Buckle wrote the aphorism “In ancient times, the richest countries were those whose nature was most abundant; Nowadays, the richest countries are those in which people are most active.” The American scientist J. Byus notes that the line “human geography - human ecology - society” originated in the works of O. Comte and was later developed by other sociologists.
Below are some of the most well-known definitions of social ecology by leading scientists in the field.
According to E.V. Girusov, social ecology is the science of the environment, considered within the framework of the theory of interaction between society and nature in order to find out the patterns of development of these relations and find ways to optimize them.
According to N.F. Reimers, social ecology is devoted to relationships in the “society-nature” system at different structural levels of the anthroposphere, from humanity to the individual, and is included in anthropology.
Social ecology (socioecology) is a science that was formed in the 70-80s of the 20th century, its subject being the relationship between society and nature, with the goal of bringing these relationships into a state of harmony, relying on the power of the human mind (Yu.G. Markov).
Social ecology is a separate sociological science, the subject of study of which is the specific connections between humanity and the environment; the influence of the latter as a set of natural and social factors on a person, as well as his influence on the environment from the position of its preservation for his life as a natural social being (Danilo Zh. Markovich).
I.K. Bystryakova, T.N. Karyakin and E.A. Meerson, believe that social ecology can be defined as “industrial sociology, the subject of study of which is the specific connections between man and the environment, the influence of the latter as a set of natural and social factors on man, as well as his influence on the environment from the standpoint of its conservation for his life as a natural social being” Bystryakov I.K., Meyerson E.A., Karyakina T.N. Social ecology: Course of lectures. / under general Ed. E.A. Meyerson. Volgograd. VolSU Publishing House, 1999. - P. 27..
Social ecology is a union of scientific branches that study the connection of social structures (starting with the family and other small social groups) with the natural and social environment of their habitat (T.A. Akimova, V.V. Haskin).
Social ecology is the science of the development and functioning of social communities, social structures and institutions under the influence of environmental factors of an anthropological nature on their livelihoods, leading to socio-ecological tensions and conflicts, as well as mechanisms for their reduction or resolution; about the patterns of social actions and mass behavior in conditions of socio-ecological tension or conflict against the backdrop of an environmental crisis (Sosunova I. A.).
Social ecology is a scientific discipline that empirically studies and theoretically generalizes the specific connections between society, nature, man and his living environment (environment) in the context of global problems of humanity with the aim of not only preserving, but also improving the environment of man as a natural and social being ( A.V. Losev, G.G. Provadkin).
V.A. Elk defines social ecology as a science focused on identifying the basic patterns and forms of human interaction with his environment, studying the diverse connections and changes occurring in the biosphere under the influence of the production, economic and socio-cultural activities of society.
The analysis of the history of the development of socioecological knowledge and the analysis of definitions of social ecology indicates that the concept of “social ecology” is evolving. And, despite its deep roots, social ecology is a young science: like other young sciences, social ecology does not have a single definition of the subject of scientific research Los V.A. Ecology: textbook / V.A. Elk. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2006. - P. 34..
The object of social ecology as an integrative science is the diverse connections of the “society - nature” system, which in a more specific form appears as the “society - man - technology - natural environment” system.
The subject of social ecology is the laws of development of the “society-nature” system and the resulting principles and methods for optimizing and harmonizing relations between man and nature. The first part of the subject represents its epistemological side and is associated with the knowledge of laws, which in terms of generality are lower than philosophical ones, but higher than the laws of special and complex sciences. The second side of the subject reflects the practical orientation of social ecology and is associated with the study and formulation of principles and methods for optimizing and harmonizing human relations with nature, preserving and improving the quality of the human natural environment and, above all, its core - the biosphere. The subject of social ecology is the patterns of emergence, formation and development of the noosphere.
Self-determination and identification of any science are associated with the definition of their specific subject and methods. The difficulty of defining specific methods of social ecology (as well as the subject) is associated with a number of circumstances: the youth of social ecology as a science - it is one of the youngest sciences; the specificity of the subject of social ecology itself, which has a complex nature and includes biotic, abiotic, sociocultural and technical phenomena; the integrative nature of science, associated with the need for interdisciplinary synthesis of environmental knowledge and ensuring the connection of science with practice; representation within the framework of social ecology of not only descriptive, but also normative knowledge.
Social ecology widely uses such general scientific methods as observation, comparison, generalization, classification, idealization, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis; methods of causal, structural and functional explanation; methods of unity of the historical and logical, ascent from the abstract to the concrete, modeling, etc.
Since social ecology is an integrative science, it uses methods of sociological analysis, mathematical and statistical methods, positive and interpretive methods of scientific knowledge.
