The boy was tall and thin, with his prohibitively long arms deep in his pockets. The head on the thin neck always leaned forward a little.
The guys nicknamed him Semaphore.
The boy recently moved into this house. He went out into the yard in new shiny galoshes and, raising his legs high, walked out into the street. When he passed by the guys, he lowered his head even lower.
He's imagining! - Mishka was angry. - He doesn’t want to know... - But much more often Mishka shouted: - Semaphore, come here, let’s talk!
The guys also shouted after the boy various mocking and sometimes insulting words. The boy only quickened his pace. Sometimes, if the guys came close to him, he looked at them with blue, very large, clear eyes and silently blushed.
The guys decided that Semaphore was too good a nickname for such a wimp, and began to call the boy simply Sima, and sometimes - to be sure - Sima from number four. And Mishka kept getting angry and grumbling at the sight of the boy:
We need to teach this goose a lesson. Walking here!..
One day Sima disappeared and did not appear in the yard for a long time. A month or two passed... Winter began to weaken and ruled the streets only at night. During the day, a warm wind blew from the Gulf of Finland. The snow in the yard began to wrinkle, turned gray, and turned into a wet, dirty mess. And on these warm spring days, Sima appeared again. His galoshes were as new as if he had never worn them at all. The neck is wrapped even more tightly with a scarf. Under his arm he held a black sketchbook.
Sima looked at the sky, squinted as if unaccustomed to the light, and blinked. Then he headed to the far corner of the yard, to someone else’s front door.
Hey, Sima got out!.. - Mishka whistled in surprise. - I made an acquaintance, no way.
Lyudmilka lived along the stairs where Sima walked.
Sima walked up to the front door and began to slowly walk back and forth, hesitantly looking into the dark opening of the stairs.
“He’s waiting,” Krugly Tolik grinned, “for his Lyudmilka.”
Or maybe not Lyudmilka at all,” Keshka put in. - Why should he get involved with Lyudmilka?
Tolik looked at Keshka slyly, “We know they’re not small,” and said:
What is he doing there then?.. Maybe breathing air?..
Maybe,” Keshka agreed.
Mishka listened to them bicker and thought about something.
It’s time to act,” he suddenly intervened. - Let's go talk to this Sima.
Let’s go,” Tolik supported.
Bear and Round Tolik moved forward shoulder to shoulder. Keshka also joined them. At the decisive moment you cannot leave your comrades - this is called honor. Several more guys joined the three friends. They walked along the sides and behind.
Noticing the army approaching him, Sima raised his head, as always, blushed and smiled timidly.
What are you doing?.. - Mishka began. - What’s here?.. Well, what?
Sima blushed even deeper. Muttered:
Nothing... I'm walking...
It turns out he’s walking,” laughed Round Tolik.
Mishka leaned forward, put his hands behind his back, turned sideways to Sima and spoke slowly, threateningly:
Maybe you don’t consider us to be people?.. Yes?.. Maybe you’re brave?.. Let’s go and have a chat...
Sima looked around at all the guys with his huge eyes and opened his mouth slightly.
What did I do to you?
But we are not going to beat you, we will always have time... I say, let’s go one-on-one... Let’s see what kind of ostrich you are, so extraordinary that you don’t want to come near us.
With you? - asked Sima.
Mishka stuck out his lip and nodded.
Sima looked at his feet and quite unexpectedly objected:
So it's very dirty.
The guys laughed together. And Mishka looked contemptuously at Sima from head to toe.
Maybe I should lay out a Persian rug for you?
Sima clutched the black album to himself, stomped around and asked:
Let’s wait, and... when will the sun be there?
When the guys had laughed enough, Mishka stepped forward and snatched the album from Sima’s hands.
He needs the sun... Come on, let me see!
Sima turned pale and was about to grab Mishka’s hand, but the guys immediately pushed him away.
And Mishka has already opened the black calico cover.
On the first page of the album, in beautiful colored letters, was written: “To teacher Maria Alekseevna from Grigoriev Kolya.”
He is engaging in sycophancy... I see! - Misha said this in such a tone as if he did not expect anything else.
Give me the album,” Sima asked behind the guys’ backs. He tried to push the crowd aside, but the boys stood tightly. Some laughed, and Mishka shouted:
You sycophant are not very good, otherwise I won’t even wait for the sun, I’ll hit you with a portion of pasta down the neck!
Wow, great!..
The guys sat on Mishka.
Caravels, frigates, cruisers, submarines walked forward. Watercolor storms and typhoons raged... And one drawing even depicted a giant tornado. Sailors from a small boat fired a cannon at the tornado.
Keshka jumped up and down with delight. He nudged Mishka by the elbow and asked:
Mishka, give me a picture?.. Well, Mishka...
Everyone forgot that the album belonged to Sima, they even forgot that Sima was standing here next to him.
Mishka closed the album and looked over the heads of the guys at the artist.
You sycophant Sima, listen... We will act according to honor and conscience. So that you don’t suck up to the teachers next time, we’ll distribute your pictures to everyone who wants them. It's clear? - And, without waiting for an answer, he shouted: - Well, come over!.. Beautiful pictures from sea life!..
The pages in the album were tied with white silk ribbon. Mishka untied the bow on the cover, crumpled up the first page with the inscription and began handing out pictures.
Keshka received the four-tube cruiser “Varyag”, a frigate with a black pirate flag. Motley little men with huge sabers and pistols were running along the deck of the frigate... I asked for another monkey on a palm tree and high mountain with white sugar top.
Having distributed all the pictures, Mishka walked up to Sima and pushed him in the chest.
Get out now!.. Do you hear?
Sima’s lips trembled, he covered his eyes with his hands in gray knitted gloves and, shuddering, went to his stairs.
Follow the sun! - Mishka shouted after him.
The guys showed off their trophies to each other. But their fun was unexpectedly interrupted. Lyudmilka appeared at the front door.
Hey, give me some pictures, otherwise I’ll tell you everything about you... Why did they offend Sima?
Well, what did I say? “They are at one with each other,” Round Tolik jumped up to Keshka. “Now they would go to the teacher’s arm…” Tolik bent, made his hand like a pretzel and walked, wobbling, a few steps.
Lyudmilka flushed.
I’m not familiar with this Simka at all...
Well, then there’s no need to poke your nose in! - said Mishka. - Let's go, I say! - He stamped his foot as if he was about to rush at Lyudmilka.
Lyudmilka jumped to the side, slipped and fell into the snowy mess at the threshold of the stairs. There was a huge wet spot on the pink coat with white fur trim. Lyudmilka roared:
And I’ll tell you about this too... You’ll see!..
Ooh, squeaky! - Mishka waved his hand. - Let's get out of here, guys...
At the woodpile, in their favorite place, the boys again began to look at the drawings. Only Mishka sat with his head down, rubbing his palm under his nose (this was his habit).
What kind of teacher is this, Maria Alekseevna? - he muttered. - Maybe the one who lives on Lyudmilka’s stairs?..
I came up with it... She hasn’t been working at school for three years now, she retired,” Round Tolik objected nonchalantly.
Mishka looked at him indifferently.
Where are you so smart when you don’t have to... - He stood up, angrily kicked the log on which he had just been sitting, and, turning to the guys, began to select the pictures. - Come on, come on, I say...
