“Masters of Printing” - Location of the first printing house in Kursk. Primer. Ivan Fedorov. Karion Istomin 1650 - 1717. Peter Mstislavets. Vasily Burtsov. Why? Moravov A.V. Ivan Fedorov ("The First Printer"). Lesson topic: Printing masters. The first book of the Moscow Printing House is the Apostle, 1564. Printing masters.
“Culture of the Russian Middle Ages” - Main occupation. The reasons for Vladimir's choice of Orthodoxy. Persecution of the Church. Approval of a new type of consciousness. The main stages of the development of medieval Russian culture. Indivisibility. Cultural dynamics. Approaches to understanding the ways of development of Russian culture. Monument "1000th anniversary of Russia". Essays on the history of Russian culture.
“Culture of Russia in the 16th century” - Lebedev. Bell tower of Ivan the Great in Moscow. Enlightenment of the 16th century. Culture is part of the history of a people. Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye. St. Basil's Cathedral. Folklore. 16th century painting Life School Ancient Rus'. Icon. Metropolitan Alexy with his life. Vasnetsov. Ivan Fedorov is the first book printer. Events and phenomena that influenced the formation of Russian culture in the 16th century:
“Culture of the 16th century” - Characterization algorithm cultural development society. Main events: New phenomena in Russian culture of the 16th century. Working with additional sources. Temple of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye (1532). "Russia through the eyes of foreigners." - Peculiarities culture XVI century -. Typography. “Cheti – menaia” - ?
“Culture of Rus' 14-16 centuries” - Crockery. Heroic and hagiographic themes. Dwellings. St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod. Church of the Ascension in the Village of Kolomenskoye. Andrey Rublev. Dionysius. St. Basil's Cathedral. Assumption Cathedral. Culture and life of the Moscow state in the XIV-XVI centuries. Cathedral of the Archangel. Life of Alexander Nevsky. Blagoveshchensky cathedral.
"First Books" - Some important changes have been made to the fonts. Primer by Ivan Fedorov. 1694. For the design of the book, 40 headpieces and 22 initial letters were used. The book "apostle" is part of the bible. The first printing press. What is innovative in the book is the use of two-color printing technology in two runs. Publisher's mark of the Ostroh Bible.
The heyday of chronicle writing
Genre originality Page of the Ipatiev Chronicle Chronicle is a special type of historical narration by year (year). Russian chronicles arose in the 11th century. and continued until the 17th century.
Genre originality A whole workshop worked on the chronicles: about 15 scribes and 10 artists. Miniature drawings not only illustrate the text, but also complement it. Some events are not written, but only drawn.
History of Chronicles Chronicles arose during the time of Yaroslav the Wise, at a time when Rus' began to fight for church and political independence. Apparently, then the first historical works were created, claiming that the history of Rus' repeats the history of other Christian powers.
History of chronicles Chronicles are the most important historical sources, the most significant monuments of social thought and culture of Ancient Rus'. Chronicles testify to the high patriotic consciousness of the Russian people in the 11th-17th centuries.
History of chronicles There are at least 1,500 lists of chronicles. They contain many works of ancient Russian literature: “The Instruction” of Vladimir Monomakh, “The Tale of the Battle of Mamayev”, “Walking across the Three Seas” by Afanasy Nikitin, etc.
Kyiv Chronicles In Kyiv in the 12th century. Chronicle writing was carried out in the Kiev-Pechersk and Vydubitsky St. Michael's monasteries, as well as at the princely court.
South Russian chronicles South Russian chronicles are preserved in the Ipatiev Chronicle, which consists of the “Tale of Bygone Years”, continued mainly by Kyiv news (ending 1200), and the Galicia-Volyn Chronicle (ending 1289-92).
Vladimir-Suzdal Chronicles In the Vladimir-Suzdal land, the main centers of chronicle writing were Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov and Pereyaslavl. The monument to this chronicle is the Laurentian Chronicle, which begins with the “Tale of Bygone Years,” continued by the Vladimir-Suzdal news until 1305.
Novgorod Chronicles Chronicle writing received great development in Novgorod at the court of the archbishop, at monasteries and churches.
History of chronicle writing The Mongol-Tatar invasion caused a temporary decline in chronicle writing. The revival of chronicle writing began only after the Battle of Kulikovo (1380). Old Russian chronicles have reached us as part of later (mainly XIV-XV centuries) chronicle collections.
History of chronicle writing New phenomena in chronicle writing were noted in the 15th century, when the Russian state was taking shape with its center in Moscow. The policies of the Moscow Grand Dukes were reflected in all-Russian chronicles. The most famous is the Vologda-Perm Chronicle.
