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FAITH, HOPE, LOVE IN THE LIFE OF GORKY Faith, hope, love in the life of Gorky... How did they respond to his personal fate and the fate of his contemporaries, loved ones, relatives? When studying the life and work of this extraordinary, outstanding person and writer, we see all the inconsistency of his personality, the drama of his fate, in which a passionate, tireless search for happiness, “heaven on earth,” was accompanied by liberation from unfulfilled hopes and lost illusions. IN real life his attempts to love failed. The girl he was in love with, Masha Derenkova, preferred medical student Pyotr Kudryavtsev to him. The workers, among whom young Peshkov, out of humane motives, tried to “sow the rational, the good, the eternal,” were ready to make peace with the owner for a bucket of vodka; with “evil joy” they went to beat the students participating in the meeting, about whom he told them so much as people who dreamed of the happiness of the people. Powerlessness before life, terrible loneliness, which settled an “irresistible melancholy” in his heart, led him to attempt suicide. Rescued and healed, Alexey Peshkov continues his painful search for the meaning of life and truth. (since 1892 he takes the pseudonym Maxim Gorky)
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DEATH The circumstances of the death of Maxim Gorky and his son are considered “suspicious” by many; there were rumors of poisoning, which, however, were not confirmed. At the funeral, among others, Molotov and Stalin carried Gorky’s coffin. It is interesting that among other accusations against Genrikh Yagoda at the Third Moscow Trial in 1938 was the accusation of poisoning Gorky’s son. According to Yagoda's interrogations, Maxim Gorky was killed on Trotsky's orders, and the murder of Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, was his personal initiative. Some publications blame Stalin for Gorky's death. An important precedent for the medical side of the accusations in the “Doctors’ Case” was the Third Moscow Trial (1938), where among the defendants were three doctors (Kazakov, Levin and Pletnev), accused of the murders of Gorky and others.
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Maxim Gorky Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov (1868 – 1936)
Origin Father, Maxim Savvatievich Peshkov (1840-71) - the son of a soldier, a cabinetmaker, died of cholera. Mother, Varvara Vasilievna, née Kashirina (1842-79), was the daughter of a Nizhny Novgorod merchant. She died of consumption.
Childhood Alexey Peshkov was born on March 16, 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod. The writer spent his childhood in his grandfather's house. The grandfather taught the boy from church books, the grandmother introduced her grandson to folk songs and fairy tales, but most importantly, she replaced the mother, “saturating,” in Gorky’s own words, “with strong strength for a difficult life” (“Childhood”).
Education 1877 - 1879 - Alexey Peshkov studies at the Nizhny Novgorod Kunavinsky School. Due to lack of money, Alexey Peshkov is forced to leave his studies and go “to the people.” 1879 – 1884 – Alexey changed places of “training” one after another. First he is an apprentice to a shoemaker (a relative of the Kashirins), then an apprentice in a drawing workshop, then in an icon painting studio. Finally he becomes a cook on a steamship sailing along the Volga.
Failures and wanderings December 1887 - a streak of failures in life leads Peshkov to attempt suicide. 1888 - 1891 - Alexey Peshkov wanders around Russia in search of work and impressions. He travels through the Volga region, Don, Ukraine, Crimea, Southern Bessarabia, and the Caucasus. He manages to make contacts in a creative environment. While wandering, Peshkov collects prototypes of his future heroes - this is noticeable in the early work of the writer, when the heroes of his works were people from the “bottom”.
Gorky’s early works On September 12, 1892, Peshkov’s story “Makar Chudra” was first published in the Tiflis newspaper “Caucasus”. The work was signed “Maxim Gorky”. 1893 - 1895 - Gorky's stories are often published in the Volga press. During these years the following were written: “Chelkash”, “Revenge”, “Old Woman Izergil”, “Emelyan Pilyai”, “Conclusion”, “Song of the Falcon”.
Pseudonyms Peshkov signs his stories with various pseudonyms, of which there were about 30 in total. The most famous of them: “A.P.”, “M.G.”, “Ah!”, “One of the Perplexed,” “Yegudiel” Chlamys", "Taras Oparin" and others.