Keshka did not want to part with the ships and the palm tree, but he gave them to Mishka without a word. After Sima left, he felt uneasy.
Mishka collected all the sheets and put them back into the album.
The first page with the dedication was damaged. Mishka smoothed it out on his knee and also put it under the cover.
The next day the sun ruled the sky. It dissolved the slurry of snow and drove it in cheerful streams to the hatches in the middle of the yard. Chips, pieces of birch bark, soggy paper, and matchboxes dived into the whirlpools above the gratings. Everywhere, in every drop of water, small multi-colored suns flashed, like scattered beads. Sunbeams were chasing each other on the walls of the houses. They jumped on the children’s noses, cheeks, and flashed in the children’s eyes. Spring!
The janitor, Aunt Nastya, was sweeping debris from the grates. The guys poked holes with sticks, and water fell noisily into the dark wells. By lunchtime the asphalt had dried out. Only rivers of dirty water continued to flow from under the woodpiles.
The boys were building a dam out of bricks.
Mishka, running from school, hung his bag on a nail driven into a huge log and began to build a reservoir.
Let’s hurry up,” he strained himself, “or all the water will run away from under the woodpile!”
The guys were carrying bricks, sand, wood chips... and then they noticed Sima.
Sima stood not far from the gate with a briefcase in his hands, as if he was wondering where to go - home or to the guys.
Ah, Sima!.. - Mishka shouted. “The sun is in the sky... It’s dry, look,” Mishka pointed to a large dried bald spot. - So what do you say?
Maybe bring a pillow? - Tolik sarcastically.
The guys laughed, vying with each other to offer their services: carpet, rugs and even straw, so that Sima would not feel harsh. Sima stood in the same place for a while and moved towards the guys. The conversations immediately stopped.
“Come on,” Sima said simply.
Mishka stood up, wiped his wet hands on his pants, and took off his coat.
Until first blood or at full strength?
“With all our might,” Sima answered, not too loudly, but very decisively. This meant that he agreed to fight to the end, as long as his hands were raised and his fingers clenched into a fist. It doesn’t matter here whether your nose is bleeding or not. The one who says: “Enough is enough, I give up…” is considered defeated.
The boys formed a circle. Sima hung his briefcase on the same nail as Mishka’s bag, took off his coat, and tied the scarf tightly around his neck. Tolik clapped his hands and said: “Bam-mm!.. Gong!”
Mishka raised his fists to his chest and jumped around Sima. Sima also put out his fists, but it was clear from everything that he did not know how to fight. As soon as Mishka approached, he put his hand forward, trying to reach Mishka’s chest, and immediately received a blow to the ear.
The guys thought that he would roar and run to complain, but Sima pursed his lips and waved his arms like a mill. He was advancing. He kneaded the air with his fists. Sometimes his blows got Mishka, but he put his elbows under them.
Sima received another slap on the wrist. Yes, such that he could not resist and sat down on the asphalt.
Well, maybe that's enough? - Mishka asked peacefully.
Sima shook his head, stood up and started shaking his hands again.
Spectators are very worried during a fight. They jump up and down, wave their arms, and imagine that they are helping their friend.
Bear, what are you doing today!.. Misha, give it to me!
Teddy bear... Well!
Sima, this is not for you to engage in sycophancy... Misha!
And only one of the guys suddenly shouted:
Sima, hold on... Sima, give me! - It was Kolika shouting. - Why are you waving your hands? You hit...
The bear fought without much passion. Among the spectators there would be those ready to swear that Mishka felt sorry for Sima. But after Keshka’s shout, Mishka stood up and began to thresh. Sima bent over and only occasionally put out his hand to push his opponent away.
Atas! - Tolik suddenly shouted and was the first to rush into the gateway. Lyudmilka’s mother hurriedly walked towards the woodpile; Lyudmilka performed a little further away. Noticing that the boys were running away, Lyudmilka’s mother quickened her pace.
Mishka grabbed his coat and dashed into the gateway, where all the spectators had already disappeared. Only Keshka didn’t have time. He hid behind a woodpile.
But Sima did not see or hear anything. He still stood bent over, deaf from the blows. And since Mishka’s fists suddenly stopped falling on him, he apparently decided that the enemy was tired and went on the offensive. His first attack hit Lyudmilka’s mother in the side, the second - in the stomach.
What are you doing? - she squealed. - Lyudochka, did he push you into a puddle?
“No,” Lyudmilka whined. - This is Sima, they beat him. And Mishka pushed. He ran into the gateway.
Sima raised his head and looked around in confusion.
Why did they beat you, boy? - asked Lyudmilka’s mother.
“But they didn’t beat me at all,” Sima answered gloomily.
But I saw it myself...
It was a duel. - Sima put on his coat, took his briefcase off the nail, and started to walk away.
But then Lyudmilka’s mother asked:
Whose bag is this?
Mishkina! - Lyudmilka shouted. - We need to take it. Then the bear will come on its own.
Then Keshka jumped out from behind the woodpile, grabbed his bag and ran to the front door.
Run after me! - he shouted to Sima.
This Keshka is Mishka’s friend,” Lyudmilka roared.
In the front door, the boys took a breath and sat down on the step of the stairs.
My name is Keshka. Aren't you in a lot of pain?..
Not, no so much…
They sat for a while and listened to Lyudin’s mother threaten to go to Mishka’s school, to Mishka’s parents, and even to the police, to the department for combating child neglect.
Did you want to give this album to your teacher? - Keshka suddenly asked.
Sima turned away.
No, Maria Alekseevna. She has been retired for a long time. When I got sick, she found out and came. She worked with me for two months... for free. I specially drew this album for her.
Keshka whistled. And in the evening he came to Mishka.
Bear, give Sima the album. It was when he was sick that Maria Alekseevna worked with him... for free...
“I know it myself,” answered Mishka. All evening he was taciturn, turned away, tried not to look into the eyes. Keshka knew Mishka and knew that this was not without reason. And the next day this is what happened.
Towards evening, Sima went out into the yard. He still walked with his head down and blushed when Mishka and Tolik ran up to him. He probably thought that he would be called to fight again: yesterday no one gave up, but he needs to see this matter through to the end. But Mishka gave him his red wet hand.
Okay, Sima, peace.
“Come with us to build a reservoir,” Tolik suggested. - Don’t be shy, we won’t tease you...
Simya’s big eyes lit up, because it’s nice for a person when Mishka himself looks at him as an equal, and is the first to offer his hand.
Give him the album! - Keshka hissed in Mishka’s ear.
Mishka frowned and did not answer.
The brick dam was leaking. The water in the reservoir did not hold. The rivers tried to avoid it.
The guys were frozen, smeared, and even wanted to make a channel in the asphalt. But they were interrupted by a little old lady in a downy scarf.
She approached Sima and meticulously examined his coat and scarf.
Buckle up, Kolya! You'll catch a cold again... - Then she looked at him affectionately and added: - Thank you for the gift.
Sima blushed deeply and muttered, ashamed:
Which present?..
Album. - The old woman looked at the children, as if convicting them of complicity, and solemnly said: - “Dear teacher Maria Aleksevna, a good person.”
Sima blushed even deeper. He didn't know where to go, he was suffering.
I didn't write that...
I wrote, I wrote! - Keshka suddenly clapped his hands... - He showed us this album, with ships...
