CULTURE OF WESTERN EUROPEAN IN THE MIDDLE AGES work was completed by a student of class 6A Volkova Ekaterina
1.Introductions medieval man about the world. In the first centuries of the Middle Ages, few people traveled beyond their local area. The long journey was dangerous and difficult. The center, or “navel,” of the Earth was considered the city of Jerusalem, where the tomb of Jesus Christ is located. East on medieval maps was most often placed at the top. The Indian Ocean was considered closed in the Middle Ages. The imagination of people populated the coast and islands of the ocean with fabulous people and animals. There was no single system for counting time. In some countries, the year began with Easter, in others - with the Birth of Christ. A medieval hour was approximately three modern hours. The night was divided into “three candles.”
1.Medieval man’s ideas about the world. The day was divided into day and night. Medieval laws punished crimes committed at night especially harshly. Night is the time when supernatural forces, ghosts, and demons appear. Therefore, monks and all deeply religious people prayed especially passionately at night: they fought a spiritual battle with the forces of the devil. With the development of cities and trade, business and diplomatic relations, and during the conquest of new territories, people began to leave their homes more often.
1.Medieval man’s ideas about the world. The Venetian merchant and traveler Marco Polo left a vivid story about the countries of the Far East in the 13th century. He spent about a quarter of a century traveling and lived in China for many years. Returning to Italy, he wrote a book in which he spoke about the life and customs of the peoples of Asia. The Book of Marco Polo has long served as a guide for the compilation of geographical maps.
Astrologer, mathematician and scribe.
2. Translations from Greek and Arabic. Residents of Western Europe 5-10 centuries almost forgot Greek language and did not at all strive to know oriental languages. In the 11th-12th centuries it appeared a large number of translations into Latin of books by Greek and Arab scientists: almost all the works of Aristotle, the main works of the Greeks and medieval Arabs on geography, astronomy, and medicine. The range of knowledge of Europeans has expanded enormously.
Aristotle's book.
3. Medieval universities. Medieval society was corporate. Universities were corporations of intellectuals - professors and students. Classes were conducted everywhere in Latin, and people from different countries could study at any university. Students from one country united into communities (nations), and teachers created associations of faculties in subjects, headed by deans. Together they elected the head of the university - the rector. Usually, in addition to the preparatory one, there were three faculties: theological, legal and medical. In the 15th century there were already 60 universities in Europe.
4. Scholasticism. Thinkers of the early Middle Ages believed that faith and reason are incompatible. God cannot be understood with the mind; one must believe in him. Scientists of the 11th-13th centuries no longer wanted to blindly believe. School lessons in dialectics, the books of Aristotle and St. Augustine instilled in them a love of reasoning. To find out the truth, you need to reason, prove your conclusions and logically refute your opponent’s arguments. Thus, in cathedral schools and universities, scholasticism (school) was born - a religious and philosophical teaching that seeks to know God and the world through logical reasoning. The scholastics developed their own scientific method - a way to look for reasonable answers to questions posed.
5. Pierre Abelard and Bernard of Clairvaux. One of the most famous scholastic philosophers of the 12th century was the Frenchman Pierre Abelard (1079-1142). Abelard already became a traveling schoolboy at the age of 13. He quickly surpassed his professors and defeated them in debates. The strongest of Abelard's ideological opponents was the famous mystic, creator of the Templar Order and inspirer of the Second Crusade, Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153). Abelard argued in his lectures and in his books that matters of faith can only be understood with the help of reason. You need to believe, not reason, Bernard believed. The dispute between Abelard and Bernard became a dispute between two directions of medieval thought: rationalism and mysticism.
6. Great scholastic of the 13th century. The pinnacle of medieval scholasticism were the works of the 13th century theologian Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274). Thomas Aquinas was the son of an Italian count and studied at the university in Naples. Despite his family's protests, he became a monk of the Dominican order. Thomas was a humble, kind and unusually efficient person. His most famous work is “The Summa of God’s Words.” In this graceful book, Thomas collected all the knowledge about God and the world accumulated in the Middle Ages. He created a picture of the entire Christian Universe, showing that every detail, from man to ant, has its own place and role, intended by God. After his death, Thomas was called the “angelic doctor”, and the church declared him a Saint.
