Who is the first Tsar of Rus'. The first Russian Tsar

The Russian word “tsar” comes from the Latin “caesar” (the German “kaiser” also comes from the same word, only with a different pronunciation - “Caesar”). The first of the great princes who ruled in the now united Rus' began to call himself Tsar Ivan III Vasilyevich from the dynasty of the Grand Duke of the Varangian Rurik. He was also the first to begin to be written in various government acts not as Ivan, but as John, as was accepted by church book rules: “John, by the grace of God, sovereign of all Rus',” and assigned himself the title of autocrat (hence “autocracy”) - that’s how the title sounded in Slavic Byzantine emperor. By that time, Turkey had captured Byzantium, the imperial house had fallen, and Ivan III began to consider himself the successor of the Byzantine emperor. He marries the niece of the last Byzantine emperor Constantine Paleologus, Sophia Paleologus, who was considered the heir to the fallen imperial house. Having married Grand Duke John III, she seemed to share her rights of inheritance with him.

With the appearance of Princess Sophia in the Kremlin, the entire routine of life of the Grand Duke's court and even the appearance of Moscow changes. With the arrival of his bride, Ivan III also stopped liking the environment in which his ancestors lived, and the Byzantine craftsmen and artists who arrived with Sophia began to build and paint churches, construct stone chambers (it was at this time that the Faceted Chamber in the Kremlin was built). True, our ancestors believed that living in stone houses was harmful, so they themselves continued to live in wooden ones, and only held lavish receptions in stone mansions.

Moscow, in its appearance, began to resemble the former Constantinople, as Constantinople was called, the capital of Byzantium, which has also now become a Turkish city. According to Byzantine rules, court life was now scheduled, down to when and how the king and queen should go out, who should meet them first and where the others should stand at this time, etc. Even the Grand Duke’s gait has changed since he began to call himself a king. She became more solemn, leisurely and stately.

But it’s one thing to call yourself a king, and another to actually be one. Until the middle of the 15th century Ancient Rus' In addition to the Byzantine emperors, the khans of the Golden Horde were also called kings. The great princes were subordinate to the Tatar khans for several centuries and were forced to pay them tribute, therefore Grand Duke could become king only after he ceased to be a tributary of the khan. But in this regard, the situation has changed. The Tatar yoke was overthrown, and the Grand Duke finally stopped attempts to demand tribute from the Russian princes.

By the end of the 15th century, the Byzantine imperial coat of arms - a double-headed eagle - appeared on the seals with which Ivan III sealed political treaties and other important political documents.

But the first tsar officially crowned king was not Ivan III. Some more time passed when the great princes who ruled Russia began to be officially called tsars and pass this title on by inheritance.

The first Russian Tsar, who was officially called that way all over the world, was the grandson of Ivan III, Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible in 1547.

And Elena Glinskaya gave birth to the long-awaited heir John, who in 1547 became the first Russian Tsar to be officially crowned on the throne.

The era of Ivan IV became the peak of development of the Moscow Principality, which conquered more than high status kingdoms.

After the death of his father, three-year-old Ivan remained in the care of his mother, who died in 1538, when he was less than 8 years old. Ivan grew up in an environment of palace coups and the struggle for power among the warring boyar families. The murders, intrigues and violence that surrounded him contributed to the development of suspicion, vindictiveness and cruelty in him. Already in his youth, the tsar’s favorite idea was the idea of unlimited autocratic power. In 1545, Ivan came of age and became a full-fledged ruler, and in 1547 he was crowned king.

Thanks to the transformation of Muscovy into a kingdom and the establishment of the autocratic principle of power, the policy of centralization pursued by the Moscow ruling house for centuries received its logical conclusion. Over the course of several decades, a number of studies have been carried out internal reforms(mandatory, judicial, zemstvo, military, church, etc.), the Kazan (1547–1552) and Astrakhan (1556) khanates were conquered, a number of Russian territories on the western borders were returned, penetration into Siberia began, Russia’s position in the international arena was strengthened, etc. .d.

