Each of us with early years, while doing creative work, or in school lessons, I came across such an object as a pencil. Most often, people treat it as something ordinary, as a simple and useful thing. But few people thought about how complex the technological process of its production is.
By the way, during production, a pencil goes through 83 technological operations, 107 types of raw materials are used in its production, and the production cycle is 11 days. If you look at all this from the perspective of an entire product line, you see a complex, well-established production with careful planning and control.
In order to see with our own eyes the process of producing pencils, we go to the Moscow factory named after Krasin. This is the oldest pencil production in Russia. The factory was founded in 1926 with government support.
The government's main goal was to eliminate illiteracy in the country, and for this it was necessary to make stationery accessible. After the collapse Soviet Union Krasin's factory remained the only pencil manufacturer in the CIS with a full production cycle. This means that everything is produced at the factory - from lead to the final product - pencils. Let's take a closer look at the pencil production process.
To produce pencils, the factory receives specially processed and laid linden boards. But before they are used, writing rods must be made.
Let's move on to the pencil lead manufacturing workshop. Writing rods are made from a mixture of clay and graphite. The preparation of the necessary mixture begins with such technological installations, where clay is crushed. The crushed clay is sent along a conveyor to the next production site.
In the next section, special mills are installed, where the clay is ground more finely and mixed with water.
Installations for preparing a mixture of clay and graphite. Here the mixture for future rods gets rid of impurities and is prepared for further processing.
It is worth noting that only natural substances are used in the production of leads, which allows us to consider the production environmentally friendly. Installation for pressing the mixture. Rods are obtained from the resulting semi-finished products. There is virtually no waste from production, since they reuse it.
At this production site, the rods themselves are produced, but in order for them to get into the pencil, a number of technological operations will be carried out on them.
The technology for producing rods itself is reminiscent of extrusion. The carefully prepared and mixed mass is squeezed out through a special stamp with holes.
After this, the blanks for writing rods are placed in a special container.
And dry in the closet for 16 hours.
After this, the rods are carefully sorted by hand.
This is what a workstation for sorting rods looks like. It's very complex and painstaking work. Cats sleep behind the table lamp.
After sorting, the rods are calcined in a special cabinet. The annealing temperature ranges from 800 to 1200 degrees Celsius and directly affects the final properties of the rod. The hardness of the pencil, which has 17 gradations - from 7H to 8B, depends on the temperature.
After annealing, the rods are filled with fat under special pressure and temperature. This is necessary to give them the necessary writing properties: intensity of the line, ease of sliding, quality of sharpening, ease of erasing with an eraser. Depending on the required value of the hardness of the rod, the following can be used: lard, confectionery fat, or even beeswax and carnauba wax.
Output products from the rod production area.
After this, the rods go to the assembly. Pencil boards are prepared on such machines. Grooves are cut into them for installing writing rods.
The cutting part of the machine makes grooves in the boards.
The boards automatically go into such a clip.
After this, on another machine, the rods are laid into pre-prepared planks.
After laying, the halves of the planks are glued together with PVA glue and left to dry under pressure. The essence of this operation is that the rod itself is not glued to the boards. Its diameter is larger than the diameter of the groove, and in order for the structure to close, a press is needed. The rod will be held in the wood not by glue, but by the tension of the wooden shell (prestress specially created in this way in the design of the pencil).
After drying, the workpiece is sawed with special cutters into individual pencils.
The pencils are gradually sawn through several processing cycles.
The output is ready-made, but not colored pencils.
Already at this stage, the shape of the pencil is established due to the type of profile of the cutting cutter.
Next, the surface of the pencil is primed on special lines. When painting pencils, enamels made at the factory are used. These enamels are made from components that are safe for humans.
Pencil painting line.
I think that many times in stores we have seen gift pencils painted with colorful streaks. It turns out that in order to color them this way, a whole specially developed technology is used. Here is a short snippet of the painting process.
When visiting the paint shop, I happened to see a batch of pencils for delivery to the Russian government of a new type. The tip of the pencil symbolizes our national flag. Pencils dry in special technological frames. The regularity of the rows looks very unusual and attractive.
After painting, the pencils are put into batches to be sent to the next sections of the factory.
It is a great pleasure to look at thousands of pencils colored using the factory’s proprietary technology. This is a very unusual sight.