7. "The Amazing Doctor." A contemporary of Thomas Aquinas, a monk of the Franciscan order, the Englishman Roger Bacon (1214-1294) taught at the universities of Oxford and Paris. He argued that to know the truth, authority and reason are not enough, but observations and experiments are also needed. Only with their help can we check whether our knowledge is correct. Bacon conducted experiments with various substances, magnetic needles and magnifying glasses. He foresaw many future discoveries. Bacon was considered a wizard and was nicknamed the “amazing doctor.”
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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Culture of Western Europe in the Early Middle Ages History teacher MBOU “Secondary School No. 27 in Yoshkar-Ola” Norkina T.V. Presentation for a lesson in 6th grade
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Problem: what is the role of the church in the formation and development medieval culture Western Europe?
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Lesson plan: Medieval man's ideas about the world. Carolingian Revival. "The Seven Liberal Arts". The art of handwritten books. Literature. Entertainment.
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1. Medieval people’s ideas about the world During the early Middle Ages, people imagined the earth in different ways: in the form of a ball (the teachings of Pythagoras were not forgotten), floating in the ocean on whales or turtles, about a precisely defined “edge of the earth,” about the firmament supported pillars, etc.
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Medieval maps Jerusalem is the “navel” of the Earth! On maps, as in ancient times, the earth was drawn in the shape of a circle, but if the ancients placed each of their own fatherland in the center of the universe, then medieval cartographers took Jerusalem as the center, because there, according to the Gospel legend, Jesus Christ was crucified and Jerusalem was considered the “navel” of the Earth .
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Absolutely fantastic, fragmentary information from travelers about various regions and the peoples inhabiting them - people with dog heads and generally headless people, having four eyes, living on the smell of apples, etc., was spread throughout society. Inhabitants of distant countries. Medieval miniature. In the first centuries of the Middle Ages, not many people traveled beyond their rural surroundings. Absolutely fantastic, fragmentary information from travelers about various regions and the peoples inhabiting them - people with dog heads and generally headless people, having four eyes, living on the smell of apples, etc., was spread throughout society.
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Why did Europeans go and travel few places in the early Middle Ages? Bad roads or their absence Dangerous Lack of maps Lack of transport Why do you think in the early Middle Ages Europeans went and traveled few places? Bad roads or lack thereof Dangerous Lack of maps Lack of transport
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Time Water clock Sundial Hourglass Time calculation: Time and the change of seasons were determined by natural signs (by the Sun, rooster crows, phases of the Moon, flowering of plants, by the nature of wind and precipitation) They were indifferent to the exact time. Dates were counted from church holidays and important historical events(change of power, battles, epidemics, etc.) Sometimes the inventions of Ancient Rome and Greece were used - sundials, water or hourglasses. The day was divided into day and night. Night is the time of manifestation of the devil, evil spirits, and spirits. The day is bright and kind.
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The rise of culture during the reign of Charlemagne Charlemagne. Imaginary image of Albrecht Durer. 2. Carolingian Renaissance Carolingian Renaissance is the rise of culture during the reign of Charlemagne.
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1. Invited educated people from England, Italy, Spain, and Ireland to the court. 2. Entrusted the Anglo-Saxon monk Alcuin with the responsibility of schools, who organized education and wrote textbooks. Raban the Maurus, led by Alcuin, presents his composition to the Archbishop of Mainz. Miniature of the Fulda Code. miniature Charlemagne 1. Invited educated people from England, Italy, Spain, and Ireland to the court. 2. Entrusted the Anglo-Saxon monk Alcuin with the responsibility of schools, who organized education and wrote textbooks. Student's message about Alcuin.
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3. A society for scientific studies arose in Aachen - the “Palace Academy” 4. Charles built churches and palaces, the late Roman buildings served as a model. The palace of Charlemagne in Aachen was built in the 8th century AD. 3. A society for scientific studies arose in Aachen - the “Palace Academy” - where Karl, his family and courtiers discussed the works of ancient authors and modern chronicles and biographies. The emperor himself knew the languages of the conquered peoples and tried to learn to write. 4. Charles built churches and palaces, using late Roman buildings as a model.