Mishka stood next to Sima, looked at the old woman and said rather dully:
Of course, he wrote... Only he is embarrassed by us, he thinks we will tease him with sycophants. Oddball!
In the canvas “Boys,” F. P. Reshetnikov continues to create a gallery of images of Soviet children, which the master began to paint in the post-war years. The outstanding realist was awarded orders and medals for his work over the years.
Fedor Pavlovich Reshetnikov
The future artist was born in a village in Ukraine in 1906 into a family of hereditary icon painters. He was orphaned early and, when he grew up, began to help his older brother, who, in order to survive, dropped out of school and continued his father’s work. He became his apprentice, and later, seeing that without education it was impossible to find interesting work, went to Moscow and graduated from the workers' faculty there in 1929. Then there was study to obtain a higher art education. His teachers were D.S. Moore and While still a student, a graphic artist by education, a mocker and a romantic, he took part in several polar expeditions, which all Soviet people followed with bated breath. After all, he and the Chelyuskinites ended up on a drifting ice floe. And although his vocation was caricature and satire, the artist willingly
By 1953, having already become a recognized master and academician, he suddenly drew children with enthusiasm, growing younger with them. One of the canvases will be Reshetnikov’s painting “Boys”, a description of which will be given in the next section.
The plot of the picture
Having agreed during the day, three boys living in a big city climbed onto the roof of the tallest house in their area late in the evening to take a closer look at the starry sky.
They are eight to ten years old. And they, of course, know everything: about the flights of Belka and Strelka, about the first flight into space Soviet man and about the fact that our rockets with astronauts and satellites continue to explore the vast space. This is what Reshetnikov’s painting “Boys” looks like, the description of which has already begun.
Close-up
In the foreground are three boys with different personalities. Take a closer look at their faces and poses.
In the center, with his hand raised high and pointing at something, stands an expert who is clearly giving a lecture. He, of course, has already visited the planetarium, reviewed the star atlases and knows all the constellations of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Now he may be showing where to find North Star, in which constellation it is located, or tells how to find Ursa Major in the sky and why it is called that, or shows Orion - the most beautiful constellation - the butterfly of our latitudes. Or maybe he points to a flying satellite. There's a lot to see in the sky.
Reshetnikov’s painting “Boys,” the description of which is given in this material, will also tell about the characters of the other two boys. The blond boy standing next to the left is clearly younger (he is shorter, and his facial expression is more naive), and he absorbs knowledge unknown to him with interest. Reshetnikov’s painting “Boys,” the description of which continues, very clearly outlined the character younger boy, inquisitive, but not yet able to independently find new knowledge. And the most interesting and mysterious character is the dreamer. He is depicted comfortably leaning on the ledge of the roof and listening with half an ear to the simple reasoning of his friend. His own ideas about galactic travel, in which he may now be taking part, are already forming in his head.
In the background
And behind the schoolchildren, Reshetnikov (“Boys”), the description of the picture continues, portrayed He is unusually good. Tall houses with windows glittering with the gold of warm home comfort float in the haze and become part of the vast Cosmos. Only its name is native - Earth, which attracts every real astronaut. After wandering, it’s so nice to return to your homeland, your beloved Earth.
On a warm summer evening, F. Reshetnikov’s “Boys” ends, the boys make wishes, looking at them. All three of them have dreams of the future, which will reveal many secrets to them. Time will pass and, perhaps, their dreams will change, but the desire to master the new, unknown will remain.
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The nineteenth and early twentieth centuries seem to be a time of advanced civilization. Women began to be educated everywhere. Children from peasant and poor urban families were recognized as trainable. Scientific and technological progress increasingly connected people with each other. But, alas, in terms of humanity, this period actually left much to be desired. First of all, because of the attitude towards child labor.
Children miners
Huge numbers of child miners of both sexes worked in England and the United States in the nineteenth century. The working day lasted half a day. Despite attempts to introduce age restrictions (in England, the lower limit was set at ten years), parents brought their children to work in the same mines where they worked themselves, from the age of six to eight: the miners, especially women and children, were paid so little that Every penny in families counted. The managers asked the age formally, no one checked anything. The mines needed workers.
One should not think that in the mine the children were doing something like sweeping or other light work. They picked up coal that had fallen from the adults' trolleys into the trolleys, which they pulled behind them like donkeys or oxen, or simply carried the coal that the adults filled the trolleys with; they lifted baskets and sorted coal. The weakest were assigned to open the gates for the trolleys. Usually these were very little girls. They sat for hours in pitch darkness, in dampness, motionless, and this had a bad effect on their health and, especially, their psychological state.
Children chimney sweeps
Little chimney sweep assistants were very popular in Europe: by throwing a child into the chimney, the chimney sweep achieved a much better effect than if he himself tried to clean everything using special equipment. In addition, children were much cheaper than equipment.
Little chimney sweeps began their careers at the age of four: it was believed that there was nothing difficult about scraping off soot for a child, and a small age meant small size and guaranteed that the child would not have to be replaced for quite a few years. In order for the little helper to remain suitable for climbing into chimneys longer, he was fed very sparingly - as long as he did not stretch his legs. A skinny boy is a good boy when it comes to cleaning pipes.
They let the child into the chimney from below, from the fireplace, and he eventually had to climb out from above, onto the roof. But the children were scared to crawl between the steep walls so high up - there was a serious risk of falling off and getting hurt by falling back into the fireplace, so the adult chimney sweep owner urged the baby on, lighting a little fire under him.
The professional risks for children in this business were very high. In addition to breaking down, they also suffocated and got stuck. The soot and soot that had accumulated on their skin for years (children could only wash themselves before the holidays, so as not to waste the owner’s coal on heating water and soap) led to severe oncology, most often lung and scrotal cancer. Even after changing jobs, the little chimney sweeps did not get along in the world. Their health was hopelessly undermined. The exploitation of children by chimney sweeps began to decline only in the last third of the nineteenth century.
Peddler children
Girls in big cities were often trained for street trading. This could be a small family business, but more often the girls worked for someone else’s uncle, receiving goods in the morning and handing over the proceeds in the evening. The most active selling time was the hours before the start of work of various kinds of clerks and employees and the hours after the end, so in order to make money, the girl got up at five o’clock, got ready and, often without breakfast, wandered the streets for several hours with a heavy basket or tray ( it was worn around the neck and was something like a flat open box on a belt on which the goods were laid out).
Girls were often robbed because they could not run after any hooligan who grabbed goods from the tray; the value of the stolen goods was deducted from their earnings. Colds due to constant walking on the street in any weather (often without the opportunity to dress properly) were common, up to pneumonia and the development of rheumatism. If a girl tried to stay on the street in the evening hours to increase her income, she was at risk of harassment: in the evening, many men were looking for what they considered love affairs, although the word “love” is quite difficult to describe their actions.
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, newspaper sales jobs were popular among boys. It’s all the same: you get up very early in the morning, pick up the newspapers, and bring in the revenue in the evening. You will be fined for damaged or stolen goods. The hottest trading hours are in the morning, when gentlemen buy a newspaper on the way to work, or footmen return home with purchases for their masters.