Among the fundamental methods of social ecology a number of authors (V.D. Komarov, D.Zh. Markovich) attribute methods of systematic and integrated approaches, system analysis, modeling and forecasting, connecting them with the systemic nature of the biosphere and socio-natural interaction, the integrative nature of science itself, the need for systemic actions of all humanity in nature and the prevention of their negative consequences.
Applied methods of social ecology include methods for creating geographic information systems, recording and assessing the state of the environment, certification and standardization, comprehensive environmental and economic analysis and environmental diagnostics, engineering and environmental surveys, assessing the impact of man-made pollution, environmental observation and control (monitoring, examination) , environmental design.
- (from ancient Greek οἶκος dwelling, dwelling, house, property and λόγος concept, doctrine, science) the science of the interactions of living organisms and their communities with each other and with the environment. The term was first proposed by the German biologist Ernst... ... Wikipedia
A branch of science that studies relationships between people. communities and surrounding geographic space., social and cultural environment, direct and collateral influence of production, activities on the composition and properties of the environment, environmental... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
- [Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Ecology- (from eco... and...logy), synthetic biological science about the relationships between living organisms and their habitat. Ecology is one of the fundamental (functional) subdivisions of biology that study the fundamental properties... ... Ecological dictionary
ECOLOGY- the science of the relationship between organisms and their environment (conditions of existence). The term “ecology” was introduced into scientific use by E. Haeckel in 1866. At the first stages, ecology developed as a branch of biology: animal ecology (A.F. Middendorf, K. Mobius),… … Philosophy of Science: Glossary of Basic Terms
Ecology- (from the Greek oikos house, dwelling, residence and...logy), the science of the relationships of organisms and their communities with each other and with the environment. The term “ecology” was proposed in 1866 by the German biologist E. Haeckel. From the middle of the 20th century. in connection with... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
A science that studies the conditions and patterns of interaction between society and nature. Social ecology is divided into economic, demographic, urban, futurological and legal ecology. Dictionary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001... Dictionary of business terms
- (from the Greek oikos house, dwelling, residence and...logy), the science of the relationships of living organisms and the communities they form among themselves and with the environment. the term ecology was proposed in 1866 by E. Haeckel. Ecological objects can be populations... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
The science of organisms and the communities they form among themselves and with the environment. E. is engaged in the study of all living organisms and all functional processes that make the environment suitable for life. The objects of E. can be populations of organisms... Dictionary of emergency situations
Social work is a professional activity aimed at organizing assistance and mutual assistance to people and groups who find themselves in difficult life situations, their psychosocial rehabilitation and integration. In its most general form, social work represents... ... Wikipedia
Books
- Geoecology. Study guide, Sturman Vladimir Itshakovich. The textbook was prepared in accordance with the state educational standard in the direction of “Ecology and environmental management” and is intended for students of higher educational institutions…
- Germany. Linguistic and regional dictionary. Over 5000 units, Muravleva N.V., Muravleva E.N., Nazarova T.Yu.. The dictionary contains more than 5 thousand dictionary entries from the cultural, socio-political and everyday life of Germany. Each German word or phrase is accompanied by a translation and...
SEMINAR 1 QUESTION 1
The Constitution provides that land and other natural resources are used and protected in the Russian Federation as the basis for the life and activities of the peoples living in the relevant territory. This provision is the foundation of the rights and obligations of the state, society and landowners. In addition, it, contrary to the norms of federal laws, gave rise to a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation to declare lands and other natural resources their property, appropriating to themselves some of the functions of the Russian Federation in the field of use and protection of lands.
The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in Resolution No. 10-P dated 06/07/2000 “On the case of verifying the constitutionality of certain provisions of the Constitution of the Altai Republic and the Federal Law “On the General Principles of the Organization of Legislative (Representative) and Executive Bodies of State Power of the Subjects of the Russian Federation”” considered, in particular , the question of declaring all natural resources located on its territory as the property (property) of the Altai Republic. It was recognized that a subject of the Russian Federation does not have the right to declare natural resources on its territory as its property (property) and to carry out such regulation that limits their use in the interests of all peoples of the Russian Federation, since this violates its sovereignty, as well as the division of jurisdiction and powers established by the Constitution .
The protection of lands as the basis for the life and activities of peoples was provided for in the Land Code of the RSFSR; the structure of this norm has not lost its significance to this day. The Land Code provides for an environmental component of land protection, since they are the basis of the life and activities of peoples. The goals of land protection are achieved through the implementation of a system of legal, organizational, economic and other measures aimed at their rational use, prevention of unjustified withdrawal of lands from agricultural use, protection from harmful influences, as well as restoration of land productivity, including forest lands, and for reproduction and improvement of soil fertility.