However, the well-being of the kingdom was largely undermined by the devastating and unsuccessful for Russia Livonian War (1558–1583) and the oprichnina that began in 1565.

Tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich was one of the most educated people of his time, had a phenomenal memory, and was an erudite in theology. He entered the history of Russian literature as the extraordinary author of numerous letters (in particular, to A. M. Kurbsky, V. G. Gryazny). The Tsar wrote the music and text of the service for the feast of Our Lady of Vladimir, the canon to the Archangel Michael. He probably had a great influence on the compilation of a number of literary monuments of the middle XVI V. (chronicle collections; “The Sovereign’s Genealogist,” 1555; “The Sovereign’s Discharge,” 1556); played an important role in organizing book printing. On his initiative, the construction of St. Basil's Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow was also carried out, and the paintings of the Chamber of Facets were created.

In Russian historiography, the activities of Ivan IV received contradictory assessments: pre-revolutionary historians characterized the tsar negatively, while Soviet historians emphasized the positive aspects of his activities. In the second half of the 20th century. began a deeper and more specific study of the internal and foreign policy Ivan IV.

Lit.: Veselovsky WITH. B. Essays on the history of the oprichnina. M., 1963; Zimin A. A. Reforms of Ivan the Terrible. M., 1960; Zimin A. A. Oprichnina legacy // On the eve of terrible upheavals: prerequisites for the first peasant war in Russia. M., 1986; Correspondence of Tsar Ivan the Terrible with Andrei Kurbsky and Vasily Gryazny. L., 1979; The same [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www. sedmitza. ru/text/443514. html; Skrynnikov R. G. Ivan the Terrible. M., 2001; Thatsame [Electronic resource]. URL: http://militera. lib. ru/ bio/ skrynnikov_ rg/ index. html; Tikhomirov M. N. Russia in the XVI century. M., 1962; Florya B. N. Ivan the Terrible. M., 2009; The same [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www. sedmitza. ru/text/438908. html; Schmidt S. O. The formation of the Russian autocracy. A study of the socio-political history of the time of Ivan the Terrible. M., 1973.

See also in the Presidential Library:

Belyaev I.V. Tsar and Grand Duke John IV Vasilyevich the Terrible, Moscow and All Rus'. M., 1866 ;

Valishevsky K. F. Ivan the Terrible. (1530-1584): trans. from fr. M., 1912 ;

Velichkin V. G. The conquest of Kazan by the Moscow Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible: a story from Russian history. M., 1875;

Whipper R. Yu. Ivan the Terrible. [M.], 1922 ;

Kizevetter A. A. Ivan the Terrible and his opponents. M., 1898 ;

Kurbsky A. M. The story of the Grand Duke of Moscow: (extracted from “The Works of Prince Kurbsky”). St. Petersburg ,1913;

Grand Duke (from 1533), and from 1547 - the first Russian Tsar. This is the son of Vasily III. He began to rule in the late 40s with the participation The chosen one is pleased. Ivan IV was the first Russian Tsar from 1547 to 1584, until his death.

Briefly about the reign of Ivan the Terrible

It was under Ivan that the convening of Zemsky Sobors began, and the Code of Laws of 1550 was also compiled. He carried out reforms of the court and administration (Zemskaya, Gubnaya and other reforms). In 1565, oprichnina was introduced in the state.

Also, the first Russian Tsar established trade relations with England in 1553, and under him the first printing house was created in Moscow. Ivan IV conquered the Astrakhan (1556) and Kazan (1552) khanates. The Livonian War was fought in 1558-1583 for access to the Baltic Sea. In 1581, the first Russian Tsar began annexing Siberia. Mass executions and disgraces accompanied the internal policies of Ivan IV, as well as the strengthening of enslavement of the peasants.