In order for trade to go briskly, you need to run through the streets for hours, including crossing the pavement with lively horse traffic, and shout loudly, breaking your voice. In addition, constant skin contact with lead, which was used to stamp letters on newspaper sheets, caused problems with the skin. But this work was still considered much safer than that of miners or chimney sweeps - and even more so than in a factory.
Delivery children
It was great luck for the boy to get a job as a messenger. I had to run all day, in any weather, sometimes with a heavy load, but in the intervals between “flights” I could sit quietly in the warmth. In addition, at some point, large companies began to issue beautiful uniforms to messengers. True, in winter it was not very warm. The biggest misfortune of the courier boy was the hooligan attacks of his less fortunate peers, who, out of envy, could try to take away and tear envelopes and papers, or take away goods from the store that the messenger was carrying to the client for their own benefit.
Children in factories
With the industrialization of society, there was a huge need for workers in factories. Factory owners valued the work of women the most - they learned faster, were more careful and obedient than men, and besides, according to established customs, women were paid less for the same amount of work. But children had to pay even less, so in many factories there were benches near the machines, and on the benches were boys and girls from six years old and older.
Children were ideal consumables. They learned quickly, they didn’t dare to be insolent, they cost a penny, and no matter how often the little workers were injured, there was always someone to take the empty place. And accidents in factories kept coming. Girls could have their hair pulled into the machine - after all, there was no time to straighten up and straighten their unraveling hairstyle, and they would beat them painfully for every unnecessary movement. From malnutrition and lack of sleep, many children lost vigilance, and with it, an arm, leg or life. The treatment, of course, was not paid for. The little worker was thrown out into the street.
This attitude towards children in factories was widespread - in Russia, Europe and America. Humanists and progressives have fought for years to improve the conditions of child labor, to no avail. The benefits outweighed any arguments and efforts. They went ahead and psychological tricks. When humanists tried to ban the use of child labor in factories producing silk - in order to unwind a silkworm's cocoon, you had to put your hand into very hot water, almost boiling water, and the children's hands were disfigured - the factory owners spread the rumor that there was no silk (and taxes from factories) then will be at all, because only tender children's fingers can make a delicate thin thread.
Children on plantations
A very popular legend is that the best tea in China was considered to be the tea collected by young virgins. After all, their purity makes the taste of the tea leaves especially pure! Indeed, young virgins (from five to six years old) in many countries worked to harvest something lighter than potatoes or rutabaga. Only their cleanliness has absolutely nothing to do with it - the work of little girls cost literally a penny. Along with young virgins, tea and tobacco were also collected by young virgins of the same age range, pregnant women and old people who were still able to move.
The use of child labor in fields and plantations around the world was considered the norm. The working day, regardless of the weather, lasted about twelve hours, with one break for food (during which workers often simply fell asleep, unable to even chew). Children weeded, picked berries and other relatively light fruits and leaves, destroyed pests, and ran around with watering cans and buckets to water the endless beds. There were fewer injuries in the fields than in factories - mostly they tore off their backs or “teared their stomachs” (a common problem for girls). No one was surprised by heat and sunstroke and burns, aching bones and bronchitis due to long work in bad weather.
Child dishwashers
Many parents considered it a blessing to have a child wash dishes in the kitchen, even if it was for free or only for payments on holidays. To begin with, the child will stop asking for food - after all, both in the house and in the tavern he has the opportunity to eat leftovers. Some children spent the night at their new place of work, especially since they often had to clean boilers, pots and pans until late.
The only disadvantage of working as a dishwasher was the need to constantly carry heavy things - tubs of water or the same boilers. In addition, not all children tolerated the constant heat and fumes in the kitchen well. If you lose consciousness once, you will be forgiven, but after the second time, goodbye, satisfying place.
The artist F. P. Reshetnikov was very fond of painting pictures on children's themes, which he developed since the time of the Great Patriotic War. Often watching teenagers play war. It was from that day that he began to increasingly depict children in different life situations in his paintings.
Reshetnikov’s painting “Boys” was created in 1971 and is also dedicated to children. Ten years have passed since the legendary first manned space flight. All the boys dreamed of space and, as one, wanted to be like Yuri Gagarin. The painting shows three boys who climbed onto the roof of a multi-story building on an August night to watch starry sky. As you know, in August in central Russia you can often watch a starfall and boys, seeing another falling “star”, try to make their deepest wish as quickly as possible.
Reshetnikov places all the “dreamers” in the center of the picture. However, the boys are different in character, as evidenced by their poses. One teenager leaned completely against the parapet. His friend is holding on to the railing, but the unusual height scares him a little. The one in the middle, in a friendly manner, put his hand on the shoulder of the one standing on the left and tells what he read in some book just a few days ago. He points his hand at some particularly bright star and perhaps talks about it, especially emphasizing its name. He enjoys feeling some superiority over his comrades, which is so important at this age. The schoolboy talks with such enthusiasm that his friends, without looking up, look at the star that the narrator points to. They are a little jealous of him because he knows so much about galaxies and planets. And he also really dreams of flying on a real spaceship, on which he will definitely accomplish a feat.
His friends are already imagining that they, of course, will fly to the distant stars all together and will definitely visit this star, which is so different from the others in this dark blue sky, like soft velvet. Their eyes sparkle just like these stars, because the boys are sure that as adults they will contemplate the sky not from the height of a high-rise building, but through the window of an interplanetary space rocket. Below there will be land illuminated by the sun's rays, and not sparkling with lights the city merging with the sky, as if one whole.
In the painting Boys, the artist vividly depicts a state of passion, immersion in a dream, when everything around ceases to exist. It is such dreamers who, having matured, accomplish real feats, make great discoveries that allow humanity to move forward. The boys, with undisguised delight and childish inquisitiveness of mind, are directed towards the future, which is slowly revealing its secrets to them.
Around them the city has plunged into the night and is falling asleep in a foggy haze. Reshetnikov conveys to us the state of these guys, awakening in us childhood memories. We remember our dreams and secrets of the distant past with a certain amount of nostalgia. And these suddenly flooding memories seem to give us wings and give us the strength to go to the end - towards our dreams. After all, the more impossible the dream seems, the more interesting the path to it.
Fyodor Pavlovich himself experienced all this during an expedition on the legendary Chelyuskin. It was a heroic epic in which the true character of the Russian man was revealed. And this campaign included the same grown-up dreamers, about whom the whole world started talking back in 1934, admiring their courage.
Essays for the collection “OGE – 2018. Tsybulko. 36 options"
Essay on the topic “The boy was tall and thin, he kept his exorbitantly long arms deep in his pockets” (Option 1)
15.1 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist Valentina Danilovna Chernyak: “Emotional-evaluative words include words that are associated with the expression of any feeling, attitude towards a person, assessment of the subject of speech, situations and communication”
The famous linguist V.D. Chernyak writes about emotional-evaluative words that they are associated with feelings, attitude or assessment. I think that such words help us understand the heroes and author's intention. For example, in the text by R. P. Pogodin many such words are used. Let's say in sentence 13 Mishka says about Sim that he “got out.” This word shows us Mishka’s contemptuous attitude towards another hero. In sentence 16, he addresses Sima not by name, but very rudely: by the personal pronoun “you”. Next, he calls Sima a sycophant, says that he is sucking up - this also shows us his rudeness and contempt.
Emotional and expressive words make literary work more expressive.