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Why did Charlemagne revive ancient culture and promote the spread of literacy? To govern a vast country, Charlemagne needed competent officials and judges. Why did Charlemagne revive ancient culture and promote the spread of literacy? Why did Charlemagne revive ancient culture and promote the spread of literacy?
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Schools were opened at cathedrals and monasteries Education in Latin Only boys were educated There was no division into classes The main textbook is the Bible 3. “The Seven Liberal Arts” Charlemagne ordered the opening of schools at monasteries and cathedrals, where only boys were educated, without division into classes or by age . Education was conducted in Latin, although it had not been spoken for a long time. The main book in teaching was the Bible (Old and New Testament).
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"Trivium" "Quadrivium" Grammar; Rhetoric; Dialectics; Arithmetic; Geometry; Astronomy; Music. Theology “Queen of Sciences” “Seven Liberal Arts”: “TRIVIUM”: Grammar, Rhetoric, Dialectics “Quadrivium”: Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy, Music
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Parchment is specially treated skin from young calves or lambs. 4. The art of handwritten books Under Charles, the number of educated people increased rapidly. Workshops for copying books appeared at the monasteries. It took about 1 year to create 1 book, so they were of great value. Purchased the book modern look folded and bound sheets of parchment.
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Medieval Book of Hours. Many people worked on the book - scribes and artists. Each of them did their own part - text, initials, screensavers, miniatures.
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Books were a luxury item, and only very wealthy people could afford them, because... each book was a real masterpiece. In libraries and cathedrals, books were chained to the wall to protect them from thieves. Instead of reed feathers, they began to write with bird feathers. Books were a luxury item, and only very wealthy people could afford them, because... every book was a real masterpiece. In libraries and cathedrals, books were chained to the wall to protect them from thieves.
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Lives of Saints Scenes from the life of St. Jerome (creation of the Vulgate). Vivian's Bible. 845 Paris, National Library. Works that told about the exploits of saints in the name of God and made calls for mercy and love for people. 5. Literature In medieval literature, the main genre was religious literature - gospels and Lives of saints. The lives told about the exploits of saints in the name of God and there were calls for mercy and love for people.
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II. Chronicles are manuscripts that tell about the history of peoples and contemporary life according to the chronicler Isidore of Seville, “History of the Goths.” Gregory of Tours "History of the Franks." Bede Venerable “Ecclesiastical History of the People of the Angles” Charles Martell (Hammer) - Savior of the West (engraving from the World Chronicle of G. Schedel) II. Chronicles are manuscripts that tell about the history of peoples and contemporary life according to the chronicler Isidore of Seville, “History of the Goths.” Gregory of Tours "History of the Franks." The Venerable Bede "Ecclesiastical History of the English People"
1. Medieval man’s ideas about the world. In the first centuries of the Middle Ages, few people traveled beyond their rural surroundings. Even about the border countries, only fragmentary information reached the people. But rulers and diplomats, warriors, merchants and missionaries traveled throughout Western Europe and left us with a lot of interesting information about that time. However, Europeans for a long time knew almost nothing about what was happening outside Europe, and they composed fables about distant countries.
1. Medieval man’s ideas about the world. Medieval scientists imagined that the Earth was round, motionless, and located at the center of the Universe. But some of them disputed the sphericity of the Earth, arguing that people living on the opposite side globe, would have to walk “upside down”, and the trees should grow “upside down”. they imagined the Earth in the form of a disk, covered with the sky like a cap, and the Sun, the Moon and the five then known planets made their way across the sky.
1. Medieval man’s ideas about the world. The center, or “navel,” of the Earth was considered the city of Jerusalem, in which the Tomb of Jesus Christ is located. In the East there is a mountain, on it there is an earthly paradise. Rivers flow from paradise: Tigris, Euphrates, Ganges and Nile. The Indian Ocean was considered closed in the Middle Ages.