Origin of Ivan IV

The future tsar was born in 1530, on August 25, near Moscow (in the village of Kolomenskoye). He was the eldest son of Vasily III, Grand Duke of Moscow, and Elena Glinskaya. Ivan descended on his father’s side from the Rurik dynasty (its Moscow branch), and on his mother’s side from Mamai, who was considered the ancestor of the Glinsky, Lithuanian princes. Sophia Palaeologus, her paternal grandmother, belonged to the family of Byzantine emperors. According to legend, in honor of the birth of Ivan, the Church of the Ascension was founded in Kolomenskoye.

Childhood years of the future king

A three-year-old boy remained in the care of his mother after the death of his father. She died in 1538. At this time, Ivan was only 8 years old. He grew up in an atmosphere of struggle for power between the Belsky and Shuisky families, at war with each other, in an atmosphere of palace coups.

The violence, intrigue and murder that surrounded him contributed to the development of cruelty, vindictiveness and suspicion in the future king. Ivan’s tendency to torment others manifested itself already in childhood, and his close associates approved of it.

Moscow uprising

In his youth, one of the most powerful impressions of the future tsar were the Moscow uprising that occurred in 1547 and the “great fire.” After the murder of a relative of Ivan from the Glinsky family, the rebels came to the village of Vorobyovo. The Grand Duke took refuge here. They demanded that the remaining Glinskys be handed over to them.

It took a lot of effort to persuade the crowd to disperse, but they still managed to convince them that the Glinskys were not in Vorobiev. The danger had just passed, and now the future king ordered the arrest of the conspirators in order to execute them.

How did Ivan the Terrible become the first Russian Tsar?

Already in his youth, Ivan’s favorite idea was the idea of autocratic power, unlimited by anything. On January 16, 1547, in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin, the solemn crowning of Ivan IV, the Grand Duke, took place. Signs of royal dignity were placed on him: the cap and barmas of Monomakh, the cross of the Life-Giving Tree. After receiving the Holy Mysteries, Ivan Vasilyevich was anointed with myrrh. So Ivan the Terrible became the first Russian Tsar.

As you can see, the people did not participate in this decision. Ivan himself proclaimed himself tsar (of course, not without the support of the clergy). The first elected Russian Tsar in the history of our country was Boris Godunov, who ruled a little later than Ivan. The Zemsky Sobor in Moscow in 1598, February 17 (27), elected him to the throne.

What did the royal title give?

A fundamentally different position in relations with states Western Europe allowed him to take the royal title. The fact is that the grand ducal title in the West was translated as “prince”, and sometimes as “grand duke”. However, “king” was either not translated at all, or was translated as “emperor”. Thus, the Russian autocrat stood on a par with the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire itself, the only one in Europe.

Reforms aimed at centralizing the state

Together with the Elected Rada, since 1549, the first Russian Tsar carried out a number of reforms that were aimed at centralizing the state. These are, first of all, the Zemstvo and Guba reforms. Transformations also began in the army. The new Code of Law was adopted in 1550. The first Zemsky Sobor was convened in 1549, and two years later - the Stoglavy Sobor. It adopted "Stoglav", a collection of decisions regulating church life. Ivan IV in 1555-1556 abolished feedings and also adopted the Code of Service.

Annexation of new lands

The first Russian Tsar in the history of Russia in 1550-51 personally participated in the Kazan campaigns. Kazan was conquered by him in 1552, and in 1556 - the Astrakhan Khanate. Nogai and the Siberian Khan Ediger became dependent on the king.

Livonian War

Trade relations with England were established in 1553. Ivan IV started the Livonian War in 1558, intending to gain the coast of the Baltic Sea. Military operations initially developed successfully. By 1560, the army of the Livonian Order was completely defeated, and this Order itself ceased to exist.

In the meantime, significant changes took place in the internal situation of the state. Around 1560, the Tsar broke with the Chosen Rada. He placed various disgraces on its leaders. Adashev and Sylvester, according to some researchers, realizing that the Livonian War did not promise success for Russia, unsuccessfully tried to persuade the tsar to sign an agreement with the enemy. Russian troops captured Polotsk in 1563. It was a large Lithuanian fortress in those days. Ivan IV was especially proud of this victory, which was won after the dissolution of the Chosen Rada. However, Russia already began to suffer defeats in 1564. Ivan tried to find the guilty, executions and disgraces began.