Family and work 1895 - with the assistance of Korolenko, Gorky becomes an employee of the Samara Newspaper, where he writes feuilletons daily in the “By the way” section, signing “Ehudiel Chlamida.” At the same time, in the Samara Newspaper, Gorky met Ekaterina Pavlovna Volzhina, who serves as a proofreader in the editorial office. 1896 - Gorky and Volzhina get married. 1896 - 1897 - Gorky works in his homeland, in the newspaper "Nizhny Novgorod Listok". 1897 - Gorky’s tuberculosis worsens, and he and his wife move to Crimea, and from there to the village of Maksatikha, Poltava province. The same year, the writer’s son Maxim is born.
First arrest April 1901 - Gorky was arrested in Nizhny Novgorod and taken into custody for participating in student unrest in St. Petersburg. The writer remained under arrest for a month, after which he was released under house arrest and then deported to Arzamas. In the same year, “Song of the Petrel” was published in the magazine “Life”, after which the magazine was closed by the authorities.
Triumph 1902 - the plays “At the Lower Depths” and “The Bourgeois” were staged at the Moscow Art Theater. The premiere of “At the Lower Depths,” directed by Stanislavsky, is an unprecedented triumph.
Gorky and the revolution 1905 - Gorky actively participates in the revolution, he is closely associated with the Social Democrats, but at the same time, together with a group of intellectuals, on the eve of “Bloody Sunday” he visits S.Yu. Witte and is trying to prevent the tragedy. After the revolution, he was arrested (accused of participating in the preparation of a coup d'etat), but both the Russian and European cultural environment came out in defense of the writer. Gorky is released.
Emigrant Beginning of 1906 - Gorky emigrates from Russia. He goes to America to raise funds to support the revolution in Russia. 1907 - the novel “Mother” is published in America. In London, at the V Congress of the RSDLP, Gorky met V.I. Ulyanov.
Life on Capri End of 1906 - 1913 - Maxim Gorky permanently lives on the island of Capri (Italy). Many works have been written here: the plays “The Last”, “Vassa Zheleznova”, the stories “Summer”, “Town of Okurov”, the novel “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin”.
Return 1913 - Gorky returns to Russia. In the same year he wrote “Childhood”. 1915 - the novel “In People” was written. Gorky begins publishing the journal Letopis.
Disagreements with the new government 1917 - after the Revolution, Gorky finds himself in an ambivalent position: on the one hand, he stands for the new government, on the other, he continues to adhere to his convictions, believing that it is necessary to engage not in the class struggle, but in the culture of the masses... At the same time, the writer begins working at the publishing house “World Literature”, founds the newspaper “ New life».
Challenge to Lenin The end of the 1910s - Gorky’s relations with the new government gradually worsened. In 1918, the newspaper Novaya Zhizn published a series of articles “Untimely Thoughts,” where he accused Lenin of seizing power and unleashing terror in the country. But in the same place he called the Russian people cruel, “beastly” and thereby, if not justified, then explained the ferocious attitude of the Bolsheviks towards these people.
Flight from the Bolsheviks 1921 - Maxim Gorky leaves Russia, officially to Germany, for treatment, but in fact - from the massacre of the Bolsheviks. Until 1924, the writer lived in Germany and Czechoslovakia. 1921 – 1922 – Gorky actively publishes his articles in German magazines (“The Vocation of a Writer and Russian Literature of Our Time”, “Russian Cruelty”, “Intellectuals and Revolution”). They all say one thing - Gorky cannot accept what happened in Russia; he still strives to unite Russian artists abroad.
Moving to Sorento 1923 - Gorky writes “My Universities”. 1925 - work begins on the novel “The Life of Klim Samgin,” which was never completed. The novel “The Artamonov Case” has been written. Contemporaries noted the experimental nature of Gorky's works of that time, which were created with an undoubted eye on the formal quest of Russian prose of the 20s. Mid-1920s - Maxim Gorky moves to Sorrento (Italy).