1. Medieval man’s ideas about the world. The time and change of seasons were determined by natural signs: the rising and setting of the Sun, the crow of a rooster, the phases of the Moon, the flowering and fruiting of trees and other plants, the nature of wind and precipitation. Medieval people had a unique attitude towards historical time. Chroniclers were indifferent to exact figures. They used vague expressions: “at that time,” “in the meantime,” “shortly thereafter.”
Dates of family life, events in a village or country were counted from church holidays and such memorable events as a change of sovereign, a great battle, famine or epidemic. 1. Medieval man’s ideas about the world. In the early Middle Ages, devices for measuring time were sometimes used, created in Ancient Greece And Ancient Rome
. Some of them were associated with the vagaries of nature - such were the sundials. There was no single system of time reference. In some countries, the year began with Easter, in others - with the Nativity of Christ. A medieval hour was approximately three modern hours. update month.
1. Medieval man’s ideas about the world. The day was divided into day and night. Night is the time when supernatural forces, ghosts and the devil appear. The night belongs to witches and demons. The day for a medieval man is bright and kind. Beautiful is the sun sparkling on the armor
2. Carolingian Renaissance. To govern a vast country, Charlemagne needed competent officials and judges. He understood: in order to revive the Roman Empire, it was necessary to revive culture, and above all ancient knowledge. Under him, a rise in culture began, which historians called the Carolingian Renaissance. Charlemagne invited educated people from other countries - Italy, Spain, England, Ireland - to his court. He assigned the Anglo-Saxon learned monk Alcuin to take charge of the schools. Alcuin not only organized training, but also wrote school textbooks. 3. “The Seven Liberal Arts.” Charlemagne ordered the opening of schools at large monasteries. Later, in, cathedral schools began to open at churches and cathedrals in big cities. In cathedral schools, children studied together with young men; there was no division into classes by age. The training was in Latin. No people spoke this language anymore. It was the international language of the educated people of Western Europe. Since ancient times, complete school education has included the study of the “seven liberal arts”: the sciences of the “trivium” and “quadrivium”. The Trivium included grammar (the ability to read and write Latin), rhetoric (eloquence) and dialectic (the art of reasoning). The second stage of education, the “quadrivium,” included arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. Only after mastering these sciences could one further study the “queen of sciences” - theology.
3. “The Seven Liberal Arts.” For that era, the concepts of “model” and “authority” were very important. It was assumed that in every field of knowledge there are authorities - sages. In dialectics, Aristotle was the undisputed authority. In poetry, the style of Virgil and Horace was considered “exemplary”, in prose - Cicero. In grammar and rhetoric lessons, the “exemplary” texts of Roman poets and orators were examined. But the most important “textbook” that one had to know by heart and be able to interpret was the Bible: the Old and New Testaments. An educated person was considered one who knew the opinion of authorities on any matter. Education consisted of memorizing quotes from authorities. The sciences of the “quadrivium” were poorly developed. Counting was done in Roman numerals for a long time and was difficult; usually only addition and subtraction were learned. Multiplication, division and fractions were given to few people. From geometry solved the simplest practical problems, primarily necessary for construction. Astronomy was used to calculate the dates of church holidays and the timing of field work.
4. The art of handwritten books. The art of handwritten books developed in monastery scriptoria. In ancient times, a book was most often a papyrus scroll; in the late Roman Empire, a parchment scroll. It was stronger than papyrus and could be folded and written on both sides. But parchment was very expensive: the skins of 300 calves were required to make a large-format Bible. Many people worked on one handwritten book for a long time: some wrote the text in calligraphic (beautiful) handwriting; others intricately decorated the capital letters at the beginning of the red line - initials, inscribing entire picturesque scenes - miniatures - into them; still others made headbands and ornaments.
5. Literature. Most of all they read the Gospels and the lives of saints, which told about the exploits of people recognized by the church as holy martyrs. The lives described how they tortured themselves in order to suppress temptations and draw their souls closer to God. The heroes of the lives performed miracles and endured torment for the sake of faith, for the sake of truth and the salvation of people, they bravely fought against injustice and evil.
