The captain's daughter, what is the Belgorod fortress like, the order established in it. What was the Belgorod fortress like on the eve of Pugachev’s entry into it? What was the Belogorsk fortress like and the order established in it?

In April 1649, the king Alexey Mikhailovich approved the Order on city deanery. In it, the sovereign commands “to avoid dirt - to have a janitor in every yard” in order to “take care of all yard work, repairs and other matters.” Thus, for the first time, supervision over the performance of the functions of “public decency” (doing good for society) was created at the state level. This is considered the time when Russian housing and communal services were founded.

And the decree Peter the Great dated January 16, 1721, transferred the functions of “public deanery” to the Russian police created by that time. Peter I called the police “the soul of citizenship and all good order”, associated with this department the concepts of “population welfare”, “prohibition of excesses in household expenses”, “practicing good homeowners”, “cleanliness in the streets and in houses”.

Janitor, dear janitor

These words from the scary song of the Agatha Christie group in our case sound calm and respectful. For more than a hundred years, little has changed in the tools with which street cleaners bring beauty to the streets and courtyards. Representatives of this profession are depicted in metal Taras Kostenko. Today this sculpture is one of the attractions of Belgorod.

It was thanks to janitors that a century ago Belgorod was recognized by contemporaries as one of the best district cities not only in the Kursk province, but also Russian Empire. A local historian wrote about this in the book “Kursk Province on an Old Postcard” Yuri Donchenko, further noting that “it [Belgorod] made a pleasant impression on every visitor, giving enough comfort to those living in it.”

Photo by Vladimir Yurchenko

IN 1913 the janitor's salary was 18 rubles per month. With this money he could buy a choice of three coats or four suits, 12 pairs of leather shoes, more than 80 kg of beef, 54 bottles of vodka, 1,250 loaves of bread, over a ton of potatoes, and almost 700 liters of milk. The janitors lived in collectives in the janitor's quarters; their families usually remained in the village. Equipment and ammunition were issued by the government. The janitors always had a metal badge indicating the block number and a whistle - “in case of scaring away adversaries and calling the policeman” - mandatory.

Best of Fourteen

At the beginning of the last century, the city authorities of Belgorod treated the comfort of the citizens with commendable responsibility, at least this is what the documents testify. IN 1913 In the city, the Law “On Ensuring Normal Rest for Employees in Trade and Craft Establishments” has been in force for seven years and has been strictly observed. The fifth article of this document prohibited trading on Sundays and church holidays.

"Guide to Belgorod"Ivan Kulegaeva says that in 1911 Belgorod was a pretty good district town, “the best of the 14 cities of the Kursk province.” It had everything that should have been in a city with organized trade, consumer services and housing and communal services appropriate for its time.

There was something to keep an eye on: there was a hospital, pharmacies, doctors, police and fire departments, printing houses, bathhouses, bookstores, and a brewery. Belgorod residents were entertained by three cinemas and two concert halls. On holidays and weekends one could walk in city parks. In Belgorod to 1913 there are about two dozen educational institutions. Trading enterprises brought grain, livestock, wool, leather, lard, wax and manufactured goods.

Naturally, even at that time, garbage removal, storage and disposal were a significant problem. However, the Belgorod Zemstvo Administration strictly monitored this - they punished negligent business executives and were in charge of the arrangement and maintenance of public buildings. And the housing commission kept records of rent and utility bills. There was another organization - the City Housing Tax Presence. Receipts were issued taking into account a special gradation, based on the type of buildings in which the apartments were located - brick or wooden.

According to the Estimation and Statistical Department of the Kursk Provincial Zemstvo for 1913, apartments with two to five bedrooms cost their owners from four to six rubles per month. The payment included heating, lighting, sewage treatment and repairs. For these purposes, the Belgorod Zemstvo Administration of the Belgorod Uyezd spent no less than 15 % your annual budget, or about 50 thousand rubles. Well, in general, up to 80 % budget funds.

Water story

At the end of the 18th century, the Empress Catherine II ordered the construction of the first water supply system in Moscow. Construction was entrusted to the general Bauer. Search clean water led to springs near the village of Bolshie Mytishchi, from where they began to build the first Moscow water supply system. The work was completed by 1804. IN 1898 The first sewerage system was built in Moscow.

And in Belgorod, the first water supply system with lifting machines began to operate with 1871. The city was supplied with spring water from under the Chalk (White) Mountain through water supply networks, the length of which was 5 km. The released water was measured in buckets. In the first year, Belgorod residents received 621.5 thousand buckets of water - 7.8 thousand cubic meters of water. In the Zhiloy settlement (the western part of the city from the Moscow highway) in 1886, a water supply was installed from an artesian well. By the way, to this day Belgorod residents drink artesian water.

By the beginning of the 20th century, 20% of Russian cities had water pipes. The average water consumption in cities was no more than 40 liters per day per person. The quality of the supplied water left much to be desired. Sewage systems with treatment of waste streams were available only in 23 cities of the Russian Empire. In the country as a whole, the sewer network reached only 18% of the total length of the water supply network. According to statistical reports of that time, 60% of the city's housing stock did not have electricity, almost 80 did not have running water and 90 did not have sewerage. The share of housing stock with central heating was about 1%. Belgorod was no exception in these indicators, although, as Anatoly Krupenkov and Boris Osykov noted in the “Historical Chronicle of Belgorod,” there was a steady trend towards development.