Surface finishing technological line.
Cabinet for storing stamps. Stamps for the entire range of manufactured products are stored here.
If necessary, pencils are sharpened on a special machine before packaging. The photo shows the intermediate stage of sharpening.
I was amazed by the speed of the machine. Pencils fell into the tray in a continuous stream. I immediately remembered all my personal unsuccessful attempts to sharpen pencils. From these memories this machine began to inspire even more respect.
The factory also produces these interesting oval-shaped pencils, used in construction and repair.
Arrays of stacked pencils look very unusual and attractive. You won't see this anywhere else.
At the packaging area, pencils are sorted and packed by hand. There is a special atmosphere here. People work quietly and silently. Many employees have continuous work experience at the factory for more than 40 years.
The factory has its own equipped laboratory, in which products are tested throughout the entire production cycle and new production technologies are developed. The picture shows an Amsler device for determining the fracture resistance of writing rods.
Before leaving, I went into a room with demonstration stands for the factory's products. The factory logo evokes some kind of nostalgia. After all, these pencils are familiar to each of us since childhood.
The factory produces several product lines. Professional series of pencils for artists, decorators and designers.
Samples of pencils supplied to the government of the Russian Federation. For the design of the pencils, a design was chosen to match the color of the standard malachite desktop instruments of Russian government workers. But besides this, they have other differences from ordinary pencils: firstly, their shape is made with maximum consideration for the ergonomics of an adult’s hand, and in addition, they use a special “lumograph” type rod for making notes in the margins and in a diary; it does not smear with the hand , but can be easily erased with an eraser without damaging the paper.
Pencils for engineering drawing:
Original factory souvenir products.
The visit to the factory was very exciting and educational. It was very interesting for me to see how much original technology and labor goes into making such a seemingly simple object as a pencil.
I want to express my deep gratitude to the chief production technologist Marina for her help and clarification of technological processes in production. At the end of the visit to the factory, its management presented the Reedus editorial office with their branded pencils, including those supplied to the government of the Russian Federation.
Back in 1912, by decree of the tsarist government, a factory was created in Tomsk, where they sawed cedar planks for pencils produced throughout the country.
And today the Siberian Pencil Factory is the only manufacturer of pencils and pencil boards made from Siberian cedar in the territory of the former Soviet Union, the wood of which is used to produce pencils of the highest price category. Last fall, the products of the Siberian Pencil Factory, having passed the examination of the commission, became a laureate of the competition “Best Goods and Services of the Tomsk Region”, and then a diploma winner of the all-Russian competition “100 Best Products of Russia”.
How are pencils produced that have received such widespread and well-deserved recognition?
PREPARATION
The production of pencils begins at the timber exchange, where harvested cedar is stored. Now there are more than three thousand cubic meters of wood here. Last year, the regional authorities greatly helped the factory in providing materials, and this year they plan to produce about 85 million pencils.
“The wood we purchase does not come to us as a result of barbaric felling,” says Anatoly Lunin, director of the factory. – In the vast majority of cases, this is sanitary felling of aged cedar, which no longer produces nuts. Cedar grows up to 500 years, but cones appear on it until about 250 years of age, after which it begins to die and is attacked by various insects. If you cut it down during this period, a new cedar will grow faster.
Before cutting, the logs undergo mandatory preparation: each log must be washed so that stuck pieces of earth or clay and stones do not accidentally damage the saws. To do this, a tree from a timber exchange is placed and kept in a special pool with warm water. In the summer it is kept here for a short time, up to twenty minutes, but in winter the log is kept in the pool until it thaws - this can take up to three hours. And after 369 hours or 16.5 days and 26 different technological operations, finished pencils will be obtained from the log.
At a sawmill they make this kind of beam from a log:
The production of wooden pencils is extremely demanding on the quality of the material; only pure straight wood is used. And if the presence of such defects as, for example, knots in carpentry products is not catastrophic, then a pencil cannot be made from such wood. Therefore, it is very difficult to say in advance how many pencils will come out of one piece of wood.