Introduction of the oprichnina

The first Russian Tsar in Russian history became increasingly imbued with the idea of establishing a personal dictatorship. He announced in 1565 the introduction of oprichnina in the country. The state was now divided into 2 parts. Zemshchina began to be called the territories that were not included in the oprichnina. Each oprichnik necessarily swore an oath of allegiance to the tsar. He pledged not to maintain relations with the zemstvos.

The guardsmen were released by Ivan IV from judicial responsibility. With their help, the tsar forcibly confiscated the estates of the boyars and transferred them into the possession of the oprichniki nobles. Disgraces and executions were accompanied by robbery among the population and terror.

Novgorod pogrom

The Novgorod pogrom, which occurred in January-February 1570, became a major event during the oprichnina era. The reason for this was the suspicion that Novgorod intended to go over to Lithuania. Ivan IV personally led the campaign. On the way to Novgorod from Moscow, he plundered all the cities. In December 1569, during the campaign, Malyuta Skuratov strangled Metropolitan Philip in the Tver monastery, who tried to resist Ivan. It is believed that the number of victims in Novgorod, where no more than 30 thousand people lived at that time, amounted to 10-15 thousand. Historians claim that the tsar abolished the oprichnina in 1572.

Invasion of Devlet-Girey

The invasion of Devlet-Girey, the Crimean Khan, to Moscow in 1571 played a role in this. The oprichnina army was unable to stop him. Devlet-Girey burned the settlements, the fire also spread to the Kremlin and Kitai-Gorod.

The division of the state also had a detrimental effect on its economy. A huge amount of land was devastated and destroyed.

Reserved summers

In order to prevent the desolation of many estates, in 1581 the king introduced reserved summers in the country. This was a temporary ban on peasants leaving their owners on St. George's Day. This contributed to the establishment of serfdom in Russia. The Livonian War ended in complete failure for the state. The original Russian lands were lost. Ivan the Terrible could see the objective results of his reign during his lifetime: the failure of all foreign and domestic political undertakings.

Remorse and fits of rage

The Tsar stopped executing people in 1578. Almost at the same time, he ordered the compilation of memorial lists (synodics) of those executed, and then distribution of contributions for their commemoration to the monasteries of the country. In his will, drawn up in 1579, the king repented of his deeds.

However, periods of prayer and repentance were followed by fits of rage. On November 9, 1582, during one of these attacks, in his country residence (Alexandrovskaya Sloboda), he accidentally killed Ivan Ivanovich, his son, hitting him in the temple with a staff with an iron tip.

The death of the heir plunged the tsar into despair, since Fyodor Ivanovich, his other son, was incapable of governing the state. Ivan sent a large contribution to the monastery to commemorate Ivan’s soul, and even thought about entering the monastery himself.

Wives and children of Ivan the Terrible

The exact number of wives of Ivan the Terrible is unknown. The king was probably married 7 times. He had, not counting children who died in infancy, three sons.

From his first marriage, Ivan had two sons, Fedor and Ivan, from Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuryeva. His second wife was Maria Temryukovna, the daughter of a Kabardian prince. The third was Marfa Sobakina, who died unexpectedly 3 weeks after the wedding. According to church rules, it was forbidden to marry more than three times. Therefore, in 1572, in May, a church council was convened in order to authorize Ivan the Terrible’s 4th marriage - with Anna Koltovskaya. However, she was tonsured a nun that same year. In 1575, Anna Vasilchikova became the tsar's fifth wife, who died in 1579. Probably the sixth wife was Vasilisa Melentyeva. In the fall of 1580, Ivan entered into his last marriage - with Maria Naga. In 1582, on November 19, Dmitry Ivanovich was born from her, the third son of the Tsar, who died in Uglich in 1591.