15.2 Write an argumentative essay. Explain how you understand the meaning of sentences 55-56 of the text: “The bear stood up and began to take pictures from the guys. He collected all the sheets and put them back in the album."
In an excerpt from the work of R. P. Pogodin, we read about the relationship between children from the same yard. They didn't like one of the boys, so they suspected him of various nasty things: for example, that he was a sycophant. Without figuring it out, they take the album from Sima and sort out the pictures. Only after some time, their “leader” Mishka suddenly realizes that the album was intended for an old teacher who no longer works at the school (this is stated in sentence 52). And from sentences 53 and 54 it becomes clear why Sima wanted to thank her: she helped him study during a serious illness. When Misha realized this, he felt ashamed, and he began to take the pictures away from the guys and put them back in the album. From sentences 67-75 we understand that the guys gave Maria Alekseevna the drawings that Sima made for her.
These words mean that Misha knew how to admit his mistakes and correct them.
15.3 How do you understand the meaning of the word CONSCIENCE? Formulate and comment on the definition you have given. Write an essay-argument on the topic: “What is conscience?”, taking the definition you gave as the thesis.
Conscience is a person’s ability to realize that he is wrong; it restrains from doing a bad thing or reproaches if a person has already done wrong.
In an excerpt from the work of R.P. Pogodin, Mishka took away from Sima an album with drawings that he made for the teacher, but then Mishka realized that he was wrong. His conscience reproached him, and he decided to correct his mistake. I took the drawings from my friends and still gave them to the teacher.
Both in life and in literature, we often encounter situations in which a person experiences pangs of conscience. For example, in the novel by A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin” main character judges himself harshly for his cowardice. Fearing public condemnation, Eugene went to a duel with a friend and accidentally killed him. Onegin punishes himself - sends him into exile.
Each person must act in accordance with the requirements of his conscience.
Essay on the topic “The quiet chirping of birds sounded joyful in spring...” (Option 2)
15.1 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist Dietmar Elyashevich Rosenthal: “Our grammatical system provides many options for expressing the same thought.”
The grammatical system of the Russian language offers the speaker various syntactic structures to express the same thing. They are synonymous.
For example, sentences with participial phrases and subordinate clauses are synonymous. True, it is not always possible to replace a subordinate clause with an adverbial phrase, but if it is possible, the text becomes livelier and more energetic. This is probably why such constructions are preferred by V. O. Bogomolov, with an excerpt from whose book I became acquainted. This text contained a lot of adverbial phrases and single adverbial participles. For example, in sentences 3, 5, 7, 12, 13 we encounter such constructions.
However, sometimes the writer prefers subordinate clauses: in sentences 21, 23 and some others. This makes the text more expressive and beautiful.
15.2 Write an argumentative essay. Explain how you understand the meaning of the last sentences of the text: “There is no plan,” Vitka said gloomily with his characteristic directness. - And combat support too. This is irresponsibility and my oversight. I am responsible for this."
The hero-narrator, after heavy fighting, forgot that he was ordered to set up a guard and sketch out a plan of action in the event of an enemy attack (sentence 21). This was indeed necessary, but the narrator neglected it, albeit unintentionally, and because of his forgetfulness, his friend, battalion commander Vitka, suffered. But the commander took all the blame upon himself, realizing that the brigade commander could punish him and, in any case, would scold him. The words “This is irresponsibility and my oversight. I am responsible for this,” they say that the battalion commander is an honest person who is not capable of letting a friend down; in addition, he is ready to be responsible for everything that happens in his unit. The narrator was confident in his friend, this is stated in sentence 24, he was very ashamed that his friend would suffer through his fault.
Sometimes friends have to correct each other's mistakes.
15.3 How do you understand the meaning of the word CONSCIENCE? Formulate and comment on the definition you have given. Write an essay-argument on the topic: “What is conscience?”, taking the definition you gave as the thesis.
Conscience is a feature of a person’s personality. Anyone who has a conscience will try in no case to commit bad deed. If he accidentally does something bad, then his conscience torments him and forces him to correct the evil caused.
In an excerpt from the work of V. O. Bogomolov, the hero-narrator forgot to carry out the instructions of his friend the battalion commander, and because of this, the brigade commander scolded Vitka. But the friend did not betray his friend, but took the blame upon himself. The narrator was very ashamed of this.
We often come across examples of pangs of conscience in literature and life. For example, in F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “The Brothers Karamazov” one boy, Ilyusha, succumbing to the persuasion of the evil student Rakitin, treated a stray dog with a piece of bread with a pin. The dog squealed and ran away. The boy thought that Bug had died, and this tormented him terribly, he even became seriously ill. But, fortunately, it later turned out that the dog survived.
Conscience is very necessary for every person.
Essay on the topic “In a school called “Republic of SHKID”, at the same time as the newcomer Panteleev, a decrepit old woman, the director’s mother, appeared...” (OPTION 3)
15.1 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist Dmitry Nikolaevich Shmelev: “The figurative meaning of a word enriches our language, develops and transforms it.”
In the Russian language, along with unambiguous words, there are a huge number of words that have not one, but two or more meanings. If you look into Dictionary, then you can be sure that there are even more such words than unambiguous ones. Of course, this is no coincidence. Polysemantic words add expressiveness to speech. A joke like a pun is based on the use of different meanings of one polysemantic word; The figurative meaning of the word allows you to make your statement brighter.
For example, in L. Panteleev’s text in sentence 11 we read about how a pile of flat cakes “melted.” This word is used in the figurative meaning of “decreased in size,” and we can easily imagine this picture: a bunch of flat cakes becomes smaller and smaller, and then they disappear altogether.
In sentence 20, the author writes about the boy that his lips “jumped.” This is also a word with a figurative meaning. As we read, we immediately understand that the new guy is almost crying with anger and resentment, he is so shocked by the actions of the guys.
Words in a figurative sense are often used in fiction as a means of expression.
15.2 Write an argumentative essay. Explain how you understand the meaning of sentences 47-49 of the text: “You know, Lyonka, you’re great,” said the Japanese, blushing and sniffling. - Forgive us, please. I say this not only on my own behalf, I speak on behalf of the whole class.”
The action of the book “Republic of SHKID” takes place in a colony. The guys who got there are, of course, not angels. Most of them stole on the street so as not to die of hunger, and some of their habits remained at that moment, which is described in the episode with the stolen flatbreads.
But the new Panteleev was more honest than the others: it seemed dishonest to him to steal from a blind old woman, so the other colonists beat him, and the director, without understanding, punished Panteleev, because he did not deny his guilt.
The other colonists felt ashamed. That is why the Japanese blushed when he asked Lyonka for forgiveness. The guys suddenly realized that it was possible to live more honestly than they did: not to offend the weak, not to shift the blame onto others. This is stated in the words of the Japanese (in sentences 40 - 42). But going to the director and confessing is still too heroic an act for guys who are not used to living honestly. As a result, no one supports the Japanese proposal, but still the guys felt guilty and agreed with the apology. Therefore, Lyonka made peace with the guys (sentence 51-52).
15.3 How do you understand the meaning of the word CONSCIENCE?
Conscience is what allows a person to be human, a sense of the rightness or wrongness of an action, a kind of compass. Anyone who has a conscience understands how to act and how not to, and he tries to avoid bad actions even if no one will know about them.