The Environmental Protection Law provides for a number of environmental requirements for land owners, in particular:
– during land reclamation, placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning and operation of reclamation systems and separately located hydraulic structures (Article 43);
– production, handling and neutralization of potentially dangerous chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms (Article 47);
– use of radioactive substances and nuclear materials (Article 48);
– use of chemicals in agriculture and forestry (Article 49);
– management of production and consumption waste (Article 51).
QUESTION 2 THE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL ECOLOGY AS A SCIENTIFIC AND METHODOLOGICAL BASIS
Social ecology is a scientific discipline that examines relationships in the “society-nature” system, studying the interaction and relationships of human society with the natural environment (Nikolai Reimers).
But such a definition does not reflect the specifics of this science. Social ecology is currently being formed as a private independent science with a specific subject of research, namely:
the composition and characteristics of the interests of social strata and groups exploiting natural resources;
perception by different social strata and groups of environmental problems and measures to regulate environmental management;
taking into account and using the characteristics and interests of social strata and groups in the practice of environmental protection measures
Thus, social ecology is the science of the interests of social groups in the field of environmental management.
Problems of social ecology
The goal of social ecology is to create a theory of the evolution of the relationship between man and nature, a logic and methodology for transforming the natural environment. Social ecology is intended to understand and help bridge the gap between man and nature, between humanities and natural sciences.
Social ecology as a science must establish scientific laws, evidence of objectively existing necessary and essential connections between phenomena, the signs of which are their general nature, constancy and the possibility of their prediction, it is necessary in this way to formulate the basic patterns of interaction of elements in the “society - nature” system so that this made it possible to establish a model of optimal interaction of elements in this system.
When establishing the laws of social ecology, one should first of all point out those that were based on an understanding of society as an ecological subsystem. First of all, these are the laws that were formulated in the thirties by Bauer and Vernadsky.
The first law says that the geochemical energy of living matter in the biosphere (including humanity as the highest manifestation of living matter, endowed with intelligence) strives for maximum expression.
The second law contains the statement that in the course of evolution those species of living beings remain which, through their vital activity, maximize biogenic geochemical energy.
Social ecology reveals patterns of relationships between nature and society, which are as fundamental as physical patterns. But the complexity of the subject of research itself, which includes three qualitatively different subsystems - inanimate and animate nature and human society, and the short time of existence of this discipline lead to the fact that social ecology, at least at the present time, is predominantly an empirical science, and the principles formulated by it patterns are extremely general aphoristic statements (such as Commoner’s “laws”).
Law 1. Everything is connected to everything. This law postulates the unity of the World, it tells us about the need to search and study the natural sources of events and phenomena, the emergence of chains connecting them, the stability and variability of these connections, the appearance of breaks and new links in them, stimulates us to learn to heal these gaps, as well as predict the course of events .
Law 2. Everything has to go somewhere. It is easy to see that this is essentially just a paraphrase of the well-known conservation laws. In its most primitive form, this formula can be interpreted as follows: matter does not disappear. The law should be extended to both information and the spiritual. This law directs us to study the ecological trajectories of the movement of elements of nature.
Law 3. Nature knows best. Any major human intervention in natural systems is harmful to it. This law seems to separate man from nature. Its essence is that everything that was created before man and without man is the product of long trial and error, the result of a complex process based on factors such as abundance, ingenuity, indifference to individuals with an all-encompassing desire for unity. In its formation and development, nature developed the principle: what is assembled is disassembled. In nature, the essence of this principle is that not a single substance can be synthesized naturally if there is no means to destroy it. The entire cyclical mechanism is based on this. A person does not always provide for this in his activities.
Law 4. Nothing is given for free. In other words, you have to pay for everything. Essentially, this is the second law of thermodynamics, which speaks of the presence of fundamental asymmetry in nature, that is, the unidirectionality of all spontaneous processes occurring in it. When thermodynamic systems interact with the environment, there are only two ways to transfer energy: heat release and work. The law says that to increase their internal energy, natural systems create the most favorable conditions - they do not take “duties”. All work done can be converted into heat without any loss and replenish the internal energy reserves of the system. But, if we do the opposite, i.e., we want to do work using the internal energy reserves of the system, i.e., do work through heat, we must pay. All heat cannot be converted into work. Every heat engine (technical device or natural mechanism) has a refrigerator, which, like a tax inspector, collects duties. Thus, the law states that you cannot live for free. Even the most general analysis of this truth shows that we live in debt, since we pay less than the real cost of the goods. But, as you know, growing debt leads to bankruptcy.