What else is remembered in history by Ivan the Terrible?

The name of the first Russian Tsar went down in history not only as the embodiment of tyranny. For his time, he was one of the most educated people, possessed of theological erudition and phenomenal memory. The first tsar on the Russian throne is the author of many messages (for example, to Kurbsky), the text and music of the service for the feast of Our Lady of Vladimir, as well as the canon to the Archangel Michael. Ivan IV contributed to the organization of book printing in Moscow. Also during his reign, St. Basil's Cathedral was erected on Red Square.

Death of Ivan IV

In 1584, on March 27, at about three o'clock, Ivan the Terrible went to the bathhouse prepared for him. The first Russian monarch, who officially accepted the title of Tsar, washed with pleasure and was amused by songs. Ivan the Terrible felt fresher after the bath. The king was seated on the bed, wearing a wide robe on top of his underwear. Ivan ordered the chess set to be brought and began arranging it himself. He could not manage to put the chess king in his place. And at that time Ivan fell.

They immediately ran: some for rose water, some for vodka, some for the clergy and doctors. Doctors arrived with drugs and began to rub him. The Metropolitan also came and hastily performed the rite of tonsure, naming Ivan Jonah. However, the king was already lifeless. The people became agitated and a crowd rushed to the Kremlin. Boris Godunov ordered the gates to be closed.

The body of the first Russian Tsar was buried on the third day. He was buried in the Archangel Cathedral. The grave of the son he killed is next to his own.

So, the first Russian Tsar was Ivan the Terrible. And after him, his son, Fyodor Ivanovich, who suffered from dementia, began to rule. In fact, the state was governed by a board of trustees. A struggle for power has begun, but this is a separate topic.

The Russian word known as “tsar” comes to us from the Latin word “cesar”. The same word, only in a different sound, that is, “Caesar,” became for the German “Kaiser,” which also meant ruler.

The very first tsar in Rus' came to power unexpectedly. There were princes before him. Ivan the Third Vasilyevich became the first king. He came from the Rurik dynasty. It was he who was the first prince, the Grand Duke of the Varangians. Ivan was also read as John. So it was possible according to Christian and Slavic language unite himself with the Apostle John. After all, it turns out for the people that then God himself made him king.

The church, in addition to a different sounding name, gave it a different name. Now the king was an autocrat, which is where autocracy came from. This is exactly what the Byzantine emperor sounded like in a Slavic country. While Türkiye ruled Byzantium, there was no imperial house. When it was possible to return it to Russia, Ivan the Third began to consider himself the successor who ascended the throne after the Emperor of Byzantium.

The king marries a girl named Sophia Palaeologus, who is the niece of Constantine Palaeologus, the last Byzantine emperor. Sophia is considered the heiress of the fallen imperial family. It is thanks to this marriage that John the Third manages to share with her the right of inheritance over Byzantium.

When Sophia appears in the Moscow Kremlin, the princess manages to change the routine of the entire princely court. We are even talking about Moscow itself. John the Third himself also publishes the idea of changing everything that is in Moscow. Because he supposedly doesn’t like anything that’s there either. Therefore, upon the arrival of the young people, Byzantine craftsmen and artists are called to the capital, who begin not only to build, but also to paint churches in their own way. They also built stone chambers where not only kings, but also boyars could live. At this time, the Chamber of Facets is born. But our ancestors, unlike us, thought that living in a house made of stone was harmful. Therefore, although stone houses were built, only feasts and balls were held there, while people continued to live in wooden houses.

Now Moscow was Constantinople. This is exactly what they called Constantinople, which was the capital of Byzantium and was a Turkish city. The life of the nobles who served at court was also now conducted according to Byzantine laws. Moments were even noted when the queen and king had to go to the table, how they should do it, how others should behave. For example, it was customary that when the king or queen enters or leaves the table, everyone else must stand. When the Grand Duke became king, his gait also changed. Now she was more solemn, leisurely, more dignified.