Conscience helps us evaluate ourselves. Unfortunately, not everyone has a conscience. Some people think that she causes only problems: she reproaches, does not give peace, but a person strives for happiness and peace. It also happens that someone’s conscience has not yet been properly formed. For example, in this text we see children who did not listen to their conscience, because it rather hindered them when they lived on the street and were forced to steal and cheat so as not to die of hunger. But Lyonka’s honest act first shocked them and caused aggression, and then made their best feelings awaken. They felt ashamed, which means that they became a little better than they were before.
Conscience makes a person feel ashamed for others if they do something bad. I came across such an example in literature - in the story “Doll” by E. Nosov. The hero of this story, Akimych, is ashamed of those people who pass by a mutilated doll and do not pay attention to this disgrace. He buries the doll and says: “You can’t bury everything.” I think he means that unscrupulous people, with the silent connivance of others, have already committed a lot of evil, it is already difficult to correct it. The author calls on those in whom conscience is still alive not to get used to bad things, but to try to correct them.
Conscience is the core in a person’s soul.
Essay on the topic “I stood in a dark, cold circus stable...” (Option 5)
15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous Russian linguist Lyudmila Alekseevna Vvedenskaya: “Any deviations from the norm must be situationally and stylistically justified”
The famous linguist L.A. Vvedenskaya has a saying: “Any deviations from the norm must be situationally and stylistically justified.”
The Russian language is a rich and ideally constructed system; this language is able to deeply and vividly describe the entire gamut of human emotions. A person who uses the Russian language has a whole arsenal of phraseological units, sayings, an incredible number of synonyms, comparisons, metaphors, etc.
But still, every person has situations, joyful or bitter, when he sometimes lacks generally accepted norms to express his feelings. But in order to deviate from the general rules of language, the speaker or writer must have motives. These motives are explained by a specific situation, according to Vvedenskaya’s statement. For example, in the sentence “I stood in a darkened cold stable next to my sick friend and with all my heart wanted to help her.” The author here is talking about a friend, and then that he wanted to help “her.” The text is about the circus elephant Lyalka. Why does the author call her a friend and not a girlfriend? After all, if “she” means “friend”. The fact is that the author sincerely worries about the elephant and is very afraid that she will not recover, because she is very dear to him. The word “friend” contains much more meaning than “girlfriend”. A friend is a close person, he will support and reassure, he will always be there. In this case, given how much the author cares for Lyalka, the use of the word “friend” can be justified.
He turns to Lyalka, who has already recovered. The author speaks to the animal as if it can understand his words. From this exclamation it is clear how sincerely glad the author is that the elephant recovered and ate the food. Here, addressing these words to an animal is justified by the author’s genuine joy.
15.2. Explain how you understand the meaning of the text fragment: “We always go ahead with our firecrackers and whistles, we, clowns, clowns and entertainers, and next to us, of course, are beautiful, cheerful elephants.”
The story “Lalka the Elephant” tells how the author is very worried about his friend, an elephant named Lyalka. She became seriously ill and refused to eat. All night the author imagined Lyalka getting cold and trembling, but the next morning it turned out that she had already recovered. ABOUT good mood The elephant spoke from the way she cheerfully trumpeted. To celebrate, the author came up with the thought: “We always go ahead with our firecrackers and whistles, we, clowns, clowns and entertainers, and next to us, of course, are beautiful, cheerful elephants.” This means that in any case, life, love for this life and work wins. Despite the threat of illness, Lyalka won and is ready to continue to delight the children with her performances.
From the sentence “Seeing me and immediately recognizing me, Lyalka trumpeted triumphantly,” we see that the elephant is very happy with her friend and wants to show him that the illness has receded and she is ready to get back into action again.
The author is so happy with Lyalka’s mood, he is proud that they are the ones who organize a holiday for people, that clowns and clowns allow them to plunge back into a carefree childhood. Lyalka fully supports the author in this and seems to say: “Let the amazing cavalcade of joy and happiness in life always dance!”
Kindness is the ability to empathize and put yourself in another person’s shoes.
There are many definitions of the word “kindness”, but I will focus on the fact that it is, first of all, empathy, compassion. To do good, you need to be able to take on the grief and troubles of others, and then act as you would like to be treated.
If a person or animal is in trouble, you need to show your nobility and willingness to help, because these are the traits that characterize a real Person.
Kindness is visible in the behavior of the author of the story “Lalka the Elephant.” He worries about the animal with all his heart. The author prepared medicine for Lyalka, then did not sleep all night, thinking about her, how bad she was. In the morning, seeing nothing, he ran to her and fed her. The author does good for the elephant, as for a real friend.
What motivates us when we give money for the treatment of a child we don’t know, help frail old people, give up our seat on the bus, or pick up a hungry stray cat? Of course, kindness. It is she who helps us preserve this world and all the best that is in it.
An essay on the topic “We stood last days June..." (Option 6)
15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous Russian writer Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov: “Ellipses are traces on the tiptoes of words that have passed away.”
Despite all the richness of the Russian language, every person at certain moments in life is faced with a situation when he cannot find the right words; when it seems: here they are, on the tip of his tongue, but he is not able to pronounce them, although they are clearly implied in speech.
This phenomenon is confirmed by the statement of the Russian writer V.V. Nabokov: “Ellipses are traces on tiptoes of departed words.” If in a conversation we can understand from a person’s behavior that he is not telling something, then in written speech this function is performed by an ellipsis.
In the sentence “Well, Grishuk, get better without me...” Emelya said goodbye to his grandson, who was seriously ill. “And I’ll go get the deer,” we clearly see how difficult it is for the grandfather to leave one sick boy, but he has no other choice. The ellipsis in this sentence clearly shows Emelya’s anxiety, sadness, and concern for her grandson.
We can say that ellipsis is used to save language resources.
Further, after returning from the hunt empty-handed and after his grandson’s questions whether the grandfather shot the fawn, Emelya says: “No, Grishuk... I saw it... He’s yellow himself, and his face is black. He stands under a bush and plucks leaves... I took aim..."
Here, under the ellipses, one can clearly see the desire of the deed to console Grisha, to explain to him that his hand did not rise to shoot a defenseless deer.
An ellipsis is an understatement that can be easily guessed from the context and behavior of the character.
15.2. Explain how you understand the meaning of the ending of the text: “Grisha fell asleep and all night saw a little yellow fawn who was happily walking through the forest with his mother, and the old man slept on the stove and also smiled in his sleep.”
The text ends with the sentence “Grisha fell asleep and all night he saw a little yellow fawn, who was happily walking through the forest with his mother, and the old man slept on the stove and also smiled in his sleep.”
Emel's grandfather went into the forest, hoping to get a deer, and exactly the one that his Grishutka so wanted. But seeing how the deer bravely defended her cub, risking her life, he could not shoot, although the animals were only a few steps away from him.
To his grandson’s question, he answered: “When he whistled, and he, a calf, ran into the thicket - that’s all they saw. He ran away, shot like that..."
Grishutka was glad that the little yellow fawn remained alive and listened with pleasure to the stories of the case. Sincere childish joy can be seen in the following sentences: “The old man told the boy for a long time how he searched for a calf in the forest for three days and how it ran away from him. The boy listened and laughed merrily with his old grandfather.”