History of chronicle writing In the 17th century. There was a gradual withering away of the chronicle form of storytelling. The word “chronicle” continues to be used according to tradition even for such works that faintly resemble the Chronicles of earlier times.
The Tale of Bygone Years The most famous of the early chronicles that have survived to our time is the “Tale of Bygone Years.” Its creator is considered to be Nestor, a monk of the Pechersk Monastery in Kyiv, who wrote his work around 1113.
The Tale of Bygone Years “The Tale of Bygone Years” is an ensemble work, as it includes various genres, such as: legend, hagiography, prayer, chronicle narration itself, chronicle story, codes, treaties.
The Tale of Bygone Years “The Tale of Bygone Years,” as a monument of historiography, is permeated with a single patriotic idea: chroniclers strive to present their people as equal among other Christian nations, proudly recall the glorious past of their country - the valor of the pagan princes, the piety and wisdom of the princes - Christian.
The Tale of Bygone Years Chroniclers speak on behalf of all of Rus', rising above petty feudal disputes, strongly condemning feuds and “which”, describing with pain and anxiety the disasters brought by the raids of nomads.
The Tale of Bygone Years In a word, “The Tale of Bygone Years” is not just a description of the first centuries of the existence of Rus', it is a story about great beginnings: the beginning of Russian statehood, the beginning of Russian culture, about the beginnings that, according to the chroniclers, promise their future power and glory Homeland.
The meaning of chronicles for Russian medieval culture Chronicles are not just a list historical facts. They embodied a wide range of ideas and concepts of medieval society. Chronicles are monuments of social thought, literature, and even the beginnings of scientific knowledge.
Radzivilov Chronicle
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Journalism is a discussion in the press of pressing issues of socio-political life. Journalism of the 16th century
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The unification processes and the strengthening of the position of the Russian state in Europe raised pressing questions for society about the origin of princely power in Rus' and about the place and role of Rus' among other states before and now. They found their most vivid expression in journalistic works.
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In the first quarter of the 16th century. The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir arose, which, unlike the Tale of Bygone Years, traced the origin of the Russian princely dynasty to the Roman Emperor Augustus.
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"The Legend of the Princes of Vladimir" In the first quarter of the 16th century. The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir arose, which, unlike the Tale of Bygone Years, traced the origin of the Russian princely dynasty to the Roman Emperor Augustus. He allegedly sent his brother Prus to one of the regions subordinate to him, on the banks of the Vistula, who founded the family of the legendary Rurik. One of the heirs of Augustus, Prus and Rurik, the ancient Russian prince Vladimir Monomakh, received from the Byzantine emperor symbols of royal power: a crown-hat, precious mantles and other gifts. From then on, all subsequent Russian princes were crowned with this crown. Thus, both legends - both about the origin of princely power from the Roman emperor, and about the receipt of royal regalia from Constantinople - were intended to strengthen the authority of power in Rus' and substantiate the desire to return the ancient Russian lands under the rule of Poland and Lithuania.
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"Moscow is the third Rome." In the letters of the abbot of the Pskov Eleazar Monastery, Philotheus (around 1510), the idea of “Moscow is the third Rome” was put forward. In his presentation, history appears as a process of change of three world kingdoms. The first two Romes - Rome itself and Constantinople - died for betraying their Orthodoxy. Now Moscow has taken their place. Not the achievement of world power, but the unification of all Russian lands under the leadership of Moscow is the main idea of Filofei’s messages.
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Questions of power and state structure Other topics of journalistic messages reflecting social development were questions about the power of the Tsar and in general about the structure of the Russian state.
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Issues of power Andrei Kurbsky The ideal of the state is an estate-representative monarchy Ivan Peresvetov The state and society must be built on the basis of compliance with laws. The ideal is eastern despotism The idea of a noble state headed by an autocratic tsar A diplomat, a ruler must bring law and truth to the world Fyodor Karpov
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Ivan Peresvetov In the late 40s - early 50s of the 16th century. Ivan Semenovich Peresvetov (possibly a fictitious person) writes his petitions to Ivan IV. To present his views, Peresvetov uses a unique literary device. He paints a picture of a non-existent ideal monarch - Makhmet-Saltan of Turkey, who, having concentrated all power in his hands, nevertheless managed to establish fair relations and a strong rule of law in his state. In his policy, Makhmet-Saltan relied on the “warriors”. For their diligent service, he paid his soldiers well from the treasury, into which all the income of his kingdom flowed.
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Peresvetov contrasts the Turkish Sultan with the Byzantine “Tsar” Constantine, who “gave his nobles freedom.” They removed him from power and brought the country to ruin through abuses.