According to Kulegaev’s guidebook, Belgorod’s water supply system by this time consisted of two country water pumps. There were two tanks - on Bazarnaya and Peter and Paul Squares. “18 water collection booths have become operational in the city. Water supply was provided to 181 private households and 8 city houses. There are 45 fire hydrants in operation.” Net income from the water supply system exceeded 6 thousand rubles per year.

As the city develops, the water supply system also develops. The volume of released water is already 1910 amounted to 8 million buckets, or almost 100 thousand cubic meters of water.

December 1910 The Belgorod city government adopts a resolution by which it decides to complete the construction of the water supply system and “take care to replace the most unsuitable water meters with new ones.” It is also noted that water booth guards should keep books to record daily revenue from the sale of water. Well, after five years - in 1915– the volume of water supplied by the pipeline more than doubled and amounted to about 260 thousand cubic meters.

Its fountains are inseparable from Belgorod and its city water supply. The very first of them appeared simultaneously with the citywide water supply in 1871. It became a decorative source in the convent, which was used for consecration and collection of drinking water on church holidays. At the turn of the century, a fountain appeared in the city in New Square - one of the most recognizable symbols of pre-revolutionary Belgorod.

About light and heating

The first power plant started operating in Belgorod in August 1911. It was then that the opportunity arose to illuminate the city streets not with kerosene lanterns, but with light bulbs.

TO 1913 light was supplied eight months of the year. Moreover, according to the “Historical and statistical collection of the Belgorod province”, published in 2012, from January to May, the illumination of the city on non-moonlit nights occurred from 5 pm to 3 am, from September to December - from 5 pm to 6 am.

Among the main municipal specialties in demand in 1913 in Belgorod, there was a profession of a fireman. It was the stokers who provided warmth and comfort in the houses, offices, and government institutions of the county town in the cold. They were all heated coal or firewood. The stokers received good wages - up to 30 rubles a month, and ate in factory canteens. Lunch cost them 32 kopecks. For those without housing, the city authorities provided a hostel in a two-story brick building. On the top floor there was a room with a stage for performances and cinema. Movies were shown on Saturdays, performances were given 12 times a year. There was also another room there - for billiards, books and magazines.

Hey cab driver!

To the household service sample 1913 in Belgorod, undoubtedly, it is worth including cab drivers. They flew recklessly and recklessly on Bagrovaya, Gostenaya, Kurskaya, Moskovskaya, Sumskaya and even Narrow streets of the city. By that time there were quite a few of them in Belgorod. There was even a special settlement, called the Yamshchikov settlement, with a population of 199 souls.

But it only seemed that this service acted chaotically and uncontrollably. In fact, there was a stationary station in the county center - the prototype of the current taxi depot. The owner of the stoic point was the merchant Antsyrev. He stored hay for the horses, made sure they were fed, healthy and shod. It was also imperative to ensure that the station was kept clean, and the cab drivers started work sober. And this stoic point was in charge, writes Anatoly Krupenkov in the almanac “Old Belgorod,” 3,213 horses, which ran 62,243 miles in a year.

The dachshund’s note was interesting: “The committee for organizing celebrations earnestly asks gentlemen who come not to believe the cab drivers who are spreading ridiculous rumors about various kinds of terrible diseases in some hotels. This is done in order to obtain extra fees from hotel owners who have persuaded cab drivers to deliver visitors to them.”

Tax for cab drivers in pre-revolutionary Belgorod from the “Guide to Belgorod” by Ivan Kulegaev
one-horse ride from the station and to the station – 20 kopecks;
steam-box - 35 kopecks;
one-horse end around the city - 15 kopecks;
steam-box - 25 kopecks.

During the celebrations:
per hour one-horse – 60 kopecks;
steam-window - 1 ruble;
one-horse at the end - 30 kopecks;
steam-box - 50 kopecks;
to the station - 10 kopecks more expensive than the end.

Cab drivers and a station station in Belgorod existed until 1917. Followed by 1913 events - the beginning of the First World War, October Revolution- slowed down for a long time further development public utilities not only in Belgorod, but throughout Russia.

TO 1917 for 800 cities in the country there were 200 water supply systems, 23 sewerage systems, 35 tram enterprises, 600 bathhouses and only 13 laundries. Only in 1927 The level of development of the Russian public utility service has increased to 1913.

Vitaly Sochkan

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, the great Russian poet, wrote not only poetic, but also prosaic works, especially at the end of his creative activity. Pushkin's prose reaches its utmost perfection in his last major work - the historical story "The Captain's Daughter." Pushkin deeply and carefully studies the era of the Pugachev uprising using archival materials, traveling to the scene of the novel - in the Volga region, in the Orenburg steppes, where the living memory of the leader of the popular movement is still preserved. According to V. O. Klyuchevsky, in “The Captain’s Daughter,” which is based on a thorough study of historical sources and is distinguished by its enormous power of generalization, “there is more history than in “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion.”