15.3. How do you understand the meaning of the word KINDNESS?
Our world rests on kindness, responsiveness, and willingness to help others. Kindness is what holds everything beautiful in our lives. If we did not show kindness and compassion to any living creature, we would simply disappear from the face of the earth. By showing kindness and accepting it from others, we know that everything is still good in our lives, not all is lost.
This text perfectly demonstrates the act of mercy and kindness. The old hunter lost three days; his sick grandson was waiting for him at home. Luck was right in front of the old man. But when he saw how selflessly the doe protected her cub, he felt sorry for both of them. Instead of returning home with rich booty, he chose to give life to defenseless animals. What is this if not a manifestation of kindness? The old man remembered who his granddaughter miraculously survived the attack of wolves, however, at the cost of his mother’s life.
This is all shown in the sentences “Exactly what broke in old Emelya’s chest, and he lowered the gun. The hunter quickly stood up and whistled - the small animal disappeared into the bushes with the speed of lightning.”
IN real life There are many cases when people, risking their lives and health, saved children in trouble, pulled them out of burning houses, rescued them from water, from animal attacks.
All these cases give us hope that we will not be left without a helping hand if we get into trouble.
Essay on the topic “Now Kolka, Vovka and Olya rarely met: vacation...” (Option 7)
15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous Russian linguist Irina Borisovna Golub: “In artistic speech, the use of homogeneous members of a sentence is a favorite means of enhancing its expressiveness.”
Russian linguist I. B. Golub has a saying: “In artistic speech, the use of homogeneous members of a sentence is a favorite means of enhancing its expressiveness.”
Often it is not enough for a speaker to express his thoughts using only one word, one synonym or description. In order to give persuasiveness and expressiveness to his speech, a person can use homogeneous members of the sentence, as, for example, in the sentence “But he said it as if he had been there and seen it, and Olya’s eyes opened even wider.”
Here the homogeneous members of the sentence are the words “was” and “saw”. In order to understand the meaning of the sentence, it would be enough to use only one of them, but the use of both of them gave dynamism and brightness to the sentence.
The feelings and melancholy of the main character can be seen in the sentence “I watched how the arrow rotated, how it trembled, where it pointed.” It would be enough to say that the boy was looking at the compass, but the words “spinning,” “trembling,” “pointing” convey how dear his compass is to the boy.
Kolka's compassion shows that he does not even expect to get a puppy for the compass. It is enough for him that the dog will live. He is ready to lose what is so dear to him, just to know that the puppy will not be drowned: “I’m not for good,” Kolka sighed. - Let him live with you, if you want. I am for you not to drown.”
15.3. How do you understand the meaning of the word KINDNESS?
The age-old question - what is kindness? Each person will answer it differently, based on their own life experience. For some, kindness is the willingness to help those weaker and more helpless than oneself; for others, it is the ability to sympathize, to share the pain and grief of one’s neighbor.
I believe that kindness implies a willingness to make any sacrifice so that an innocent living being, no matter human or animal, is harmed. You show goodness if you stop cruelty and injustice without thinking about how it will turn out for you. On the contrary, you condone evil if you silently observe it, without even participating in it.
Kindness is when a person does not pass by someone else’s misfortune or trouble, believing that it does not concern him. In the text, the boy Kolka is ready to sacrifice a thing dear to him for free in order to save a puppy, which he will not receive: “That’s what they decided. Vovka dragged the puppy home, Olka ran away, and Kolka went to say goodbye with the compass. I watched how the arrow rotated, how it trembled, where it pointed.”
I once had to observe one case. A sick dog lay in a collar on a busy road, breathing heavily. People passed by, looking at the animal with disgust. Only one girl dared to approach her, without fear of human judgment and opinion. She gave the dog water and moved it away from the road onto the grass.
In this case, it was more important for the person to help, to show kindness, than what others might think.
Essay on the topic “That night there were long, cold rains...” (OPTION 8)
15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous Russian linguist Irina Borisovna Golub: “Definitely personal sentences, in comparison with two-part sentences, give speech dynamism and brevity.”
The famous linguist I. B. Golub has a saying: “Definitely personal sentences, in comparison with two-part sentences, give speech dynamism and brevity.”
Native speakers, and not only others, can express their thoughts without using personal pronouns to save language resources and time. They, of course, give the sentence greater specificity, but they can still be omitted for the sake of brevity without losing the meaning of the sentence. For example, in the sentence “Let’s cook porridge!” the soldiers could have said: “We’ll cook porridge!”, but they used a definitely personal proposal. The exclusion of the pronoun “we” gave the sentence brevity and a sense of unity among the soldiers, their common joy.
15.2. Explain how you understand the meaning of the ending of the text: “The orderly also smiled and, stroking the nearest dog, answered: “They ate the oatmeal.” But they got you there on time.”
The text ends with the sentence “The orderly also smiled and, stroking the nearest dog, answered: “They ate the oatmeal.” But they got you there on time.”
The story tells about a difficult, wartime time. Cold, hunger, no food, the soldiers eat only water and crackers. And what happiness it was when soldier Lukashuk suddenly found a bag of oatmeal, which seemed like a real treasure to the poor soldiers. They were already looking forward to eating plenty of hearty porridge. But suddenly the owner of this bag showed up and took it away.
After a while, when things got better with food, soldier Lukashuk was saved by the very man who took away their last hope - a bag of oatmeal. He turned out to be a military orderly.
It seems that this orderly is making excuses to Lukashuk for what happened then. He makes it clear to the wounded man: thanks to the fact that he gave the porridge to the dogs, they managed to take him out on a sled and thereby save him. After all, if the orderly had not done this, the animals would have weakened from hunger and, perhaps, thanks to this particular incident, Lukashuk remained alive, because the dogs got him there on time. This is how it happens in life: what at first glance seems like destruction, in fact, unexpectedly becomes salvation.
15.3. How do you understand the meaning of the word KINDNESS?
Kindness is a life phenomenon when a person helps others, despite the fact that for him this is fraught with some inconvenience, loss of time, etc. This means giving another a piece of his warmth, without being afraid of freezing himself.
Know what you did today better life For someone, to realize that you have done good to someone is not happiness? The joy and satisfaction from giving is much stronger than in a situation when you receive something yourself. Kindness makes the life of each of us better and brighter. If you do good to someone, that someone along the chain will do good to someone else.
The text contains an example of showing kindness and compassion. The orderly, who took the bag of oatmeal from the soldiers, gave it all to the hungry dogs, although he himself could get enough of it, because it was a very hungry war time. Thanks to the fact that the orderly, to his own detriment, fed the animals, they were able to gain strength and bring the wounded and injured on sleds. This is what is said in the sentence “They ate the oatmeal.” But they got you there on time.”
There are many people who, despite being busy and having limited finances, visit orphans in orphanages and helpless old people left alone. These people share with them not only material values, but also spiritual warmth, which means that life becomes brighter for them.
Essay on the topic “At dusk, Bidenko and Gorbunov went out on reconnaissance, taking Vanya Solntsev with them...” (OPTION 9)
15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement taken from the Literary Encyclopedia: “By making the characters talk to each other, instead of conveying their conversation from himself, the author can introduce appropriate shades into such a dialogue. He characterizes his heroes by theme and manner of speech.”
Every book lover knows how well monologues or dialogues of characters characterize them, clearly highlighting their literacy, education and other individual characteristics.