USSR, Moscow, NKVD 1928 - Gorky makes a trip to the USSR. He travels around the country all summer. The writer’s impressions were reflected in the book “Around the Union of Soviets” (1929). 1931 - Gorky moves to Moscow. 1934 - Maxim Gorky acts as organizer and chairman of the First All-Union Congress Soviet writers. May of the same year - Gorky's son Maxim was killed. According to one version, this was done on the initiative of the NKVD.
Death June 18, 1936 - Maxim Gorky dies in Gorki. Buried in Moscow. The writer became very ill and took to his bed. And soon an expensive candy bonbonniere with a silk ribbon appeared at the patient’s bedside - a sign of attention from the Kremlin. Gorky was not the only one who treated himself to the sweets, two other orderlies were with him. An hour later all three were dead.
Honorary funeral Professor P Letnev, who treated Alexei Maksimovich, was first sentenced to death for the murder of the famous writer, then his death penalty was replaced by twenty-five years in the camps. It was humane to a man who had no idea about the box of fatal chocolates. P.P. Kryuchkov, an NKVD officer, pleaded guilty. The urn with Gorky's ashes is placed in the Kremlin wall in Moscow.
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Maxim Gorky Presentation of 9th grade student, Vysokinichsky school, Christina VedenkinaSlide 2
Maxim Gorky (born Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov) is a Russian writer, prose writer, and playwright. One of the most significant and famous Russian writers and thinkers in the world. 03/16/1868 - 06/18/1936 (68 years old)
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Alexey Maksimovich came up with the pseudonym “Gorky” himself. Subsequently, he told Kalyuzhny: “I shouldn’t write Peshkov in literature...”. More information about his biography can be found in his autobiographical stories“Childhood”, “In People”, “My Universities”. Childhood Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov was born in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a carpenter - Maxim Savvatyevich Peshkov (1840-1871), who was the son of a soldier. M. S. Peshkov in last years Life worked as a manager of a shipping office, died of cholera. Mother - Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina (1842-1879) - from a bourgeois family; Widowed at an early age, she remarried and died of consumption. Gorky’s grandfather Savvaty Peshkov rose to the rank of officer, but was demoted and exiled to Siberia “for cruel treatment of lower ranks,” after which he enrolled as a bourgeois. Orphaned early, Gorky spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather Kashirin. From the age of 11 he was forced to go “into the people”: he worked as a “boy” in a store, as a buffet cook on a steamship, as a baker, studied in an icon-painting workshop, etc.
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Youth In 1884 he comes to Kazan to fulfill his dream - to study at the university, but very soon he realizes the unreality of such a plan. Starts working. Gorky would later write: “I did not expect outside help and did not hope for Lucky case... I realized very early that a person is created by his resistance environment"At the age of 16, he already knew a lot about life, but the four years spent in Kazan shaped his personality and determined his path. He began to conduct propaganda work among workers and peasants. Since 1888, Gorky's wanderings around Russia began, with the goal of learning better her and get to know the life of the people better.
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He walked through the Don steppes, across Ukraine, to the Danube, from there - through the Crimea and the Northern Caucasus - to Tiflis, where he spent a year working as a hammer hammer, then as a clerk in railway workshops. At this time, he wrote his first story, “Makar Chudra,” and the poem “The Girl and Death.” Since 1892, having returned to Nizhny Novgorod, he has been engaged in literary work, publishing in Volga newspapers. Since 1895, Gorky’s stories have appeared in metropolitan magazines. In 1898, they were published in the light of Gorky's "Essays and Stories", which made him widely known in Russia. In 1899, the novel "Foma Gordeev" was published, which promoted Gorky to the ranks of world-class writers. In the fall of this year, he comes to St. Petersburg, where he meets Mikhailovsky and Veresaev, with Repin. ; later in Moscow - with L. Tolstoy, L. Andreev, A. Chekhov, I. Bunin, A. Kuprin and other writers L. Tolstoy and M. Gorky A. Chekhov and M. Gorky.