The concept of law is interpreted by most methodologists in the sense of an unambiguous cause-and-effect relationship. Cybernetics gives a broader interpretation of the concept of law as a limitation on diversity, and it is more suitable for social ecology, which reveals the fundamental limitations of human activity. It would be absurd to put forward as a gravitational imperative that a person should not jump from a great height, since death in this case would inevitably await. But the adaptive capabilities of the biosphere, which make it possible to compensate for violations of environmental patterns before reaching a certain threshold, make environmental imperatives necessary. The main one can be formulated as follows: the transformation of nature must correspond to its adaptation capabilities.
One of the ways to formulate socio-ecological patterns is to transfer them from sociology and ecology. For example, the law of correspondence of productive forces and production relations to the state of the natural environment, which is a modification of one of the laws of political economy, is proposed as the basic law of social ecology. We will consider the patterns of social ecology proposed based on the study of ecosystems after familiarization with ecology.
Social ecology is a scientific discipline that examines the relationship of society with the geographical, social and cultural environments, i.e. with the environment surrounding a person. Communities of people, in connection with their environment, have a dominant social organization (levels from elementary social groups to humanity as a whole are considered). The history of the emergence of society has long been studied by anthropologists and social scientists.
The main goal of social ecology is to optimize the coexistence of humans and the environment on a systematic basis. Man, acting in this case as a society, makes the subject of social ecology large contingents of people who fall into separate groups depending on their social status, occupation, age. Each of the groups, in turn, has specific relationships with the environment within the framework of housing, recreation areas, garden plots, and so on.
Social ecology is the science of adaptation of subjects to processes in natural and artificial environments. Object of social ecology: subjective reality of subjects at different levels. Subject of social ecology: adaptation of subjects to processes in natural and artificial environments.
The goal of social ecology as a science is to create a theory of the evolution of the relationship between man and nature, a logic and methodology for transforming the natural environment. Social ecology is intended to understand and help bridge the gap between man and nature, between humanities and natural sciences.
Social ecology reveals patterns of relationships between nature and society, which are as fundamental as physical patterns.
But the complexity of the subject of research itself, which includes three qualitatively different subsystems - inanimate and animate nature and human society, and the short time of existence of this discipline lead to the fact that social ecology, at least at the present time, is predominantly an empirical science, and the principles formulated by it patterns are extremely aphoristic statements.
The concept of law is interpreted by most methodologists in the sense of an unambiguous cause-and-effect relationship. Cybernetics gives a broader interpretation of the concept of law as a limitation on diversity, and it is more suitable for social ecology, which reveals the fundamental limitations of human activity. The main law can be formulated as follows: the transformation of nature must correspond to its adaptive capabilities.
One of the ways to formulate socio-ecological patterns is to transfer them from sociology and ecology. For example, the law of correspondence of productive forces and production relations to the state of the natural environment, which is a modification of one of the laws of political economy, is proposed as the basic law of social ecology.
Two directions are subordinated to the implementation of the tasks of social ecology: theoretical (fundamental) and applied. Theoretical social ecology is aimed at studying the patterns of interaction between human society and the environment and developing a general theory of their balanced interaction. In this context, the problem of identifying co-evolutionary patterns of modern industrial society and the nature it changes comes to the fore.
-
Definition, item, goals And tasks social ecology. Social ecology- a scientific discipline that examines the relationship between society and geography, social and cultural environments, i.e. with the environment surrounding a person. -
Definition, item, goals And tasks social ecology. Social ecology- a scientific discipline that examines the relationship between society and geography, social... more ». -
Definition, item, goals And tasks social ecology.
Theoretical function social ecology has its own purpose first of all, the development of basic conceptual paradigms (examples) that explain the nature environmental development of society, man and... -
If there is a problem. If the application does not launch on your phone, use this form. Item forecasting, goals And tasks forecasting, basic definitions. -
Comparisons with each other are no less revealing. definitions social ecology And ecology
It is easy to see that such an interpretation subject ecology person actually
Basic tasks social ecology based on this there may be determined... -
social ecology
Organization of an environmental management system includes: formation environmental politicians; definition goals, tasks, environmental policy priorities; production... -
2. Definition prevalence, symptoms and severity of speech disorders.
Data Solution tasks defines progress of speech therapy intervention. -
Just download the cheat sheets social ecology- and you are not afraid of any exam!
Ecological audit is a systematic, documented process of verifying objectively obtained and evaluated audit evidence for definitions compliance... -
Water resources are the water reserves of internal and territorial seas, lakes, rivers, reservoirs, Item, target, tasks and a system of natural resource statistics indicators. -
System analysis is designed to solve complex, poorly solvable tasks
This definition can be considered systemic definition subject area.
Target system analysis - to find out these interactions, their potential and “direct them to the service of man.”
Similar pages found:10