To reduce the amount of waste, the company is looking for different ways increasing the depth of wood processing. One of these ways is to expand the range of products. So, from a piece of wood that is not suitable for producing a pencil, by the summer they plan to start producing wooden puzzles, coloring books for children and moth repellents. Some goes to the production of short pencils, like for IKEA stores, and some goes to the production of these wooden skewers:
The timber obtained from the log is sawn into short sections, each of which is then cut into ten planks. To ensure that all the boards are the same, they need to be calibrated. To do this, they are driven through a special machine. At the exit from it, the planks have the same size and strictly perpendicular edges. 
The calibrated tablets are then placed in an autoclave. In my own way appearance it resembles a barrel to which many pipes of different diameters are connected. Using these pipes, you can create a vacuum in the chamber, build up pressure and supply all kinds of solutions inside. As a result of these processes, the resins contained in it are removed from the board, and the wood is impregnated (soaked) with paraffin. Today this is not the easiest, but one of the most effective ways to improve the important properties of the material and protect the tree from the harmful effects of the environment.
After being processed in an autoclave, the “ennobled” pencil boards can be dried thoroughly and then sent directly to pencil production. At this point, the process of making the tablet can be considered complete.
This is what the boards look like after autoclaving
“The basic principle and production technology have not changed since pencils began to be made in Tomsk,” says Anatoly Lunin. – All processes at our factory are well established. Modernization of equipment is expressed in the replacement of some components, or the transition to more economical motors, the use of new cutters. Some new materials arrive, we change something in acceptance and evaluation, but the technology itself remains unchanged.
PRODUCTION
The finished board arrives at the white pencil workshop, where first grooves are cut into it on a machine, where the rods will then be laid (the word “white” in this case means that the pencil has not yet been painted at this stage). The boards are fed from one side of the machine, along the way their surface is polished for gluing, and recesses are cut out in it with a special cutter. At the near edge of the machine, the boards are automatically stacked. The thickness of the polished board with cut grooves is 5 mm, which is equal to half the thickness of the future pencil.
At the next stage, the boards are glued together in pairs to form one pencil block. The machine smoothly feeds the first plank and places the rods in its grooves. Following this, a second board, already lubricated with water-soluble glue, “comes out” from another device and carefully lies on top of the first. The resulting pencil blocks are clamped in a pneumatic press and tightened with clamps.
If the board is made independently at the factory, the rod is mainly purchased from China. There they began to produce it using “dry” technology, which does not require firing in an oven at high temperatures. As a result, the cost of the rod turned out to be so low that the lion's share of pencil manufacturers switched to just such a rod.
To prevent the pencil lead from breaking inside the body, the factory uses the technology of additional gluing of the lead with a special adhesive system. After this operation, the glued blocks are kept in a special drying chamber for several hours.
It's quite hot in the cell. Hot air is pumped by a fan, maintaining a temperature of about 35-40 degrees. The wood needs to dry well so that in the future the pencil becomes smooth in one pass and obtains the desired geometry. A pencil with a “simple” lead dries here for at least two hours, and a colored pencil – at least four. Due to the fact that colored contains more fatty substances, it takes longer to dry.
After this time, the blocks are disassembled, placed in carts with all further parameters indicated, and sent to the next machine, which will separate them into individual pencils.
The shape of the machine is similar to the one that makes grooves in planks, but it also has its own characteristics. The workpieces are placed in a loading hopper. They pass through transport hubs, are trimmed, sawed, and the output is a familiar wooden pencil, only not yet painted.
The double cutter, which separates the blocks, also sets the shape of the future pencil, and this is all done in one pass. It is the type of profile of the cutting cutter that determines what type of pencil it will be - hexagonal or round. 
Most recently, the factory mastered the production of triangular pencils. It turned out that the demand for this form is growing. Buyers are attracted by the ergonomics and natural placement of the fingers on the edges, which certainly makes it easier for children to learn to write.
Next to the machine is the sorter's desk. Her task is to sort through the made pencils, select the “good” ones and separate the defective ones. Defects include chips of the rod at the end, roughness, wood burns, and the like. Above the table hangs a notice with marriage norms. Each tray on the table holds 1,440 pencils.
The sorted pencils take a special elevator to the next floor, where they will be colored.
PAINTING AND PACKAGING
The paint is purchased dry and diluted to the desired thickness in a paint laboratory. The painting itself happens quite quickly. The device continuously pushes colored pencils onto a conveyor. The length and speed of the conveyor belt are designed so that the pencil dries while it moves on it. Reaching the opposite end of the conveyor, the pencils fall into one of three receivers, from where they are sent back to the next coating.