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Gorky took an active part in the revolutionary events of 1905 and was imprisoned Peter and Paul Fortress for anti-tsarist proclamations. The protest of the Russian and world community forces the government to release the writer. Villa in Capri (burgundy), which Gorky rented. In 1906, Gorky returned to Russia. He goes to Italy, to Capri, where he lives until 1913, giving all his strength literary creativity. Taking advantage of the amnesty, he returned to St. Petersburg in 1913 and collaborated with the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda. In 1915 he founded the journal "Chronicle". In 1921, Gorky, at the insistence of Lenin, went abroad for treatment. He continued to work a lot. He began work on the book "The Life of Klim Samgin", which he continued to write until the end of his life. In 1931, Gorky returned to his homeland.
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MAXIM GORKY - real name ALEXEY MAXIMOVICH PESHKOV - Russian writer, prose writer, playwright. One of the most popular authors of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, famous for his portrayal of a romanticized déclassé character (“tramp”), author of works with a revolutionary tendency, personally close to the Social Democrats, “petrel of the revolution” and “great proletarian writer”, founder of socialist realism
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Childhood years Born in Nizhny Novgorod. Father - Maxim Savvatievich Peshkov (1840-1871) - the son of a soldier demoted from the officers, a cabinetmaker, died of cholera. Mother - Varvara Vasilyevna Kashirina (1842-79) - from a bourgeois family, died of cholera.
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Childhood years I was brought up in the family of my maternal grandfather Vasily Vasilyevich Kashirin, who was a laborer in his youth, then became rich, became the owner of a dyeing establishment, and went bankrupt in his old age. The grandfather taught the boy from church books, his grandmother Akulina Ivanovna introduced her grandson to folk songs and fairy tales, but most importantly, she replaced his mother. From the age of 9 he was forced to go “to the people”; he worked as a “boy” in a store, as a pantry worker on a ship, as a student in an icon-painting workshop, as a baker, etc. He did not receive a real education, he graduated from a vocational school.
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Start literary activity He started out as a provincial newspaperman (published under the name Yehudiel Chlamida). The pseudonym M. Gorky appeared in 1892 in the Tiflis newspaper “Caucasus”, where the first story “Makar Chudra” was published. In 1895, thanks to the help of V.G. Korolenko, he was published in the popular magazine “Russian Wealth” (the story “Chelkash”). In 1898, the book “Essays and Stories” was published in St. Petersburg, which had a sensational success. In 1899, the prose poem “Twenty Six and One” and the first long story “Foma Gordeev” appeared. Gorky's fame grew with incredible speed and soon equaled the popularity of Chekhov and Tolstoy.
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Years of emigration From 1921 to 1928, Gorky lived in exile, where he went after Lenin’s too persistent advice. He settled in Sorrento (Italy), on the island of Capri, without breaking ties with young Soviet literature. From 1906 to 1913 he also lived in Italy (for health reasons)
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Gorky's death was surrounded by an atmosphere of mystery, as was the death of his son, Maxim Peshkov. However, versions of the violent death of both have still not found documentary confirmation. The urn with Gorky's ashes is placed in the Kremlin wall in Moscow. Monument to M. Gorky in St. Petersburg near the Gorkovskaya metro station.