The Belogorsk fortress, in which young Grinev was to serve, was located “forty miles from Orenburg” and was a village surrounded by a log fence. At the gate, Grinev saw “a cast-iron cannon; the streets were cramped and crooked; the huts were low and mostly covered with straw.” The commandant himself lived in a simple wooden house, built on a high place near a wooden church.

The first meeting with the commandant produced young man an extraordinary impression: he was a “cheerful and tall old man, in a cap and a Chinese robe,” he commanded twenty “old invalids” lined up “in front.” Less than a few weeks had passed before Grinev’s life in the Belogorsk fortress became for him “not only bearable, but even pleasant.” In the commandant’s house he “was received like family”; Ivan Kuzmich and his wife were “the most respectable people.” The commandant became an officer “from soldiers’ children”; he was a simple man, poorly educated, but “honest and kind.” Mironov zealously fulfilled his duty, serving the empress and punishing her enemies. In the face of death, he showed extraordinary courage.

Vasilisa Egorovna, a simple and hospitable woman, met Pyotr Grinev in the fortress as if she had known him for “a century.” She “looked at the affairs of the service as if they were her master’s, and ruled the fortress as accurately as she ruled her house.” For twenty years she and her husband lived in this fortress. She was accustomed to the military way of life, exposed to dangers, and even in the terrible days of the Pugachev Troubles, she did not leave her husband and was not afraid to share his fate.

Marya Ivanovna, the daughter of Captain Mironov, lived in the fortress with her parents. Since childhood, she was accustomed to such a life, but, despite the soldier’s environment, she grew up to be a subtle, sensitive girl. An independent mind, courage, the ability to have deep, sincere feelings, and loyalty to one’s word are the main character traits of Masha Mironova. For the sake of love and friendship, she is capable of true heroism. Everyone who knows her likes her; Savelich calls her “an angel of God.”

The Grinevs' old servant, Savelich, is the personification of the bright folk character. He is characterized by truthfulness, good nature, courage, human dignity. He selflessly serves his masters, all his desires, feelings and thoughts are subordinate to his masters. He looks at everything through the eyes of his masters, and therefore Pugachev for him, common man, - a villain and a fraudster.

The fortress was inhabited by people of a different kind, opposed to the “old guard”.

Officer Shvabrin is a representative of a noble family. This is a typical brilliant guards officer, a rich nobleman, not devoid of intelligence, but who received a superficial education. He is spoiled, accustomed to the fact that all his desires are fulfilled. In addition, Shvabrin is an envious person, a coward and an arrogant egoist, who became a supporter of Pugachev, not for ideological, but for selfish reasons.

In the images of the inhabitants of the Belogorsk fortress, the author seeks to convey to readers his idea that the “indigenous” nobility, who did so much in creating the Russian state, pushed away from power, disillusioned, retains the best class properties, and the “new nobility” in the person of Shvabrin , which has acquired political and economic power, is devoid of nobility, conscience, honor and love for the motherland.

The city of Belgorod is located on the southern outskirts of the Central Russian Upland, on the right bank of the Seversky Donets River (the right tributary of the Don).

The coat of arms of the city of Belgorod, model 1893, is a shield blue color, which features an image of a golden lion with red eyes and tongue. A silver eagle with a golden beak, eyes and claws soars above his head. In the upper right corner of the shield, in the so-called free part, is the coat of arms of the Kursk province. On top of the shield is crowned with a silver tower crown with three teeth - the symbol of the county town. Behind the shield there are two gold hammers placed crosswise, connected by an Alexander ribbon, which classified Belgorod as an industrial city. It should be added that for the first time the symbols of the Belgorod emblem - a lion and an eagle soaring above it - appeared on the banner of the Belgorod army infantry regiment back in 1712 and were approved by Peter I in commemoration of the merits of the Belgorod infantry regiment in the Battle of Poltava: the lion depicted defeated Sweden (image of a lion was present on the royal banner of Charles XII), and the eagle - Russia, since it was depicted on the banner of Tsar Peter I

Previously, it was believed that the city of Belgorod was built in 1593 (in some sources the date is 1596) by princes M. Nozdrevaty and A. Volkonsky, by order of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, to protect the Muravsky Way - the shortest route from Crimea to Moscow - from frequent raids by the Crimean Tatars. However, based on archaeological research, it was concluded that the fortification on which modern Belgorod stands arose back in the 10th century, or more precisely in 995. According to the same version, Prince Vladimir became the founder of the fort. Thus, from this date today the city of Belgorod begins its history, thus acquiring a thousand-year history and officially celebrated this date in 1995.

The fortress city was named after its geographical location- the definition of “white” was associated with the color of the soil of the rocky chalk White Mountain, on which it was built and, as a result, rose almost 60 m. From the east, access to the fortress was blocked by the waters of the Seversky Donets, from the south and north - by a deep ravine. On the western side there was a forest close to the mountain.

Initially, the basis of the Belgorod fortress was a quadrangular Kremlin with passageways and blind towers. The fortress walls, the length of which reached 1 km, were located on an earthen rampart covered with baked clay.