On average, each pencil is coated with three layers of paint and two layers of varnish - it all depends on the wishes of the customer. You can also paint a pencil in almost any color. The factory produces sets of six, twelve, eighteen and twenty-four colors. Some pencils are coated only with varnish.
After painting, the pencils are sent to the finishing shop. At this point they acquire the final form in which they reach the consumer. Pencils are stamped, erased and sharpened.
There are quite a few ways to apply stamps, but at the Siberian Pencil Factory they do this using foil of different colors. This method is called thermostatting. The working part of the machine heats up, and the stamp is transferred through the foil to the pencil - this way it will not peel off and stain your hands. The stamp itself can be anything; it is specially ordered from the engraver. Depending on the complexity, it takes about five days to make.
If necessary, put an eraser on some of the pencils.
The last operation is sharpening. Pencils are sharpened using sandpaper placed on a drum and moving at high speed. This happens very quickly, literally in a matter of seconds.
In addition to sharpening, the machine can be configured to perform rolling - processing the back end of the pencil at a slight angle. Now the pencils are ready for packaging and they are sent to the next room. There, the pencils are collected into a set, placed in a box and sent to the consumer.
Packaging for required quantity pencils are printed in Novosibirsk. It arrives flat, so it is first given volume. Then, through assembly machines, the required number of pencils are laid out in a given color scheme. A special machine allows you to assemble a set of twelve colors. At the end, the pencils are placed in boxes.
When asked if the factory, following the example of Chinese enterprises, plans to switch to producing pencils from cheaper types of wood or plastic, Anatoly Lunin admits:
– I was thinking about trying to make an economical pencil from low-grade aspen, but this is a different technology, and let the Chinese do it. I am more interested in the topic of increasing the useful yield by improving the quality of wood processing. And from an environmental point of view, it is better to produce something from renewable raw materials. A plastic pencil will never rot, but a wooden pencil will completely decompose in a few years.
One can only wish that in the age of global computerization there would be a place for a simple wooden pencil.
Back in 1912, by decree of the tsarist government, a factory was created in Tomsk, where they sawed cedar planks for pencils produced throughout the country.
Today, the Siberian Pencil Factory is the only manufacturer of pencils and pencil boards made from Siberian cedar in the territory of the former Soviet Union, the wood of which is used to produce pencils of the highest price category.
How are pencils, familiar to us since childhood, produced?
The production of pencils begins at the timber exchange, where harvested cedar is stored. Now there are more than three thousand cubic meters of wood here. The regional authorities helped the factory a lot in providing materials and this year they plan to produce about 85 million pencils.
The wood we purchase does not come to us as a result of barbaric felling,” says Anatoly Lunin, director of the factory. – In the vast majority of cases, this is sanitary felling of aged cedar, which no longer produces nuts. Cedar grows up to 500 years, but cones appear on it until about 250 years of age, after which it begins to die and is attacked by various insects. If you cut it down during this period, a new cedar will grow faster.
Before cutting, the logs undergo mandatory preparation: each log must be washed so that adhering pieces of earth or clay with stones do not accidentally damage the saws. To do this, a tree from a timber exchange is placed and kept in a special pool with warm water. In the summer it is kept here for a short time, up to twenty minutes, but in winter the log is kept in the pool until it thaws - this can take up to three hours. And after 369 hours or 16.5 days and 26 different technological operations, finished pencils will be obtained from the log.
At a sawmill they make this kind of beam from a log:
The production of wooden pencils is extremely demanding on the quality of the material; only pure straight wood is used. And if the presence of such defects as, for example, knots in carpentry products is not catastrophic, then a pencil cannot be made from such wood. Therefore, it is very difficult to say in advance how many pencils will come out of one piece of wood.
To reduce the amount of waste, the company is looking for different ways to increase the depth of wood processing. One of these ways is to expand the range of products. So, from a board that is not suitable for the production of a pencil, they plan to start producing wooden puzzles, coloring books for children and moth repellents. Some goes to the production of short pencils, like for IKEA stores, and some goes to the production of these wooden skewers:
The timber obtained from the log is sawn into short sections, each of which is then cut into ten planks. To ensure that all the boards are the same, they need to be calibrated. To do this, they are driven through a special machine. At the exit from it, the planks have the same size and strictly perpendicular edges.