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Bibliography of M. Gorky Novels 1899 - "Foma Gordeev" 1900-1901 - "Three" 1906 - "Mother" (second edition - 1907) 1925 - "The Artamonov Case" 1925-1936 - "The Life of Klim Samgin" Stories 1908 - "The Life of the Unnecessary" person." 1908 - “Confession” 1909 - “The Town of Okurov”, “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin”. 1913-1914- “Childhood” 1915-1916- “In People” 1923 - “My Universities”
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Bibliography of M. Gorky Stories, essays 1892 - “Makar Chudra” 1895 - “Chelkash”, “Old Woman Izergil”. 1897 - " Former people", "The Orlov Spouses", "Malva", "Konovalov". 1898 - “Essays and Stories” (collection) 1899 - “Song of the Falcon” (prose poem), “Twenty Six and One” 1901 - “Song of the Petrel” (prose poem) 1903 - “Man” (prose poem ) 1913 - “Tales of Italy.” 1912-1917 - “Across Rus'” (cycle of stories) 1924 - “Stories of 1922-1924” 1924 - “Notes from a Diary” (cycle of stories)
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Bibliography of M. Gorky Plays 1901 - “Bourgeois” 1902 - “At the Demise” 1904 - “Summer Residents” 1905 - “Children of the Sun”, “Barbarians” 1906 - “Enemies” 1910 - “Vassa Zheleznova” (revised in December 1935) 1930-1931 - “Somov and others” 1932 - “Egor Bulychev and others” 1933 - “Dostigaev and others” Journalism 1906 - “My interviews”, “In America” (pamphlets) 1917-1918 - series of articles “Untimely Thoughts” in newspaper “New Life” (published as a separate publication in 1918) 1922 - “On the Russian peasantry”
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The role of M. Gorky in the creation of Soviet children's literature 1918 - memorandum to the government “On the publication of Russian classical and foreign literature and CNT" 1919 - 72 book titles from the list were published 1919 - organization of the publishing house "World Literature" 1919 - the first one was published in Petrograd children's magazine“Northern Lights” (lasted 1 year) 1922 - creation of the Pioneer organization 1923 - the magazine “Sparrow” is published in Petrograd 1924 - the magazine “Sparrow” is renamed “New Robinson” 1924 - the magazine “Pioneer” begins to be published 1924 - the magazine “Murzilka” is created 1925 - the newspaper “Pionerskaya Pravda” begins to be published in Moscow 1927 - the newspaper becomes all-Union, the column “Gorky responds to children” is introduced
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The role of M. Gorky in the creation of Soviet children's literature 1930 - the magazine "Chizh" (Extremely interesting magazine) is published in Leningrad, published until 1947 1931 - Government decree on the creation of the publishing house "Young Guard" 1933 - creation of the publishing house "Detgiz" 1933 - continuation of publication series of books ZhZL, founded by the Russian educator F. Pavlenkov (published 1890-1915) 1934 - creation of the Union of Writers of the USSR 1934 - holding the First Congress of the Union of Writers of the USSR, delivering the main report; on the issue of children's literature, speech by S.Ya. Marshak - “On great literature for young children” 1920-1930s - active struggle for fairy tales (Gorky, Mayakovsky, Chukovsky, Marshak) 1930s - articles on issues of children's literature
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“About fairy tales” (1929) “A man whose ears are plugged with cotton wool” (1930) “About irresponsible people and about children’s books of our days” (1930) “Literature for children” (1933) “About topics” (1933) Basic articles on issues children's literature
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1. Accounting age characteristics and children's interests in reality. 2. Encyclopedic, wide coverage of phenomena. 3. The leading theme should be the theme of modernity; bright and unusual things especially attract children. Books about the romance of labor, the romance of man's struggle with nature. 4. The requirement of artistry: “Our book should not be didactic or grossly biased. It must speak in the language of images.” Basic requirements for a children's book
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5. Hero: “New talents are faced with the task of portraying a hero in literature - a wonderful, unprecedented even in a fairy tale, a hero who wants to rebuild the world... to show a hero, gathering in one person all the advantages of the collective.” 6. The need for humor, satire - “funny” in a book for children. Children are naturally cheerful and funny. 7. Children's thinking is visual. An indispensable requirement for a children's book should be colorful illustrations. Basic requirements for a children's book
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“Morning” (1910) “Sparrow” (1912) “The Case of Evseyka” (1912) “Samovar” (1913) “About Ivanushka the Fool” (1918) “Misha” (1919) Fairy tales for children
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Gorky did not receive a real education, graduating only from a vocational school. His thirst for knowledge was quenched independently; he grew up “self-taught.” Hard work (a boatman on a ship, a “boy” in a store, a student in an icon-painting workshop, a foreman at fair buildings, etc.) and early hardships taught him a good knowledge of life and inspired dreams of reorganizing the world. “We came into the world to disagree...” - a surviving fragment of the destroyed poem by the young Peshkov “The Song of the Old Oak.”