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Peresvetov's state structure Therefore, the model for Peresvetov was a strong ruler, but not an autocrat, because in addition to rights, he also had responsibilities to the “warriors”, for whom he was “strong and famous.” Peresvetov, therefore, drew attention to the nobility as a support for the state, and accused the boyars of cowardice and lack of official zeal. In an effort to strengthen military power, Peresvetov opposed the institution of servitude, since slaves, of course, are bad warriors. “Which land is enslaved,” he wrote, “in that land all evil is created.” Such is the general outline the program of government of one of the publicists of that time.
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Correspondence between Ivan the Terrible and Andrei Kurbsky We see a fierce dispute on the same problems in the famous correspondence (1564-1577) of Ivan the Terrible with Prince Andrei Kurbsky, one of his supporters in the 50s. Having fled abroad with the beginning of the oprichnina, Kurbsky sent a message to the tsar, accusing him of tyranny and cruelty. Grozny replied. The entire correspondence consists of two messages from the tsar and three princes, who also wrote the pamphlet “The History of the Grand Duke of Moscow.” Both authors are distinguished by broad education: they knew antiquity, the history of Rome, Byzantium and Rus', the Bible and theological literature. Both had extraordinary literary talent.
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Correspondence between Ivan the Terrible and Andrei Kurbsky What the authors had in common was that they advocated a strong state and strong royal power. Kurbsky’s political ideal was the activity Elected Rada. Kurbsky advocated a monarchy, but a limited one. Tsar Ivan considered only a monarchy with unlimited power to be a true monarchy. This is what he proved - in this case, with a pen in his hands. However, during the early childhood of Ivan IV, the “boyars and nobles” “torn away from God the power given to me from our ancestors under their rule.” This, according to the king, threatened the death of the state. Now the time has come to return autocratic power, in which it is not the king who acts for the benefit of his subjects, but their duty is faithful service to the sovereign. All residents of the country - from serfs to princes - are the sovereign's slaves.
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Fyodor Karpov Karpov is one of the most original and educated Russian publicists of his time. Communicating with foreigners, Karpov received a European education. By the nature of his occupation, he knew oriental languages, and was familiar with Greek and Latin. He knew in originals or extracts the works of Aristotle, Homer, Ovid’s “Metamorphoses”, was in correspondence with the smartest people of that time - Maximus the Greek, Philotheus, advocated that society and the state should be built on the observance of laws, and the ruler should carry the law and the truth
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“Conversation of the Valaam Elders” The struggle with the church found its expression in such a journalistic work as “Conversation of the Valaam Elders” (mid-16th century). The author, a supporter of strong church power, opposes attempts by the clergy to interfere in public administration and against monasteries that seize black peasant lands. His main demand is the complete destruction of monastic land ownership.
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“The Great Fourth Menaion” Most of the grandiose handwritten historical and literary works are associated with the activities of Metropolitan Macarius. By 1554, he and his collaborators created the “Great Four Menaions” - a 12-volume collection of all the books “read” in Rus': lives and teachings, Byzantine laws and monuments of church law, stories and legends. The works were distributed according to the days on which they were recommended to be read.
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"The book of the sedate royal genealogy." Another major work was the “State Book of the Royal Genealogy.” Unlike chronicles, where the presentation is carried out by year, the Degree Book arranges the narrative according to “degrees”. Each degree (and there are 17 in total) corresponds to the reign of a prince (from Vladimir to Ivan IV) and a metropolitan. This emphasized the idea of the unity of royal and church power.
https://accounts.google.com
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The architecture of the work of architects - representatives of the Italian Renaissance, in fact, the entire architecture of the 16th century is marked by the increasing assimilation of the features of Italian architecture - the tented style - instead of a domed drum, a high tower in the form of a tent, at the very top there is a small dome
Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin architect Aleviz Novy
Ivan the Great Bell Tower architect Bon Fryazin
Cathedral of the Intercession on the Moat (St. Basil's Cathedral)
Decorative decoration of the church - patterning
Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye
architect Fedor Kon walls of the White City in Moscow fortress walls in Smolensk
Iconography is the depiction of theological concepts in visible images; complex plot; complication of the conceptual apparatus of icon painting; the desire to reflect many specific events and ideas in one work
fresco mosaic
Four-part icon, 1547
Andrey Rublev Trinity
Dionysius Our Lady Hodegetria Frescoes from the Ferapontov Monastery
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The presentation was prepared by a teacher of history and social studies, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 3, Komsomolsk-on-Amur Safonova Olga Vyacheslavovna Culture of Russia of the 16th century
Miniature
Printing around 1553 - the initial stage of the development of Russian printing; in 1563 the printing house of Ivan Fedorov was opened
Literature No records of oral and poetic folk art from this time have survived. But oh folk songs, games are mentioned in some literary works, documents, for example Stoglav, cathedral messages, etc. The events of that era are reflected in fairy tales. The genre of historical song is flourishing
Folklore. Fairy tales In “The Tale of Borma-Yaryzhka” its hero, a simple Russian man, obtains signs of royal dignity for Tsar Ivan the Terrible in Babylon-city. A similar plot developed in “The Tale of Babylonian kingdom”, but in it we're talking about about regalia for the Byzantine emperor.