5. Literature. From the 6th to 8th centuries, the culture of Western Europe increasingly included chronicles - manuscripts that told about the history of peoples and contemporary life to the chronicler. Thus, Gregory of Tours wrote the history of the Franks, Isidore of Seville wrote the history of the Goths and Vandals. In the chronicles, events were described year by year, as they followed each other. The Irish monk Bede the Venerable in his “Ecclesiastical History of the English People” was the first to use a new system of counting time - from the Nativity of Christ. Lombard Paul the Deacon created Roman History. In the 11th century, Bishop Adam of Bremen wrote an essay on the history of the Bremen episcopate and on the baptism of the Scandinavian peoples.
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Lesson plan Medieval man’s ideas about the world Carolingian Renaissance “The Seven Liberal Arts” The art of the handwritten book Literature “A juggler, unlike others and in character...”
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1. Medieval people’s ideas about the world In the Middle Ages, most people, including scientists, considered the Earth to be a flat disk. The ideas of the Ancient Greeks that the Earth was a sphere were not known to many. Few people left their native lands in the Middle Ages. Few people had even visited neighboring cities, but they knew at least a little about Europe. The rest of the world was unknown and full of dangers and secrets.
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1. Medieval people’s ideas about the world The center of the Earth was considered the city of Jerusalem, in which the Tomb of Jesus Christ is located. In the Middle Ages, it was believed that there was a mountain in the East, on which there was an earthly paradise. Rivers flow from paradise: Tigris, Euphrates, Ganges and Nile. The world according to Herodotus The world according to medieval ideas
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1. Medieval people’s ideas about the world In the early Middle Ages, they used devices for measuring time created in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome: sundials determined time by the shadow cast by a stick driven vertically into the ground, water and hourglasses (helped determine only individual periods of time ). Hourglass and water clock Sundial
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1. Medieval man’s ideas about the world There was no single system of counting time. In some countries, the year began with Easter, in others - with the Nativity of Christ. A medieval hour was approximately three modern hours. In the Middle Ages, people explained the change of seasons in their own way.
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1. Medieval man’s ideas about the world The day was divided into day and night. The night was considered the time of action of evil forces, so all honest and righteous people had to sleep at night.
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2. Carolingian Renaissance There were no literate people not only among the peasants - they were also rare among the feudal lords. Even kings did not always know how to read and write. For a long time in Western Europe, only church ministers knew writing, and not all of them.
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2. Carolingian Renaissance Under Charlemagne, a rise in culture began, which historians called the Carolingian Renaissance. To govern a vast country, Charlemagne needed competent officials and judges. He understood: in order to revive the Roman Empire, it was necessary to revive culture, and above all ancient knowledge. Charles invited scientists from all over his empire to the capital.
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2. Carolingian Renaissance Charles built stone palaces and churches in Aachen and other cities. In the 8th-9th centuries, the number of educated people in the Frankish state increased, and many works of ancient authors were rewritten. The Carolingian Renaissance quickly faded after the collapse of Charlemagne's empire.
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3. “Seven Liberal Arts” Charlemagne ordered the opening of schools in monasteries. Later, cathedral schools began to open at churches and cathedrals in big cities. Education was conducted in Latin, the international language of educated people in Western Europe: prayers were read in it, books were written, laws were written down, and important messages were composed.
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3. “Seven Liberal Arts” Since ancient times, complete school education has included the study of the “seven liberal arts”: the sciences of the “trivium” and “quadrivium”. The Trivium included grammar (the ability to read and write Latin), rhetoric (eloquence) and dialectic (the art of reasoning). The second stage of education, the “quadrivium,” included arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. Only after mastering these sciences could one further study the “queen of sciences” - theology.
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3. “Seven Liberal Arts” An educated person was considered to be one who knew the opinion of authorities on any matter. Education consisted of memorizing quotations from authorities and presupposed, first of all, good memory and perseverance. The sciences of the “quadrivium” were poorly developed. Counting was done in Roman numerals for a long time and was difficult; usually only addition and subtraction were learned. Multiplication, division and fractions were given to few people. Geometry was used to solve the simplest practical problems necessary for construction. Astronomy was used to calculate the dates of church holidays and the timing of field work.