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Hatred of evil and ethical maximalism were a source of moral torment. In 1887 he tried to commit suicide. He took part in revolutionary propaganda, “went among the people,” wandered around Rus', and communicated with tramps. He experienced complex philosophical influences: from the ideas of the French Enlightenment and the materialism of J. W. Goethe to the positivism of J. M. Guyot, the romanticism of J. Ruskin and the pessimism of A. Schopenhauer. In his Nizhny Novgorod library, next to “Capital” by K. Marx and “Historical Letters” by P. L. Lavrov, there were books by E. Hartmann, M. Stirner and F. Nietzsche.
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The rudeness and ignorance of provincial life poisoned his soul, but also - paradoxically - gave rise to faith in Man and his potential. From the collision of contradictory principles, a romantic philosophy was born, in which Man (the ideal essence) did not coincide with man (the real being) and even entered into a tragic conflict with him. Gorky's humanism carried rebellious and atheistic features. His favorite reading was the biblical Book of Job, where “God teaches man how to be equal to God and how to calmly stand next to God” (Gorky’s letter to V.V. Rozanov, 1912).
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Early works Gorky (1892-1905) Gorky began as a provincial newspaperman (published under the name Yehudiel Chlamida). The pseudonym M. Gorky (he signed letters and documents with his real surname - A. Peshkov; the designations “A. M. Gorky” and “Alexey Maksimovich Gorky” contaminate the pseudonym with his real name) appeared in 1892 in the Tiflis newspaper “Caucasus”, where the first story "Makar Chudra". In 1895, thanks to the help of V.G. Korolenko, he was published in the popular magazine “Russian Wealth” (the story “Chelkash”). In 1898, the book “Essays and Stories” was published in St. Petersburg, which had a sensational success. In 1899, the prose poem “Twenty Six and One” and the first long story “Foma Gordeev” appeared. Gorky's fame grew with incredible speed and soon became equal to the popularity of A.P. Chekhov and L.N. Tolstoy.
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From the very beginning, a discrepancy emerged between what critics wrote about Gorky and what the average reader wanted to see in him. The traditional principle of interpreting works from the point of view of the social meaning contained in them did not work in relation to the early Gorky. The reader was least interested in the social aspects of his prose; he looked for and found in them a mood in tune with the times. According to the critic M. Protopopov, Gorky replaced the problem of artistic typification with the problem of “ideological lyricism.” His heroes combined typical features, which were backed by a good knowledge of life and literary tradition, and a special kind of “philosophy” that the author endowed the heroes with at his own request, not always consistent with the “truth of life.” In connection with his texts, critics solved not social issues and problems of their literary reflection, but directly the “question of Gorky” and the collective lyrical image he created, which began to be perceived as typical for Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. and which critics compared to Nietzsche’s “superman”. All this allows, contrary to the traditional view, to consider him more of a modernist than a realist.
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Gorky quickly showed himself as a talented organizer of the literary process. In 1901 he became the head of the publishing house of the Knowledge Partnership and soon began to publish Collections of the Knowledge Partnership, where I. A. Bunin, L. N. Andreev, A. I. Kuprin, V. V. Veresaev, E. N. were published .Chirikov, N.D.Teleshov, A.S.Serafimovich and others. Vershina early creativity, the play “At the Bottom”, owes its fame to a great extent to the production of K. S. Stanislavsky at the Moscow Art Theater (1902; played by Stanislavsky, V. I. Kachalov, I. M. Moskvin, O. L. Knipper-Chekhova and others .) In 1903, the performance “At the Bottom” with Richard Wallentin in the role of Satin took place at the Berlin Kleines Theater. Gorky's other plays - "The Bourgeois" (1901), "Summer Residents" (1904), "Children of the Sun", "Barbarians" (both 1905), "Enemies" (1906) - did not have such sensational success in Russia and Europe.