A ditch up to 2 m deep was dug in front of the city walls. Since all the wells dug in the fortress were poorly filled with water, 2 caches were made: one led to the Seversky Donets, the other into a ravine on the bank of the Yachnev Kolodez stream.

IN early XVII V. The garrison of the Belgorod Kremlin repeatedly repelled attacks by Tatar detachments, but in 1612 the city was captured and burned by the Cherkassy under the command of Prince Lyka Lubensky.

The newly rebuilt fortress was located on the left, low-lying bank of the Seversky Donets River. The new Belgorod fortress had the shape of a trapezoid and consisted of a detinets protected by chopped walls and 8 oak towers more than 3.5 m high. Somewhat later, a triangular fort was built on the northern side of the detinets, the fortifications of which consisted of 15 wooden towers, 3 of which were Vozhevskaya and Razumenskaya and Donetsk - were travel cards.

In the event of an enemy attack, the defenders of the fort were located mainly in towers.

In total, along the walls and towers of the city there were 2 one-and-a-half squeaks, 3 Alexandrian cannons, 2 iron rapid-fire squeaks, 3 mattresses, 4 regimental squeaks, including 1 mounted on a traveling machine and intended for fire destruction of the enemy in the event of his breaking through the city fortifications, as well as 6 large arquebuses. The location of the towers approximately 80 m from each other and the presence of a ditch in front of the fort wall made the defense quite effective.

The powerful fortifications of Belgorod made it the main military-administrative point on the southern border of the Russian state. In 1633, during the Smolensk War, the city was attacked by a 5,000-strong detachment of Ukrainian Cherkasy Cossacks under the command of Poltava Colonel Yakov Ostryanin.

The enemy failed to take the fortress on the move, and only after a month-long siege did they decide to launch a second assault. The garrison of Belgorod, whose number by this time was about 2 thousand people, recaptured it too.

The enemy suffered so much damage that Ostryanin was forced to lift the siege of the Belgorod Kremlin and withdraw the remnants of his detachment to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Throughout the 17th century. The Belgorod fortress was rebuilt several times. In the final version, it consisted of two forts - wooden and earthen. The wooden fort was called Belgorod the Lesser.

It had 4 passageways and 7 blind towers and oak walls more than 1 km long. Adjacent to Belgorod the Lesser from the east was an earthen fort called Belgorod Bolshoi.

On its territory there were 2 monasteries, 9 churches and 353 courtyards of service people.

In 1658, the Belgorod regiment was formed on the territory of the city, which successfully operated against Polish and Turkish troops in Ukraine and in other military campaigns. However, at the beginning of the 18th century, after the annexation of Ukraine, the strategic importance of Belgorod decreased significantly. Soon after the conquest of Crimea and the annexation of the Novorossiysk region to Russia in 1785, the city finally lost its military-strategic significance and was excluded from the number of active fortresses.

Belgorod Fortress is a village surrounded by a log fence. Everything had a rather unsightly appearance: the streets were cramped and crooked, the huts were low. People in the fortress are accustomed to the fact that there is no active military action here, the service goes on calmly. Captain Mironov and Vasilisa Egorovna, his wife, have been living here for many years. Vasilisa Egorovna takes part in all her husband’s affairs, the atmosphere in the fortress is almost homely. This made a depressing impression on Grinev.

How to explain such a “family” nature of relations between people in the fortress?

This was explained by the morals of the commandant of the fortress and his wife. These are people of the old way, they treated their subordinates without ceremony, and most of the soldiers were local residents. This was also determined by the fact that strict discipline was not required, since minor unrest of the Bashkirs was not dangerous.

Tell us about its inhabitants.

Ivan Kuzmich, the commandant of the fortress, and his wife, Vasilisa Egorovna, show an example of the old patriarchal way of life. They live in perfect harmony, Vasilisa Egorovna supports her husband in everything, comments (not without a bit of irony) on his actions, and gives advice. From her remarks we learn that the captain “does not know much” about the service, and accordingly, cannot teach his subordinates anything. Shvabrin calls Vasilisa Egorovna “a beautiful lady.”

We learn about Shvabrin that he has been in the fortress for five years, and is here as punishment for a duel that ended in death. Shvabrin tries to make friends with Grinev, but he succeeds. In this chapter he is characterized as a witty, cheerful person.

Marya Ivanovna is the daughter of Captain Mironov. She is a pretty eighteen year old girl. It is not yet clear why Shvabrin, in a conversation with Grinev, described her as a fool. But the reader understands that she is sensitive (cannot stand gunfire), brought up in old traditions, and not rich (the Mironovs are poor, but they regret it only because it might prevent their daughter from getting married).

What is the significance of the soldier’s song, which is the epigraph to Chapter III?

Let us remember that an epigraph is one of the means of expressing the author’s position. It is in the epigraphs that we guess the personality of A.S. Pushkin, since the story is told on behalf of the main character. The author is ironic, using the following epigraph: The Belgorod fortress bears little resemblance to a fortification, and “ fierce enemies“We haven’t been here yet. This brave song does not correspond to what is really here.

The second quote from Fovizin’s “Minor” also sets the reader in an ironic mood: “ strange people“in the sense that they are very far from the world, not developed properly, because they are far from the center of Russia, from large cities.