The calibrated tablets are then placed in an autoclave. In appearance, it resembles a barrel, to which many pipes of different diameters are connected. Using these pipes, you can create a vacuum in the chamber, build up pressure and supply all kinds of solutions inside.
As a result of these processes, the resins contained in it are removed from the board, and the wood is impregnated (soaked) with paraffin. Today this is not the easiest, but one of the most effective ways to improve the important properties of the material and protect the tree from the harmful effects of the environment.
After being processed in an autoclave, the “ennobled” pencil boards can be dried thoroughly and then sent directly to pencil production. At this point, the process of making the tablet can be considered complete. This is what the boards look like after autoclaving
The basic principle and production technology have not changed since pencils began to be made in Tomsk,” says Anatoly Lunin. – All processes at our factory are well established. Modernization of equipment is expressed in the replacement of some components, or the transition to more economical motors, the use of new cutters. Some new materials arrive, we change something in acceptance and evaluation, but the technology itself remains unchanged.
The finished board arrives at the white pencil workshop, where first grooves are cut into it on a machine, where the rods will then be laid (the word “white” in this case means that the pencil has not yet been painted at this stage). The boards are fed from one side of the machine, along the way their surface is polished for gluing, and recesses are cut out in it with a special cutter. At the near edge of the machine, the boards are automatically stacked. The thickness of the polished board with cut grooves is 5 mm, which is equal to half the thickness of the future pencil.
At the next stage, the boards are glued together in pairs to form one pencil block.
The machine smoothly feeds the first plank and places the rods in its grooves. Following this, a second board, already lubricated with water-soluble glue, “comes out” from another device and carefully lies on top of the first. The resulting pencil blocks are clamped in a pneumatic press and tightened with clamps.
If the board is made independently at the factory, the rod is mainly purchased from China. There they began to produce it using “dry” technology, which does not require firing in an oven at high temperatures.
As a result, the cost of the rod turned out to be so low that the lion's share of pencil manufacturers switched to just such a rod.
To prevent the pencil lead from breaking inside the body, the factory uses the technology of additional gluing of the lead with a special adhesive system. After this operation, the glued blocks are kept in a special drying chamber for several hours.
It's quite hot in the cell. Hot air is pumped by a fan, maintaining a temperature of about 35-40 degrees. The wood needs to dry well so that in the future the pencil becomes smooth in one pass and obtains the desired geometry. A pencil with a “simple” lead dries here for at least two hours, and a colored pencil – at least four. Due to the fact that colored contains more fatty substances, it takes longer to dry.
After this time, the blocks are disassembled, placed in carts with all further parameters indicated, and sent to the next machine, which will separate them into individual pencils.
The shape of the machine is similar to the one that makes grooves in planks, but it also has its own characteristics. The workpieces are placed in a loading hopper.
They pass through transport hubs, are trimmed, sawed off, and the output is a familiar wooden pencil, only not yet painted.
The double cutter, which separates the blocks, also sets the shape of the future pencil, and this is all done in one pass. It is the type of profile of the cutting cutter that determines what type of pencil it will be - hexagonal or round.
Most recently, the factory mastered the production of triangular pencils. It turned out that the demand for this form is growing. Buyers are attracted by the ergonomics and natural placement of the fingers on the edges, which certainly makes it easier for children to learn to write.
Next to the machine is the sorter's desk. Her task is to sort through the made pencils, select the “good” ones and separate the defective ones. Defects include chips of the rod at the end, roughness, wood burns, and the like. Above the table hangs a notice with marriage norms. Each tray on the table holds 1,440 pencils.
The sorted pencils take a special elevator to the next floor, where they will be colored.
The paint is purchased dry and diluted to the desired thickness in a paint laboratory. The painting itself happens quite quickly.
The device continuously pushes colored pencils onto a conveyor. The length and speed of the conveyor belt are designed so that the pencil dries while it moves on it.
Reaching the opposite end of the conveyor, the pencils fall into one of three receivers, from where they are sent back to the next coating.
On average, each pencil is coated with three layers of paint and two layers of varnish - it all depends on the wishes of the customer. You can also paint a pencil in almost any color. The factory produces sets of six, twelve, eighteen and twenty-four colors. Some pencils are coated only with varnish.