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Gorky between two revolutions (1905-1917) After the defeat of the revolution of 1905-07, Gorky emigrated to the island of Capri (Italy). The “Capri” period of creativity forced us to reconsider the idea that had developed in criticism about the “end of Gorky” (D. V. Filosofov), which was caused by his passion for political struggle and the ideas of socialism, reflected in the story “Mother” (1906; second edition 1907). He creates the stories “The Town of Okurov” (1909), “Childhood” (1913-14), “In People” (1915-16), and the cycle of stories “Across Rus'” (1912-17). The story “Confession” (1908), highly appreciated by A. A. Blok, caused controversy in criticism. In it, for the first time, the theme of god-building was heard, which Gorky preached with A.V. Lunacharsky and A.A. Bogdanov at the Capri party school for workers, which caused his differences with Lenin, who hated “flirting with the little god.”
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First World War had a hard impact on state of mind Gorky. It symbolized the beginning of the historical collapse of his idea of “collective reason,” which he came to after disappointment with Nietzschean individualism (according to T. Mann, Gorky built a bridge from Nietzsche to socialism). Boundless faith in human reason, accepted as the only dogma, was not confirmed by life. The war became a blatant example of collective madness, when Man was reduced to a “trench lice”, “cannon fodder”, when people went wild before our eyes and the human mind was powerless before logic historical events. Gorky's 1914 poem contains the lines:
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Years of emigration of Maxim Gorky (1917-28) October Revolution confirmed Gorky's fears. Unlike Blok, he heard in it not “music,” but the terrible roar of a hundred million peasant element, breaking out through all social prohibitions and threatening to drown the remaining islands of culture. In “Untimely Thoughts” (a series of articles in the newspaper “Novaya Zhizn”; 1917-18; published as a separate publication in 1918), he accused Lenin of seizing power and unleashing terror in the country. But in the same place he called the Russian people organically cruel, “beastly” and thereby, if not justified, then explained the ferocious treatment of these people by the Bolsheviks. The inconsistency of his position was also reflected in his book “On the Russian Peasantry” (1922). Gorky’s undoubted merit was his energetic work to save the scientific and artistic intelligentsia from starvation and executions, gratefully appreciated by his contemporaries (E. I. Zamyatin, A. M. Remizov, V. F. Khodasevich, V. B. Shklovsky, etc.) Barely Is it not for this that such cultural events as the organization of the publishing house “World Literature”, the opening of the “House of Scientists” and the “House of Arts” (communes for the creative intelligentsia, described in the novel “The Crazy Ship” by O. D. Forsh and the book by K. A) were conceived Fedina "Gorky Among Us"). However, many writers (including Blok, N.S. Gumilyov) could not be saved, which became one of the main reasons for Gorky’s final break with the Bolsheviks.
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From 1921 to 1928, Gorky lived in exile, where he went after Lenin’s too persistent advice. Settled in Sorrento (Italy), without breaking ties with young Soviet literature (L. M. Leonov, V. V. Ivanov, A. A. Fadeev, I. E. Babel, etc.) Wrote the cycle “Stories of 1922-24” ", "Notes from the Diary" (1924), the novel "The Artamonov Case" (1925), began working on the epic novel "The Life of Klim Samgin" (1925-36). Contemporaries noted the experimental nature of Gorky's works of this time, which were created with an undoubted eye on the formal quest of Russian prose of the 20s.
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Gorky's return to Soviet Union In 1928, Gorky made a “test” trip to the Soviet Union (in connection with the celebration organized on the occasion of his 60th birthday), having previously entered into cautious negotiations with the Stalinist leadership. The apotheosis of the meeting at the Belorussky station decided the matter; Gorky returned to his homeland. As an artist, he completely immersed himself in creating “The Life of Klim Samgin,” a panoramic picture of Russia over forty years. As a politician, he actually provided Stalin with moral cover in the face of the world community. His numerous articles created an apologetic image of the leader and were silent about the suppression of freedom of thought and art in the country - facts that Gorky could not have been unaware of. He headed the creation of a collective book of writers glorifying the construction by prisoners of the White Sea-Baltic Canal. Stalin. Organized and supported many enterprises: the Academia publishing house, the book series “History of factories and factories”, “History civil war", the magazine "Literary Studies", as well as the Literary Institute, then named after him. In 1934 he headed the Union of Writers of the USSR, created on his initiative.
Slide no. 14
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