Folklore. Proverbs Proverbs and songs, sayings and riddles, words and teachings reflect living folk speech, apt and sharp. These are, for example, the proverbs that Tsar the Terrible included in his message to the elders of the Kirillo-Belozersky monastery: “The king favors, but the huntsman does not favor,” “give free rein to the king, and to the other and to the huntsman.”
“Facebook Chronicle” - a story about Russian history from the time of the first princes to the reign of Ivan the Terrible
“Domostroy” - home economics (reflections on raising children and family life, household advice)
Correspondence between Ivan the Terrible and Prince A.M. Kurbsky A. M. Kurbsky accused the tsar of cruelty and despotism; about the responsibility of the sovereign to the people, Ivan the Terrible defended his autocratic rights; The king should not serve the people, but the people should serve the king. “You are free to reward your slaves, but you are also free to execute them.”
The Great Chetii-Minea, Metropolitan Macarius chets - books for reading menaion - collections where works are arranged according to the days when they are recommended to be read Great Cheti-Menaion - a collection where the lives of the saints were arranged in order of the days on which their memory was celebrated
Science and technology The heyday of foundry - Andrei Chokhov's foundry school Tsar Cannon
Inventions - boyar slave Nikita made large wooden wings
Medicine - doctors (healers), the first pharmacy for the royal family, pharmacy order
Used materials from Internet resources http:// www.russianculture.ru/fulle.asp?id=9 http://ru.wikipedia.org 5af8fc56bb0d.jpg Mitr_Makarij.jpg http://libhistory.ru/img/248527__29.jpg http://historydoc.edu.ru/attach.asp%3Fa_no%3D2123 http://bibliotekar.ru/rus/97.files/image003.jpg http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Images/ib3080.jpg http ://i046.radikal.ru/0810/05/b5dcca7bf669.jpg Smolensk fortress wall | Collection of Peter's monuments http://www.moscowvision.ru/img/sk91.jpg http://www.moscowvision.ru/img/sk321.jpg http://www.avialine.com/img/repphotos/repphoto_8267_1577.jpg moskov-tsarstvo.livejournal.com
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Today interest in Russian, especially in ancient Russian literature readership has sharply decreased with the advent of new video technologies. But to modern man you need to know the history and culture of your people. We can glean this knowledge from primary sources: chronicles, chronographs, lives, historical stories.
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If I attract the attention and interest of children and adult readers to the works of ancient Russian literature, then every citizen will be imbued with pride in his people: their glorious military and labor feats, enormous creative search monks-chroniclers, historians, cartographers and the spiritual culture of past generations.
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Get acquainted with the main genres of ancient Russian literature. Give brief analysis“The Tale of Bygone Years” and “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” Determine the role of the author in works of ancient Russian literature. Get acquainted with the origins of Christianity in Rus'. Arouse reader interest in works of ancient Russian literature.
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More than a thousand years ago, Russia was inhabited by a people calling themselves Slavs. It was divided into tribes: Polyans, Drevlyans, Krivichi, Northerners... Only one of the tribes was simply called Slavs. Having settled in separate clans, which constantly quarreled among themselves, they could not give a strong rebuff to the enemy and often paid tribute.
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Then the Ilmen Slavs, Krivichi and two Finnish tribes, all and Chud, gathered at a meeting and began to discuss how to establish peace and order in their country. They decided to install a prince who would own them and judge them by right.
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And so that the prince would not favor his family more than others, the veche decided to summon a foreign prince from the Varangians, equipping ambassadors for this.
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There was a small tribe of Rus among the Varangians, and the ambassadors turned to them: “Our land is great and abundant, but there is no order in it, come to reign and rule over us.” Three brothers Rurik, Sineus and Truvor responded with their relatives and came in 867. It was from them that the land was called Russian.