What are your impressions of each of the characters?

The characters are underrepresented. We have just started reading the work. But impressions about each of them have already been formed.

Ivan Kuzmich Mironov, already an elderly commandant of the fortress, does not maintain strict order, since, apparently, he considers it unnecessary. Listens to his wife.

Vasilisa Egorovna runs the house very skillfully, knows how to clearly and correctly organize life so that everyone feels at home. Interested in the destinies of other people.

Marya Ivanovna is a modest, sweet girl who obeys her parents in everything, was raised in a patriarchal family, and perceives her way of life as natural.

Shvabrin evoked ambivalent feelings. On the one hand, he is a cheerful, witty person. On the other hand, Grinev’s remark that Shvabrin presented Masha as a complete fool is alarming. It can be assumed that Shvabrin has dark feelings and thoughts.

The Belogorsk fortress was a village lost in the steppe, surrounded by tyn that had rotted in many places. The majority of the population consisted of soldiers of the disabled (disabled, that is, those who had passed military age, but remained in the ranks of the army) team, which made up a garrison of one hundred and thirty people, and Cossacks. The order in the fortress was the most domestic - Vasilisa Egorovna, the captain’s wife, was in charge. To a large extent, this was due to the fact that both the soldiers and their commanders, except Shvabrin, were themselves peasants who lived on subsistence farming, A military threat never existed as such. A peaceful, simple life dictated its own rules of existence. Minor unrest among the few bands of Bashkirs and Kyrgyz were relatively harmless, and they had not happened for many years. Most of the soldiers had already grown old serving in Belogorskaya; their commander and his wife had lived there for twenty years.
Ivan Kuzmich was an old campaigner, a bit stupid, but honest and kind. He became an officer from the children of soldiers and at heart continued to remain a soldier. His nobility (and only a nobleman could be an officer) was deprived of even that minimal aristocracy that Grinev’s parents possessed. He sometimes remembered about his service and tried to “teach” the soldiers, trying to explain to them where the right leg was and where the left leg was, but his wife constantly pulled him back and, from an everyday point of view, was, as a rule, completely right.
Vasilisa Egorovna was an intelligent woman, talkative and curious, like any lively village woman, forced to manage a large household, and she considered the entire fortress to be her household. She adored news and everything that brought variety to her boring life, she tried to keep everything in her hands, which she succeeded in doing, since she was the wife of the commandant. Of course, her horizons were minimal, and the fact that Grinev’s father owned three hundred serfs made a deep impression on her, while this was a very small number of serf souls in the time of Catherine.
Marya Ivanovna, their daughter, was a quiet, silent person, easily embarrassed, but very sincere and sincere. She was a girl of marriageable age, but in such a wilderness to meet interesting person it wasn't easy at all. Masha had great sensitivity of the heart and could intuitively feel the qualities of a person, so she avoided Shvabrin.
Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin at first gave the impression of a witty and relaxed person who knew the value of local secrets and good-naturedly made fun of them. Later it turns out that this impression is deceptive, and Shvabrin conceals deep vulnerability in his soul.
The soldier's song included in the epigraph, on the one hand, sets the reader up in a certain brave mood and tells what the chapter should be about, on the other hand, it is a kind of humor of the author. In fact, the wooden fence around the village can hardly be called a “fortification”. in the song they sing about a cannon, and it seems that it’s just about the cannon from the story, because there was only one noise. The quotation from Fonvizin’s “Minor” orients precisely towards such a perception. It is the “old people” who turn out to be the inhabitants of the Belogorsk fortress, cut off from the world.

Visually imagine the picture that is contained in just one phrase: “The river has not yet frozen, and its lead waves sadly blackened in the monotonous banks covered with white snow.” Describe the epithets that are used here.

Lead waves create a sharp contrast with the white shores covered with snow. Before us is a landscape of the beginning of winter, depicted graphically. It is very reminiscent of an engraving, and its outlines create an alarming mood. Not only do the colors of the beginning of winter appear before the viewer, but a certain mood is also created. Thus, the epithet lead conveys the heavy movement of freezing water.

Carefully read the description of the Belogorsk fortress and compare it with the imaginary fortress that Petrusha expected to see. How could the idea of a mighty fortress form in the minds of a minor?

Petrusha read little, but even in the fairy tales that he could hear from his mothers and nannies, there were fairy-tale palaces and impregnable fortresses. They are always depicted in our minds as mighty, made of powerful stones and with their walls and towers stretching upward. It’s worth imagining such a fortress for a moment, and then re-reading the description of the poor and neglected structure that the Belogorsk fortress was. At the same time, you will immediately feel the strength of the disappointment that should have gripped Petrusha.

Describe the first appearance of the new officer at the commandant of the fortress. With what feeling does the narrator describe this scene? How is this description related to the second epigraph of the chapter (“Old people, my father”)? Let us remember that these are words from “The Minor” by D. I. Fonvizin. Who says this phrase in a comedy?