After painting, the pencils are sent to the finishing shop. At this point they acquire the final form in which they reach the consumer. Pencils are stamped, erased and sharpened.
There are quite a few ways to apply stamps, but at the Siberian Pencil Factory they do this using foil of different colors. This method is called thermostatting. The working part of the machine heats up, and the stamp is transferred through the foil to the pencil - this way it will not peel off and stain your hands. The stamp itself can be anything; it is specially ordered from the engraver. Depending on the complexity, it takes about five days to make.
If necessary, put an eraser on some of the pencils.
The last operation is sharpening. Pencils are sharpened using sandpaper placed on a drum and moving at high speed. This happens very quickly, literally in a matter of seconds.
In addition to sharpening, the machine can be configured to perform rolling - processing the back end of the pencil at a slight angle. Now the pencils are ready for packaging and they are sent to the next room. There, the pencils are collected into a set, placed in a box and sent to the consumer.
Packaging for the required number of pencils is printed in Novosibirsk. It arrives flat, so it is first given volume. Then, through assembly machines, the required number of pencils are laid out in a given color scheme. A special machine allows you to assemble a set of twelve colors. At the end, the pencils are placed in boxes.
When asked if the factory, following the example of Chinese enterprises, plans to switch to producing pencils from cheaper types of wood or plastic, Anatoly Lunin admits:
I was thinking about trying to make an economical pencil from low-grade aspen, but this is a different technology, and let the Chinese do it. I am more interested in the topic of increasing the useful yield by improving the quality of wood processing. And from an environmental point of view, it is better to produce something from renewable raw materials. A plastic pencil will never rot, but a wooden pencil will completely decompose in a few years.
Here's a little more from the series on how it's done: here, and here. Also how this is done in gifs, and The original article is on the website InfoGlaz.rf Link to the article from which this copy was made -
Few people have thought about the process of producing pencils.
It's time to find out how this happens.
The pencil goes through 83 technological operations, 107 types of raw materials are used in its production, and the production cycle is 11 days.
If you look at all this from the perspective of an entire product line, you see a complex, well-established production with careful planning and control.
In order to see with our own eyes the process of producing pencils, we go to the Moscow factory named after Krasin. This is the oldest pencil production in Russia. The factory was founded in 1926 with government support.
The government's main goal was to eliminate illiteracy in the country, and for this it was necessary to make stationery accessible. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Krasin factory remained the only pencil manufacturer in the CIS with a full production cycle. This means that everything is produced at the factory - from lead to the final product - pencils. Let's take a closer look at the pencil production process.
To produce pencils, the factory receives specially processed and laid linden boards. But before they are used, writing rods must be made.
Let's move on to the pencil lead manufacturing workshop. Writing rods are made from a mixture of clay and graphite. The preparation of the necessary mixture begins with such technological installations, where clay is crushed. The crushed clay is sent along a conveyor to the next production site.
In the next section, special mills are installed, where the clay is ground more finely and mixed with water.
Installations for preparing a mixture of clay and graphite. Here the mixture for future rods gets rid of impurities and is prepared for further processing.
It is worth noting that only natural substances are used in the production of leads, which allows us to consider the production environmentally friendly. Installation for pressing the mixture. Rods are obtained from the resulting semi-finished products. There is virtually no waste from production, since they reuse it.
At this production site, the rods themselves are produced, but in order for them to get into the pencil, a number of technological operations will be carried out on them.
The technology for producing rods itself is reminiscent of extrusion. The carefully prepared and mixed mass is squeezed out through a special stamp with holes.
After this, the blanks for writing rods are placed in a special container.
And dry in the closet for 16 hours.
After this, the rods are carefully sorted by hand.
This is what a workstation for sorting rods looks like. This is a very difficult and painstaking work. Cats sleep behind the table lamp.
After sorting, the rods are calcined in a special cabinet. The annealing temperature ranges from 800 to 1200 degrees Celsius and directly affects the final properties of the rod. The hardness of the pencil, which has 17 gradations - from 7H to 8B, depends on the temperature.
After annealing, the rods are filled with fat under special pressure and temperature. This is necessary to give them the necessary writing properties: intensity of stroke, ease of gliding, quality of sharpening, ease of erasing with an eraser. Depending on the required value of the hardness of the rod, the following can be used: lard, confectionery fat, or even beeswax and carnauba wax.