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Rule of the Russians on Slavic land. In 879, Rurik died, leaving an infant son, Igor; his relative Oleg began to reign. Having gathered an army, Oleg went down the Dnieper, saw a large and beautiful city, and learned that Askold and Dir, people from Rurik’s squad, reigned there. This angered him.
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He told them: “You are not princes and princely family, and I am a prince and here is the son of Rurik.” Then he pointed to Igor. Askold and Dir were killed, and Oleg remained in Kyiv and called it “the mother of Russian cities.”
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Oleg reigned for 33 years. After him, Rurik’s son, Igor, reigned. One day he went to the Drevlyan land, took tribute, and it seemed to him that what he collected was not enough. He returned back, but the Drevlyans came out of their city and killed him. The young widow Olga remained, she avenged her husband and conceived a big deal: she went to Constantinople, became acquainted with the Christian religion and accepted its religion. In holy baptism she was named Helen.
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Vladimir, Olga's grandson, also began to waver in the pagan faith. He thought for a long time about different religions and settled on Christianity. But he wanted to remain the same free Russian prince. Oleg promised to convert to Christianity on the condition that the emperors would marry his sister Anna to him.
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The emperors replied that they would marry his sister if he accepted baptism, but a Christian woman could not marry a pagan. Vladimir was immediately baptized, was named Vasily in holy baptism, and after baptism he and Anna walked down the aisle.
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Returning to Kyiv, Vladimir ordered to chop and burn all the idols. And the next morning he left Grand Duke to the Dnieper with Tsaritsyn and Korsun priests to baptize the people of Kiev.
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Book art came to our ancestors in the 10th century along with Christianity, and therefore the first literate people among us were priests and monks.
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Nestor the chronicler. The name of the first chronicler was Nestor. He was a monk of the Kyiv Pechora Monastery, born in 1056, settled in the monastery at the age of seventeen and lived until 1114... About the reign of the first Russian princes, only what Nestor wrote down has reached us. In his stories, fiction is mixed with the truth, but we do not have more reliable information.
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The greatest monument Kievan Rus, the basis of the chronicle tradition of the 11th century is the “Tale of Bygone Years”. It was compiled in the 10th-11th centuries by Nestor. The author set as his goal not just to talk about the settlement of the Slavic peoples of antiquity, about morals and customs, but to emphasize the unity of peoples, their culture, language and writing created in the 9th century by the brothers Cyril and Methodius.
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The main genres of ancient Russian literature Literature in Rus' arose after the adoption of Christianity, therefore oral folk art ancient Russians received almost no response in ancient Russian literature. The exception is chronicles. The main genres of ancient Russian literature: lives, chronographs, chronicles and cartography. Slavic writing was created in the middle of the 9th century specifically for the needs of Christian worship. That is why “useless” worldly works did not appear in Rus' in the first centuries after baptism.
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Style in Old Russian literature. In ancient Russian literature, style depended not on the genre of the work, but on the subject of the story. The descriptions used “stencils” and biblical quotes. In ancient Russian literature, the canon ruled - rules and images: the saint was called an “earthly angel” and a “heavenly man”, the enemy surrounded the Russian army like a forest, the princes were fair.
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The role of the author in Old Russian literature Old Russian authors did not try to be original, and scribes were not careful with other people's texts. As a rule, the authors mentioned their names only when it was necessary to give the story authenticity and documentary quality. The concept of authorship appeared in the 17th century.
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Even in ancient times, they discovered the truth that books, like people, have their own destiny. The Bible was truly destined for great things. It became a kind of code that opened access to values European culture, and also had a great influence on the development of medieval literature. The Bible is the sacred history of man, the history of man’s relationship with God, a history unfolding into the future.
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Life is piece of art in the modern sense of the word. It always tells about events that its compilers and readers consider to be true and not fictitious. Lives were classified as works of church literature. Chronicle or historical story about the military campaigns of Russian princes, a battle with foreigners or a story about internecine strife - secular texts.
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Historical writings narrating events world history according to years and reigns they were called chronographs in Rus'. In its meaning, this word is very close to the word “chronicle” (from the Greek “chrono” - time and “graph” - writing). Any chronograph is, first of all, a version of history, permeated with a Christian worldview. Medieval Rus' became part of the Christian world and thereby turned into a “historical country.”
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The golden word of Russian literature is called “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign, created in 1187.” Folk images in the work are closely related to his people's ideals. The artistic and ideological sides in “The Lay” are inseparable from each other. For example, a comparison of the battle with the harvest, in the battle of Igor with the Polovtsians, “the black ground under the hooves was covered with bones, and the clearing was covered with blood.” The word calls for a fight against the Polovtsy, first of all, in the name of peaceful labor.