Let's not forget that the story is narrated from the perspective of Pyotr Grinev, who has matured and remembers his youth. The scene of Petrusha’s appearance at the commandant of the Belogorsk fortress is described with a feeling of sympathy and a slight smile from the elder over the naive ignorant who found himself in a new situation. The simplicity and patriarchal nature of the life of the inhabitants of the fortress evokes emotion and helps to immediately appreciate the new participants in the events of the story. These are truly “old people”. But such a definition in no way detracts from their dignity. The patriarchal nature of everyday life, the strict adherence to customs only support the atmosphere of sympathy that arises when reading.

There is no irony in the epigraph to the chapter. Let us remind you that these are the words of Mrs. Prostakova from the comedy “The Minor” (act three, scene V).

Give portraits of those “old people” whom Grinev recognized in the Belogorsk fortress.

The story about the people whom Pyotr Grinev recognized in the Belogorsk fortress can be told in the order of their appearance on the pages of the chapter. The first was an “old disabled person” who, sitting on the table, sewed a patch onto the elbow of his green uniform. He immediately said to the newcomer: “Come in, father, our houses.”

The “old lady in a padded jacket,” who, together with the “crooked old man in an officer’s uniform,” was unwinding the threads, was Vasilisa Egorovna, the commandant’s wife, the main person in this provincial little world.

She tells Grinev about Shvabrin and summons the constable Maksimych, a young and stately Cossack.

Grinev is settling into his new surroundings. It becomes obvious to the reader that the relations of people in the Belogorsk fortress are completely determined by the words from “Nedoroslya”.

Those who wish can prepare a story - a genre sketch of the life of the Belogorsk fortress in peacetime.

The story about the peaceful course of life in the Belogorsk fortress may well coincide with the retelling Chapter III"Fortress". It is worth talking about the very modest strengthening, the patriarchal nature of life, and the inextricable connection with official decisions, which are still made in peacetime, about how the military service goes. You can introduce into this story, for example, a description of how the hut was chosen for Grinev’s residence. “Take Pyotr Andreich to Semyon Kuzov. He, a swindler, let his horse into my garden.” This is the motive for the newly arrived officer to stay. Material from the site

Read carefully short description landscape opening from the window of Semyon Kuzov’s hut, to which Grinev was assigned to the post. What role does this description play in the chapter?

The place where Grinev was assigned to live was located at the very edge of the fortress, on the high bank of the river. “The sad steppe stretched out before me. Several huts stood at an angle; Several chickens were wandering along the street. The old woman, standing on the porch with a trough, called to the pigs, who answered her with a friendly grunt.” This description prepared the reader to understand the state of the young officer: “And this is the direction in which I was condemned to spend my youth!”

Describe the participants in the conversation about Pugachev and his uprising. What was primarily discussed in this conversation?

The conversation about the uprising took place over dinner and was of the most relaxed nature. At the same time, all participants in this conversation touched on the topic of military danger only in passing, not considering that trouble could threaten their fortress. They talked in much more detail about the courage of Vasilisa Yegorovna and the fact that Masha is a big coward.

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Questions and answers to the story The Captain's Daughter

How to explain such a “family” nature of relations between people in the fortress?

Tell us about its inhabitants.

Ivan Kuzmich, commandant of the fortress, and his wife, Vasilisa Egorovna, show an example of the old patriarchal

way of life. They live in perfect harmony, Vasilisa Egorovna supports her husband in everything, comments (not without a bit of irony) on his actions, and gives advice. From her remarks we learn that the captain “does not know much” about the service, and accordingly, cannot teach his subordinates anything. Shvabrin calls Vasilisa Egorovna “a beautiful lady.”

Let us remember that an epigraph is one of the means of expressing the author’s position. It is in the epigraphs that we guess the personality of A.S. Pushkin, since the narration is conducted on behalf of the main character. The author is ironic, using the following epigraph: The Belgorod fortress bears little resemblance to a fortification, and the “fierce enemies” have not yet been here. This brave song does not correspond to what is really here.

The second quote from Fovizin’s “Nedoroslya” also sets the reader up in an ironic mood: “strange people” in the sense that they are very far from the world, not developed properly, because they are far from the center of Russia, from large cities.

Glossary:

what the Belogorsk fortress was like and the rules established in it
what are your impressions of each of the characters?
how to explain such a family nature of relations between people in the fortress
what is the Belogorsk fortress and the rules established in it
what they were Belgorod fortress the order established in it

Chapter III. Fortress

What was the Belgorod fortress like and the order established in it?

How to explain such a “family” nature of relations between people in the fortress?

Tell us about its inhabitants.

What is the significance of the soldier’s song, which is the epigraph to Chapter III?

Let us remember that an epigraph is one of the means of expressing the author’s position. It is in the epigraphs that we guess the personality of A.S. Pushkin, since the story is told on behalf of the main character. The author is ironic, using the following epigraph: The Belgorod fortress bears little resemblance to a fortification, and the “fierce enemies” have not yet been here. This brave song does not correspond to what is really here.

The second quote from Fovizin’s “Minor” also sets the reader up in an ironic mood: “strange people” in the sense that they are very far from the world, not developed properly, because they are far from the center of Russia, from large cities.

What are your impressions of each of the characters?

The characters are underrepresented. We have just started reading the work. But impressions about each of them have already been formed.

Ivan Kuzmich Mironov, already an elderly commandant of the fortress, does not maintain strict order, since, apparently, he considers it unnecessary. Listens to his wife.