True, the fact that John called himself a king did not mean at all that he became one. Indeed, until the mid-15th century, Ancient Rus' called not only the Byzantine emperors tsars, but also the khans of the Golden Horde. When can a tsar appear in Rus'? When he ceases to be a subject of the khan. And this was difficult to achieve. True, Rus' was still able to throw off this yoke, so now it could rightfully call its rulers tsars. Now no one, no Tatar, under whose yoke Rus' had been for so many centuries, could demand that the Russian princes pay tribute.

When the 15th century ended, the seals used by Ivan the Third began to seal political treaties, as well as various other important political documents, and the coat of arms on the seal is represented in the form of a double-headed eagle, which had previously been the Byzantine imperial coat of arms.

True, Ivan the Third is not truly the Tsar of Rus'. After all, although it began to be called that, not everything was so smooth. Only after some time did the princes begin to rightfully be called kings, who began to rule Russia. Only then were they able to transfer this title from father to son, that is, by inheritance.

In fact, the first Russian Tsar was Ivan the Fourth the Terrible, who was the grandson of Ivan the Third. This happened when he was officially proclaimed with this title, and since 1547 it became known throughout the world that Ivan the Terrible is the Tsar of All Rus'.

It was Ivan the Fourth the Terrible who entered the history books as the first tsar of the then-known mighty power of all Rus'. Before this, rulers were officially called princes. At the same time, this king served as the most formidable, which is why he was named so, and also dramatic figure worldwide.

He was born in 1530 from the noble noblewoman Elena Glinskaya. They say that she was a descendant of Genghis Khan. The grandmother was Sophia Palaeologus, as we have already said, the niece of the Byzantine emperor. Ivan's father died when he was only three years old. At the age of eight he loses his mother. This is what influenced the development of the character of the young king. He behaved as a smart politician, a strong and cruel ruler. When he turns eighteen, he becomes the first Tsar of Russia.

Tsarist power finally took shape in Russia in the middle of the 16th century, when in 1547 the Grand Duke of All Rus' Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible was the first to officially accept the title of Tsar. The first Russian Tsar was solemnly placed on the cap of Monomakh, a sign of royal power, put on a gold chain and presented with a heavy golden apple, which personified the Russian state. This is how Russia received its first king. He was from the dynasty of Grand Duke Rurik. Royal power was inherited by the eldest son.

Ivan the Terrible had three sons. The eldest Ivan, his father's favorite, the middle Fedor - a weak and sickly young man and the youngest Dmitry, still a very small boy. Ivan was supposed to inherit the throne, but a tragedy occurred in the royal family. In November 1581, Tsar Ivan the Terrible quarreled with his eldest son and, in a fit of anger, beat him. From a terrible nervous shock and severe beatings, Tsarevich Ivan fell ill and soon died. After this tragedy, Tsar Ivan the Terrible also did not live long and died in March 1584, and in May Moscow solemnly celebrated the coronation of the new tsar. He became the middle son of Ivan the Terrible, Fyodor Ioannovich. He could not govern Russia on his own, so all issues were resolved by his wife’s brother Boris Godunov, who became tsar after the death of Fyodor Ioannovich in 1598. Boris Godunov left the throne to his son Fyodor Godunov, who had to reign for only a short time. In 1605, he ascended the throne and in the same year was killed by supporters of False Dmitry, who pretended to be the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry, who died in Uglich back in early childhood. False Dmitry managed to seize the Moscow throne, but he did not stay on it for long. Less than a year had passed before he, too, was killed by the conspirators, led by Prince Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky. In 1606, he became the next Russian Tsar and ruled until 1610, when he and his wife were tonsured as monks and imprisoned in the Joseph-Volokolamsky Monastery.

After the deposition of Tsar Vasily in Russia, the interregnum period continued for three years. The boyars thought and wondered who to offer the royal crown to, went through one candidate after another, and this continued until 1613, when Mikhail Romanov became king. This was the first Russian tsar from the Romanov dynasty, whose representatives ruled in Russia until 1917, when the last king From the same dynasty, Nicholas II abdicated the throne and was shot.