For convenience, the author could simply briefly convey the essence of the conversation between two or more book characters, but it is the schedule of their detailed dialogue that allows the reader to form an opinion about each of them. From the sentence “Why the hell are you hanging around here at night, you bastard! - shouted a rough German voice with a cold.” It is clear to us that these words belong to a cruel man who knows no mercy. There is not even a need for a more detailed description of this character - it is already clear to the reader that nothing good should be expected from him.
The following example: “Oh, uncle, don’t hit me! – he whined pitifully. - I was looking for my horse. I found it by force. I wandered all day and all night. “I’m lost...” he shouted, swinging his whip at Serko.” Here the author could simply write that the boy pretended to be a shepherd and asked for mercy. But this phrase by Vanya helps the reader vividly imagine the image of a pitiful shepherd who is exhausted and begs to be let go in peace.
The characters’ phrases and their unique manner of speaking help the reader to immerse themselves deeper into the work and create the effect that he himself seems to be present at the scene of the events being described.
15.2. Explain how you understand the meaning of sentences 31-32 of the text: “He knew that his friends, faithful comrades in arms, were nearby. At the first cry they will rush to the rescue and kill every last one of the fascists.”
The boy Vanya is entrusted with a very important mission - to be a guide for scouts, lead them into the enemy camp and warn them of danger. For this purpose, the image of a foolish shepherdess was thought out for him. Vanya is well aware of how important this goal is and how much depends on him.
The text contains the sentence: “He knew that his friends, faithful comrades in arms, were nearby. At the first cry they will rush to the rescue and kill every last one of the fascists.”
When Vanya showed the way to Bidenko and Gorbunov, he came across two Germans and was seized with real horror. He was afraid not even for himself, but for the fact that their whole plan would collapse. He knew that in any case his comrades would not harm him and would protect him from the Nazis. When one of the Germans hit him humiliatingly, Vanya was furious: “What! He, a soldier of the Red Army, a scout of the famous battery of Captain Enakiev, was dared to be hit with a boot by some fascist flaw! But he pulled himself together in time. If he gave in to his anger, that would be the end of their plan. Despite the fact that there were people behind him who would protect him, Vanya pushed personal grudges into the background and put his important task first: “But the boy also firmly remembered that he was in deep reconnaissance, where the slightest noise could reveal group and disrupt the execution of a combat mission.”
The boy Vanya, in the guise of a shepherdess, completed his task with honor and did not let down the scouts, who completely relied on him.
The text describes a terrible time for a great country - Great Patriotic War. These were the years when fearlessness was required from every citizen of our country, a willingness to sacrifice everything in the name of victory and freedom. It was a time when ordinary Soviet people performed feats for the sake of their Motherland.
A feat in my understanding is when a person puts the well-being of his people and country first, and then takes care of his personal well-being. A feat is something for which a person is ready to sacrifice his life.
During the war, millions of people lost their families and homes; they united to defeat the enemy, putting aside their personal concerns.
A simple Russian boy, Vanya, stoically endured the bullying of the Nazis and cast aside his pride. It was incredibly difficult for him, but he knew that he simply did not have the right to let his comrades down: “Then, with a powerful effort of will, he suppressed his rage and pride.” He coped with the horror that gripped him from meeting his enemies and led the scouts further.
We hear from school incredible stories about the heroism and exploits of the Soviet people during the war. Despite their nation and religion, they all stood up as one to defend their country and were not afraid of difficult trials. People boldly made their way into the enemy camp, freed prisoners, and rescued the wounded. All these are feats thanks to which today we have the opportunity to live and love, to enjoy the peaceful sky above our heads.
Essay on the topic “Once, when my grandmother was on her knees, talking heartily with God...” (OPTION 10)
15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous Russian linguist Evgeniy Nikolaevich Shiryaev “The entire organization of linguistic means in fiction is subordinated not simply to the transfer of content, but to the transfer of artistic means.”
The artistic style differs from the scientific, official and journalistic style in the richness of its means of expression. If scientific works and newspaper articles contain only dry facts, then fiction gives unlimited scope for imagination. Fiction novels, stories, tales abound in such artistic means as metaphor, comparison, description, hyperbole, personification and many others.
Vivid example of use artistic means shown in the following sentences: "In good night its red flowers bloomed smokelessly; only a dark cloud hovered very high above them, not preventing them from seeing the silver stream of the Milky Way. The snow glowed crimson, and the walls of the buildings trembled and swayed, as if rushing towards the hot corner of the yard, where the fire was playing merrily, filling the wide cracks in the workshop wall with red, sticking out of them like red-hot crooked nails.”
The text describes the heroism of the grandmother, who fearlessly and with enviable self-control gives out instructions: “- Barn, neighbors, defend! If the fire spreads to the barn, to the hayloft, ours will burn to the ground and yours will take over! Cut the roof, the hay goes into the garden! Neighborhood priests, come together as friends, God will help you.” The author shows the simple speech characteristic of this woman; these phrases characterize her as a courageous person who does not lose her composure.
15.2. Explain how you understand the meaning of the sentence in the text: “It was impossible not to listen to her at that hour.”
The text describes a fire that happened at two in the middle of the night and alarmed all the inhabitants of the house and neighbors. The servants and even the grandfather, the owner of the house, rushed about randomly in confusion while the fire devoured everything in its path. And only the grandmother managed to maintain composure, act wisely and give instructions in order to save the household and the whole family. She even advises neighbors who drop by on how to save barns and hay.
The little grandson, on whose behalf the story is told, describes in detail the events of this terrible night: “It was as interesting as the fire; illuminated by the fire, which seemed to catch her, black, she rushed around the yard, keeping up everywhere, in charge of everything, seeing everything.”
The boy notices how his grandmother fearlessly ran into the burning workshop and carried out explosive vitriol. She even managed to calm the frightened, soaring horse. He affectionately calls him “little mouse.” Grandmother took upon herself all the burden and responsibility: “Evgenya, take off the icons!” Natalya, get the guys dressed! - the grandmother commanded sternly, in a strong voice, and the grandfather quietly howled: “E-and-s.” That’s why the grandson immediately understood: “It was impossible not to listen to her at that hour.”
15.3. How do you understand the meaning of the word FEAT?
And in works of art, and in real life there were and are numerous examples of feats that were performed by both men and women. A feat is a selfless act that is performed in the name of saving the Motherland, family, strangers, even at the cost of one’s own life. Only a Man with a capital M, noble and ready to help, is capable of such an act. A hero man runs to help those who are in dire straits, and the last thing he thinks about is himself.
In the text, such a Person is the grandmother; she is the only one, risking her life, who burst into a building engulfed in fire in order to save the others, to save the barns and hay, not only her own, but also those of her neighbors. She does not panic, but calms the others. She even managed to calm down a horse running in fear: “Don’t be afraid! - Grandmother said in a bass voice, patting him on the neck and taking the reins. - Am I going to leave you with this fear? Oh, little mouse..."
They say about such women: “She will stop a galloping horse and enter a burning hut.”
The world rests on such heroic people; they give a chance for survival when it seems that everything is over. The feat does not depend on age. I remember a case where a fifteen-year-old boy saved seven neighbor children from a fire in his house, while the rest succumbed to panic and lost hope.