Vasilisa Egorovna runs the house very skillfully, knows how to clearly and correctly organize life so that everyone feels at home. Interested in the destinies of other people.

Marya Ivanovna is a modest, sweet girl who obeys her parents in everything, was raised in a patriarchal family, and perceives her way of life as natural.

How to explain such a “family” nature of relations between people in the fortress?

Tell us about its inhabitants.

What is the significance of the soldier’s song, which is the epigraph to Chapter III?

Let us remember that an epigraph is one of the means of expressing the author’s position. It is in the epigraphs that we guess the personality of A.S. Pushkin, since the story is told on behalf of the main character. The author is ironic, using the following epigraph: The Belgorod fortress bears little resemblance to a fortification, and the “fierce enemies” have not yet been here. This brave song does not correspond to what is really here.

What are your impressions of each of the characters?

The characters are underrepresented. We have just started reading the work. But impressions about each of them have already been formed.

Ivan Kuzmich Mironov, already an elderly commandant of the fortress, does not maintain strict order, since, apparently, he considers it unnecessary. Listens to his wife.

Vasilisa Egorovna runs the house very skillfully, knows how to clearly and correctly organize life so that everyone feels at home. Interested in the destinies of other people.

Marya Ivanovna is a modest, sweet girl who obeys her parents in everything, was raised in a patriarchal family, and perceives her way of life as natural.

Visually imagine the picture that is contained in just one phrase: “The river has not yet frozen, and its lead waves sadly blackened in the monotonous banks covered with white snow.” Describe the epithets that are used here.

Carefully read the description of the Belogorsk fortress and compare it with the imaginary fortress that Petrusha expected to see. How could the idea of a mighty fortress form in the minds of a minor?

Describe the first appearance of the new officer at the commandant of the fortress. With what feeling does the narrator describe this scene? How is this description related to the second epigraph of the chapter (“Old people, my father”)? Let us remember that these are words from “The Minor” by D. I. Fonvizin. Who says this phrase in a comedy?

There is no irony in the epigraph to the chapter. Let us remind you that these are the words of Mrs. Prostakova from the comedy “The Minor” (act three, scene V).

Give portraits of those “old people” whom Grinev recognized in the Belogorsk fortress.

She tells Grinev about Shvabrin and summons the constable Maksimych, a young and stately Cossack.

Grinev is settling into his new surroundings. It becomes obvious to the reader that the relations of people in the Belogorsk fortress are completely determined by the words from “Nedoroslya”.

Those who wish can prepare a story - a genre sketch of the life of the Belogorsk fortress in peacetime.

The story about the peaceful course of life in the Belogorsk fortress may well coincide with the retelling of Chapter III “Fortress”. It is worth talking about the very modest strengthening, the patriarchal nature of life, and the inextricable connection with official decisions, which are still made in peacetime, about how the military service goes. You can introduce into this story, for example, a description of how the hut was chosen for Grinev’s residence. “Take Pyotr Andreich to Semyon Kuzov. He, a swindler, let his horse into my garden.” This is the motive for the newly arrived officer to stay. Material from the site

Carefully read the brief description of the landscape opening from the window of Semyon Kuzov’s hut, to which Grinev was assigned to the post. What role does this description play in the chapter?

Describe the participants in the conversation about Pugachev and his uprising. What was primarily discussed in this conversation?

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Questions and answers to the story The Captain's Daughter

School essay

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, the great Russian poet, wrote not only poetic but also prosaic works, especially at the end of his creative career. Pushkin's prose reaches its utmost perfection in his last major work - the historical story "The Captain's Daughter." Pushkin deeply and carefully studies the era of the Pugachev uprising using archival materials, traveling to the scene of the novel - in the Volga region, in the Orenburg steppes, where the living memory of the leader of the popular movement is still preserved. According to V. O. Klyuchevsky, in “The Captain’s Daughter,” which is based on a thorough study of historical sources and is distinguished by its enormous power of generalization, “there is more history than in “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion.”

The first meeting with the commandant made an extraordinary impression on the young man: he was “a cheerful and tall old man, in a cap and a Chinese robe,” he commanded twenty “old disabled people” lined up “in front.” Less than a few weeks had passed before Grinev’s life in the Belogorsk fortress became for him “not only bearable, but even pleasant.” In the commandant’s house he “was received like family”; Ivan Kuzmich and his wife were “the most respectable people.” The commandant became an officer “from soldiers’ children”; he was a simple man, poorly educated, but “honest and kind.” Mironov zealously fulfilled his duty, serving the empress and punishing her enemies. In the face of death, he showed extraordinary courage.

An old servant of the Grinevs, Savelich is the personification of a bright national character. He is characterized by truthfulness, good nature, courage, and human dignity. He selflessly serves his masters, all his desires, feelings and thoughts are subordinate to his masters. He looks at everything through the eyes of his masters, and therefore Pugachev for him, a common man, is a villain and a swindler.

The fortress was inhabited by people of a different kind, opposed to the “old guard”.