Output products from the rod production area.
After this, the rods go to the assembly. Pencil boards are prepared on such machines. Grooves are cut into them for installing writing rods.
The cutting part of the machine makes grooves in the boards.
The boards automatically go into such a clip.
After this, on another machine, the rods are laid into pre-prepared planks.
After laying, the halves of the planks are glued together with PVA glue and left to dry under pressure. The essence of this operation is that the rod itself is not glued to the boards. Its diameter is larger than the diameter of the groove, and in order for the structure to close, a press is needed. The rod will be held in the wood not by glue, but by the tension of the wooden shell (prestress specially created in this way in the design of the pencil).
After drying, the workpiece is sawed with special cutters into individual pencils.
The pencils are gradually sawn through several processing cycles.
The output is ready-made, but not colored pencils.
Already at this stage, the shape of the pencil is established due to the type of profile of the cutting cutter.
Next, the surface of the pencil is primed on special lines. When painting pencils, enamels made at the factory are used. These enamels are made from components that are safe for humans.
Pencil painting line.
I think that many times in stores we have seen gift pencils painted with colorful streaks. It turns out that in order to color them this way, a whole specially developed technology is used. Here is a short snippet of the painting process.
When visiting the paint shop, I happened to see a batch of pencils for delivery to the Russian government of a new type. The tip of the pencil symbolizes our national flag. Pencils dry in special technological frames. The regularity of the rows looks very unusual and attractive.
After painting, the pencils are put into batches to be sent to the next sections of the factory.
It is a great pleasure to look at thousands of pencils colored using the factory’s proprietary technology. This is a very unusual sight.
Surface finishing technological line.
Cabinet for storing stamps. Stamps for the entire range of manufactured products are stored here.
If necessary, pencils are sharpened on a special machine before packaging. The photo shows the intermediate stage of sharpening. I was amazed by the speed of the machine. Pencils fell into the tray in a continuous stream. I immediately remembered all my personal unsuccessful attempts to sharpen pencils. From these memories this machine began to inspire even more respect.
The factory also produces these interesting oval-shaped pencils, used in construction and repair.
Arrays of stacked pencils look very unusual and attractive. You won't see this anywhere else.
Fixies have already told you about the history of the ballpoint pen in the cartoon.
Now let's talk about another item that we use just as often - a pencil. Let's find out
what they drew in the old days, and how we found material for our pencils... sheep. Let's take a look at a pencil factory, figure out how the stick-rod gets inside the wooden case, why pencils are called soft and hard - and much more.
Once upon a time, a long time ago, there were no such pencils as there are now. Until the 16th century, artists painted with a “silver pencil”. A thin silver wire was soldered to the handle or placed in a special case - a leather tube. When the wire wore off, the skin at the end of the tube was cut off, and the “silver pencil” became shorter. True, it was impossible to erase what was written with such a pencil - and the artist who made the wrong stroke had to redraw everything again. And after a while, the silver lines or letters turned brown.
There was also a lead pencil - a thin lead stick. But the lead stick leaves a gray, not very clear mark on the paper. In addition, lead is a substance harmful to health. In those days, however, few people knew about this, and schoolchildren often wrote with lead pencils.
And those pencils that you and I use have a core made of graphite. This is a special variety coal. Graphite was first discovered... by shepherds from the English county of Cumberland. They noticed that when white sheep rub their sides against the local rocks, their wool turns black.
Having learned about the “staining rocks,” the British first decided that the Cumberland rocks also contained lead. And they tried to use it to produce pencils. Craftsmen manually turned rods from this “lead”, which were then wrapped in braid. The work was not easy - one master could make only two or three pencils in a day. The British valued “Cumberland lead” very much; exporting it from the British Isles was prohibited under penalty of death. But the pencils turned out to be very good - soon all of Europe learned about them, and the material for the leads began to be secretly exported from England.
In the German city of Nuremberg in 1761, a factory opened where “lead” rods began to be encased in a wooden shell - and the pencil acquired almost exactly the same appearance as we know it now. However, only at the end of the eighteenth century did chemists realize that there was no lead in these rods, but that they were made of a special mineral. It was then that they gave it the name “graphite” - from the Greek word grafo - I write.