Mikhail Romanov was the son of Patriarch Filaret and Ksenia Ivanovna Shestova, who were tonsured into the monastery in 1601 by order of Boris Godunov. After the death of Mikhail Fedorovich in 1645, his son Alexei Mikhailovich became king. He had many children, among whom the struggle for the royal throne later broke out. At first, after the death of Alexei Mikhailovich’s father, his son Fyodor Alekseevich was king, and when he died in 1682, there were two kings on the throne at once: 16-year-old John V Alekseevich and his brother, ten-year-old Peter. They had different mothers. Due to the young age of the children, and the eldest Ivan, as historians write, was weak-minded; Russia was ruled by their elder sister Sophia, John’s sister. In 1696, after the death of his brother Ivan, Peter I began to reign alone, imprisoning Sophia in a monastery.

Subsequently, Peter I took the title of emperor.

The first of the great princes who ruled in the now united Rus' began to call himself Tsar Ivan III Vasilyevich from the dynasty of the Grand Duke of the Varangian Rurik. He was also the first to begin to be written in various government acts not as Ivan, but as John, as was accepted by church book rules: “John, by the grace of God, sovereign of all Rus',” and assigned himself the title of autocrat - this is how the title of the Byzantine emperor sounded in Slavic. By that time, Turkey had captured Byzantium, the imperial house had fallen, and Ivan III began to consider himself the successor of the Byzantine emperor. He marries the niece of the last Byzantine emperor Constantine Paleologus, Sophia Paleologus, who was considered the heir to the fallen imperial house. Having married Grand Duke John III, she seemed to share her rights of inheritance with him.

With the appearance of Princess Sophia in the Kremlin, the entire routine of the Grand Duke's court and even the appearance of Moscow changes. With the arrival of his bride, Ivan III also stopped liking the environment in which his ancestors lived, and the Byzantine craftsmen and artists who arrived with Sophia began to build and paint churches and construct stone chambers. True, our ancestors believed that living in stone houses was harmful, so they themselves continued to live in wooden ones, and only held lavish receptions in stone mansions.

But it’s one thing to call yourself a king, and another to actually be one. Until the middle of the 15th century, in Ancient Rus', in addition to the Byzantine emperors, the khans of the Golden Horde were also called tsars. The grand dukes were subordinate to the Tatar khans for several centuries and were forced to pay them tribute, so the grand duke could become king only after he ceased to be a tributary of the khan. But in this regard, the situation has changed. The Tatar yoke was overthrown, and the Grand Duke finally stopped attempts to demand tribute from the Russian princes.

But the first tsar officially crowned king was not Ivan III. Some more time passed when the great princes who ruled Russia began to be officially called tsars and pass this title on by inheritance.

The first Russian Tsar, who was officially called that way all over the world, was the grandson of Ivan III, Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible in 1547.

Tsar is the main title of the monarchs of the Russian Kingdom from 1547 to 1721. The first tsar was Ivan IV the Terrible, and the last was Peter I the Great

Informally, this title was used sporadically by the rulers of Rus' starting from the 11th century and systematically since the time of Ivan III. Vasily III, who succeeded Ivan III, was content with the old title “Grand Duke”. His son Ivan IV the Terrible, upon reaching adulthood, was crowned Tsar of All Rus', thus establishing in the eyes of his subjects his prestige as a sovereign ruler and heir to the Byzantine emperors. In 1721, Peter the Great adopted the main title of Emperor; unofficially and semi-officially, the title “Tsar” continued to be used until the overthrow of the monarchy in February-March 1917. In addition, the title was included in the official full title as the title of the owner of the former Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian Khanates , and then Poland.

Sources: wikii.ru, otvetina.narod.ru, otvet.mail.ru, rusich.moy.su, knowledge.allbest.ru

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