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4. The art of handwritten books The art of handwritten books developed in monastic scriptoria. In ancient times, a book was most often a papyrus scroll; in the late Roman Empire, a parchment scroll. In the Middle Ages, it acquired the modern form of folded and intertwined sheets of parchment. It was stronger than papyrus and could be folded and written on both sides. Early Middle Ages book
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4. The art of a handwritten book Many people worked on one handwritten book for a long time: some wrote the text in calligraphic handwriting; others intricately decorated the capital letters at the beginning of the red line - initials, inscribing picturesque scenes - miniatures; still others made headbands and ornaments. There were few books and they were very expensive. Kings and noble feudal lords gave each other books on special occasions: when concluding contracts, the birth of a child, or at a wedding.
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Culture of early medieval Europe
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Plan
1. Medieval man’s ideas about the world. 2. An idea of the structure of the Universe and the Earth 3. An idea of time. 4. Carolingian Renaissance. 5. The Seven Liberal Arts 6. The Art of the Handwritten Book.
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Medieval man's ideas about the world.
During the first centuries of the Middle Ages, few people traveled beyond their rural surroundings. Communications between villages were rare. Long journeys were dangerous and difficult. Due to bad roads we moved slowly. Even about the border countries, only fragmentary information reached the people. But rulers and diplomats, warriors, merchants and missionaries traveled throughout Western Europe and left us with a lot of interesting information about that time. However, Europeans for a long time knew almost nothing about what was happening outside Europe, and they composed fables about distant countries.
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Idea about the structure of the Universe and the Earth
The teaching of the ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras and his followers that the Earth is a sphere was not completely forgotten. Medieval scientists imagined that the Earth was round, motionless, and located at the center of the Universe. But some of them disputed the sphericity of the Earth, arguing that people living on the opposite side of the globe would have to walk “upside down” and trees would have to grow “upside down.” They imagined the Earth as a disk covered with the sky, like a cap, and the Sun, Moon and five then known planets made their way across the sky. The center, or “navel,” of the Earth was considered the city of Jerusalem, in which the Tomb of Jesus Christ is located.
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The idea of time.
Medieval people had a unique attitude towards historical time. Chroniclers were indifferent to exact figures. They used vague expressions: “at that time,” “in the meantime,” “shortly thereafter.” Both feudal lords and peasants often confused the past, present and future. There was no single system of time reference. In some countries, the year began with Easter, in others - with the Nativity of Christ. A medieval hour was approximately three modern hours.
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Carolingian Renaissance.
There were no literate people not only among the peasants - they were also rare among the feudal lords. Even kings did not always know how to read and write. For a long time in Western Europe, only church ministers knew writing, and not all of them: they had to read religious books, know prayers, and give sermons. To govern a vast country, Charlemagne needed competent officials and judges. He understood: in order to revive the Roman Empire, it was necessary to revive culture, and above all ancient knowledge. Under him, a rise in culture began, which historians called the Carolingian Renaissance.
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Seven Liberal Arts
in the 10th-11th centuries, cathedral schools began to open at churches and cathedrals in large cities. The training was in Latin. Since ancient times, complete school education has included the study of the “seven liberal arts”: the sciences of the “trivium” and “quadrivium”. The “Trivium” included: -grammar (the ability to read and write Latin), -rhetoric (eloquence), -dialectics (the art of reasoning). Carolingian illustrator The second stage of education - “quadrivium” included: - arithmetic, - geometry, - astronomy, - music. Only after mastering these sciences could one further study the “queen of sciences” - theology.
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Handwritten book art
The art of handwritten books developed in monastic scriptoria. In ancient times, a book was most often a papyrus scroll, in the late Roman Empire - a parchment scroll. 1 book of skins with 300 calves. Many people worked on one handwritten book for a long time: some wrote the text in calligraphic (beautiful) handwriting; others intricately decorated the capital letters at the beginning of the red line - initials, inscribing entire picturesque scenes - miniatures - into them; still others made headbands and ornaments. There were few books and they were very expensive. Kings and noble feudal lords gave each other books on the most solemn occasions: when concluding contracts, the birth of a child, or at a wedding. They took oaths on the Bible and swore allegiance to the king or lord. Copies of beautifully crafted, huge Bibles with expensive bindings were made for cathedrals, where they were attached with chains so as not to be stolen.