But the pure graphite rods, although they produced a nice, crisp line, were still too soft. In 1790, Viennese master Joseph Hardmuth mixed graphite dust with clay and water and fired the mixture in a kiln. Then he founded a company producing Koh-i-Noor pencils - many of you still have pencils from this company at home. And around the same time in France, the scientist-inventor Nicolas-Jacques Conte found his own method for producing pencil leads. He was also an artist, so he knew very well what a good pencil should be. Conte came up with the idea of making a mixture of graphite, clay, starch, soot and water for the rods. By adding more or less clay, the scientist found out that the rods could be made harder to draw thin and light lines, or softer - then the lines would be darker and bolder. The more clay added, the harder the rod.
Take a set simple pencils- on each of them it is indicated what hardness it is. Hard pencils are marked with the Russian letter T (“hard”) or the Latin “N” (“hard” - English word, which also means “solid”). And on soft ones - Russian M (soft) or Latin B (“black” - “black” - as we remember, a softer rod gives a darker, black line). A number is added to the hardest and softest rods - 2M, 3T. There are also pencils of medium hardness - they are written TM (or HB) - “hard-soft”.
Well, okay, but how does the graphite rod get inside the wooden case? Let's try to visit the pencil factory! We will see that clay, graphite and wood do not immediately turn into a pencil. Their journey through the factory from car to car is a whole chain of transformations.
First you need to grind the clay and graphite very finely. Then mix it with glue so that it binds the graphite particles together and prevents them from falling apart. And grind it again into powder, from which you get graphite sticks. But in the powder, specks or air bubbles remain between the particles of graphite and clay. If you don't get rid of them, the stick will become brittle - the pencil will have to be repaired every now and then. To expel air bubbles, the powder is strongly compressed with a special press. The result is round thick columns - blanks. These blanks are pressed through a sieve with very small holes. The specks remain on the sieve, and tiny particles of graphite and clay pass through the holes - thin black vermicelli is obtained. They make blanks from it again - but now clean, without any debris, without air bubbles. These blanks are turned into pencil leads.
To make a thin rod-stick from a thick blank, you need to push it through a tiny hole.
The blank squeezes through it, loses weight and stretches into a thin, long thread. The thread is cut into pieces. But these pieces are soft, they are not yet suitable for a pencil. They must be dried and fired in a kiln to make them hard. And then soak them in fat so that they write clearly and not palely.
Finally, we got the same graphite stick that sits inside the pencil. Now we need it to be in a wooden case.
The pencil case can be made from different types of wood (and now they are often made from plastic) - although the most good pencils obtained from Siberian cedar. The machine cuts the wooden blank into identical planks. To prevent the future pencil from breaking and making it easier to repair, the boards are impregnated with paraffin. This is done in special devices - autoclaves. Steam removes all resins from the boards, and the wood, under the influence of steam, changes its color to pinkish-brown. Then the boards are thoroughly dried.
After this, another machine makes six tracks in each board - for six graphite sticks. Graphite sticks are placed on the board in the paths prepared for them. And they are covered on top with another similar board - like a lid. And both boards are glued together. If you examine the finished pencil very carefully, you can find the place where the two halves are glued together.
See how you can make six pencils from a cedar plank:
1 - grooves are made in both planks; 2 - graphite sticks are inserted into the grooves, and the boards are glued together; 3 - the board passed through the machine; it is clear that it will soon turn into six pencils; 4 - and here pencils appeared instead of tablets.
It turns out six fused pencils at once. Another machine cuts the board into six hexagonal sticks. There is a graphite rod inside each stick. This is a ready-made pencil, but it’s not very beautiful yet - unpainted, rough. To make it prettier, it must also go into machines that will make it smooth and cover it with shiny colored varnish or paint - always in several layers.
And then the pencil will go into the last machine, where it will be branded - a name, a design, a designation of hardness. Now the pencil is completely ready - it was born, received a name and can be sent from the factory to the store, and from the store to your home.
This is how simple pencils are made. How do you get colored ones? Instead of graphite, the leads use chalk with a special glue (kaolin) and a coloring agent. By the way, the mixture for colored pencil leads is fired in the oven once, but graphite leads for simple pencils are fired twice.
That's how much work it takes to make a regular pencil! So take care of your pencils, do not rush to throw them away, even when they become very short.