Ivan Kuzmich was an old campaigner, a bit stupid, but honest and kind. He became an officer from the children of soldiers and at heart continued to remain a soldier. His nobility (and only a nobleman could be an officer) was deprived of even that minimal aristocracy that Grinev’s parents possessed. He sometimes remembered about his service and tried to “teach” the soldiers, trying to explain to them where the right leg was and where the left leg was, but his wife constantly pulled him back and, from an everyday point of view, was, as a rule, completely right.

Vasilisa Egorovna was an intelligent woman, talkative and curious, like any lively village woman, forced to manage a large household, and she considered the entire fortress to be her household. She adored news and everything that brought variety to her boring life, she tried to keep everything in her hands, which she succeeded in doing, since she was the wife of the commandant. Of course, her horizons were minimal, and the fact that Grinev’s father owned three hundred serfs made a deep impression on her, while this was a very small number of serf souls in the time of Catherine.

Marya Ivanovna, their daughter, was a quiet, silent person, easily embarrassed, but very sincere and sincere. She was a girl of marriageable age, but in such a wilderness it was not at all easy to meet an interesting person. Masha had great sensitivity of the heart and could intuitively feel the qualities of a person, so she avoided Shvabrin.

Alexey Ivanovich Shvabrin at first gave the impression of a witty and relaxed person who knew the value of local secrets and good-naturedly made fun of them. Later it turns out that this impression is deceptive, and Shvabrin conceals deep vulnerability in his soul.

The soldier's song included in the epigraph, on the one hand, sets the reader up in a certain brave mood and tells what the chapter should be about, on the other hand, it is a kind of humor of the author. In fact, the wooden fence around the village can hardly be called a “fortification”. in the song they sing about a cannon, and it seems that it’s just about the cannon from the story, because there was only one noise. The quotation from Fonvizin’s “Minor” orients precisely towards such a perception. It is the “old people” who turn out to be the inhabitants of the Belogorsk fortress, cut off from the world.

He left behind a great literary heritage. All his works are wonderful and we read them with pleasure. Recently, in literature, we met. It consists of fourteen parts. Today we will analyze the third chapter of Pushkin’s famous work The Captain’s Daughter. This chapter is called Fortress. What is the Belogorsk fortress like in Pushkin’s work and what kind of order was established there?

What was the Belogorsk fortress and the order established in it?

Let's turn to the text of the work. When main character arrived at the Belogorsk fortress, he did not see impregnable and formidable bastions there, and there was no strict commander there. Grinev did not see the fortress or a brave army with weapons in their hands, just as he did not find cannons that would be placed on the walls. What appeared before his eyes?

Arriving at the place, Grinev sees the village. It was lost in the steppe and was surrounded by a fence made of logs. Many of them were already rotten, but this did not bother the local inhabitants. This is because military operations very rarely took place in this place, and the rare unrest of Kyrgyz gangs did not pose any danger. The village had an unsightly appearance with its crooked streets and low thatched houses. Grinev was met by the commandant, who could easily go to the exercises not in the commander’s uniform, but in an ordinary robe. The army was represented by disabled soldiers, those who had long since passed military age. A completely unprotected fortress, on whose territory there was only one old cannon.

But, despite the strange reality, Grinev liked the inhabitants. He met wonderful people and was able to see the beauty of their lives. Someone might have wished for a different company in the fortress, but the young man wrote in his notes that he did not need another company. The guy likes intimate conversations with people. All orders on the territory of the fortress are built in a homely manner. It is not difficult to explain the family nature of the relationships that have established between the people living in the fortress. The commandant's wife is in charge there, the military themselves are former peasants, and the absence of a military threat dictates domestic harmony.

What are your impressions of each of the characters?

Reading the Fortress chapter, you are left with only good impressions about almost every hero. Here is Commandant Kuzmich, a seasoned soldier who, in his old age, wants peace. We also meet his wife, who manages everything in the fortress. Her name is Vasilisa Egorovna. She is an intelligent, curious and even lively woman who skillfully managed the household. She was a pious, powerful person. Lives according to the old style.

Masha is Kuzmich’s daughter, a sweet girl, slightly timid. Although she was not very smart, she was an honest and decent girl. Our hero falls in love with her.
In the third part we also meet Shvabrin. So it evokes negative emotions, especially when you read Pushkin’s work further. Shvabrin was a dishonest officer who could easily stab you in the back. This is a person who can even slander just to achieve his goals.

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Summary fifth chapter of the work " Captain's daughter» Summary - Analysis of the fourth chapter of the work “The Captain's Daughter” Summary - Analysis of the second chapter of the work “The Captain's Daughter”

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The captain's daughter, what is the Belgorod fortress like, the order established in it. What was the Belgorod fortress like on the eve of Pugachev’s entry into it? What was the Belogorsk fortress like and the order established in it?

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Glossary:

Other works on this topic:

Chapter III. Fortress

School essay

What was the Belogorsk fortress and the order established in it?

What are your impressions of each of the characters?

Makeup. Skin and hair care. Manicure

Janitor, dear janitor

Best of Fourteen

Water story

About light and heating

Hey cab driver!

Glossary:

Other works on this topic:

Chapter III. Fortress

School essay

What was the Belogorsk fortress and the order established in it?

What are your impressions of each of the characters?

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