Saltykov-Shchedrin Mikhail Evgrafovich

Russian writer and publicist Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin was born on January 27, 1826 in the village of Spas-Ugol, located in the Kalyazinsky district of the Tver province. The father of the future writer Evgraf Vasilyevich Saltykov belonged to an old noble family, his mother Olga Mikhailovna Zabelina came from a wealthy merchant family. The writer spent his childhood on the Saltykov family estate. In his work “Poshekhonskaya Side” M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin described the features of landowner life, familiar to him from childhood. Mikhail's elder sister and the serf artist Pavel were his first teachers.

At the age of 10, Mikhail Saltykov entered the Moscow Noble Institute, where he studied for two years, achieved great success in his studies and was recognized as an excellent student. For his special successes, he was transferred to study at government expense at the famous Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. During his studies at the Lyceum 1838-1844, he began to compose and publish poetry, but soon decided that he did not have any special abilities for poetry. In 1844, after graduating from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, Mikhail Saltykov was hired by the office of the War Ministry, where he worked until 1848.

While working at the War Ministry, M.E. Saltykov became interested in the ideas of utopian socialism and became close to the Petrashevites, who belonged to the advanced strata of the youth of St. Petersburg. During these years he wrote and published the first literary works- the stories “Contradictions” and “Entangled Affair”, which were considered harmful, containing ideas contrary to the regime. In 1848, Mikhail Saltykov was exiled from St. Petersburg to Vyatka for spreading anti-regime ideas.

In Vyatka, Saltykov was appointed to the Vyatka provincial government to the position of a clerical official, and then a senior official for special assignments under the Vyatka governor. Later, Mikhail Saltykov was appointed ruler of the provincial chancellery, and in August 1850 - advisor to the provincial government. The exile lasted until 1856. The writer was released from exile after the death of Emperor Nicholas I, receiving in November 1855 the right to live in any place at his discretion.

In 1856 M.E. Saltykov returns to St. Petersburg, where he enters the service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where he served until 1858. In August of this year, he was sent on a business trip to the Tver and Vladimir provinces to study the militia committees that were created in 1855 in connection with the Eastern War. During his business trip, Saltykov visited several small towns in both provinces, and in August 1856, under the pseudonym N. Shchedrin, published “Provincial Sketches,” which brought him great popularity and determined the nature of everything that followed. literary creativity. In Russia he began to be considered the literary heir of N.V. Gogol.

In 1856 M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin married young Elizaveta Boltina, who was the daughter of the vice-governor of Vyatka.

In 1858 M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin was appointed to the post of vice-governor of the city of Ryazan, and two years later in 1860 - vice-governor of Tver.

While serving as Tver vice-governor, Mikhail Evgrafovich fought against bribe-takers and thieves, surrounding himself with honest and decent people. He initiated the initiation of several dozen court cases accusing landowners of various crimes, and suspended administrators convicted of official misconduct. For his activities, he received the nickname “Vice-Robespierre” from the serf owners. Saltykov-Shchedrin welcomed the reform of 1861 and contributed in every possible way to its implementation.

In Tver M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote satirical essays “Our Friendly Trash”, “Our Foolov Affairs”, “Characters”, “After Dinner Away”, “Everyman Writers”, “Slander”, newspaper articles, plays “Songs” and “Pursuit” for happiness."

In February 1862, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin resigns and leaves for St. Petersburg. In honor of his departure, on March 22, 1862, he organizes a literary evening in the hall of the Assembly of Nobility, in which the poets A.M. Zhemchuzhnikov, A.N. Pleshcheev, playwright A.N. Ostrovsky, artist I.F. Gorbunov.

In St. Petersburg, at the invitation of N.A. Nekrasov, Saltykov-Shchedrin was accepted into the editorial office of the Sovremennik magazine. The disagreements that arose at Sovremennik lead to him leaving the magazine and returning to public service.

From November 1864 to April 1868 M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin heads the state chambers of Penza, Tula and Ryazan. In 1868, having the rank of full state councilor, he was sent into final retirement.

In June 1868, N.A. Nekrasov invited M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin to become with him co-editor of the journal Otechestvennye zapiski, which replaced Sovremennik. He accepts this invitation and works for the magazine until it is banned in 1884.

In the 80s of the XIX century, the writer wrote many works. Among them are “Pompadours and Pompadours” (1873), “Well-Intentioned Speeches” (1876), “Gentlemen Golovlevs” (1880), “Poshekhon Antiquity” (1889), etc.

M.E. died Saltykov-Shchedrin May 10, 1889 in St. Petersburg. The writer was buried at the Volkov cemetery next to I.S. Turgenev.

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin was born on January 15 (27), 1826 in the village of Spas-Ugol, Tver province, into an old noble family. Elementary education the future writer received it at home - a serf painter, a sister, a priest, and a governess worked with him. In 1836, Saltykov-Shchedrin studied at the Moscow Noble Institute, and from 1838 at the Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum.

Military service. Link to Vyatka

In 1845, Mikhail Evgrafovich graduated from the lyceum and entered service in the military chancellery. At this time, the writer became interested in the French socialists and George Sand, and created a number of notes and stories (“Contradiction”, “An Entangled Affair”).

In 1848, in a short biography of Saltykov-Shchedrin, a long period of exile began - he was sent to Vyatka for freethinking. The writer lived there for eight years, first serving as a clerical official, and then was appointed adviser to the provincial government. Mikhail Evgrafovich often went on business trips, during which he collected information about provincial life for his works.

Government activities. Mature creativity

Returning from exile in 1855, Saltykov-Shchedrin entered service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1856-1857 his “Provincial Sketches” were published. In 1858, Mikhail Evgrafovich was appointed vice-governor of Ryazan, and then Tver. At the same time, the writer was published in the magazines “Russian Bulletin”, “Sovremennik”, “Library for Reading”.

In 1862, Saltykov-Shchedrin, whose biography had previously been associated more with career than with creativity, left public service. Stopping in St. Petersburg, the writer gets a job as an editor at the Sovremennik magazine. Soon his collections “Innocent Stories” and “Satires in Prose” will be published.

In 1864, Saltykov-Shchedrin returned to service, taking the position of manager of the treasury chamber in Penza, and then in Tula and Ryazan.

The last years of the writer's life

Since 1868, Mikhail Evgrafovich retired and was actively involved in literary activity. In the same year, the writer became one of the editors of Otechestvennye Zapiski, and after the death of Nikolai Nekrasov, he took the post of executive editor of the magazine. In 1869 - 1870, Saltykov-Shchedrin created one of his most famous works - “The History of a City” (summary), in which he raises the topic of relations between the people and the authorities. Soon the collections “Signs of the Times”, “Letters from the Province”, and the novel “The Golovlev Gentlemen” will be published.

In 1884, Otechestvennye zapiski was closed, and the writer began to publish in the journal Vestnik Evropy.

IN last years Saltykov-Shchedrin's creativity reaches its climax in the grotesque. The writer publishes the collections “Fairy Tales” (1882 – 1886), “Little Things in Life” (1886 – 1887), “Peshekhonskaya Antiquity” (1887 – 1889).

Mikhail Evgrafovich died on May 10 (April 28), 1889 in St. Petersburg, and was buried at the Volkovsky cemetery.

Chronological table

Other biography options

• While studying at the Lyceum, Saltykov-Shchedrin published his first poems, but quickly became disillusioned with poetry and left this activity forever.
• Mikhail Evgrafovich made it popular literary genre a social-satirical tale aimed at exposing human vices.
• The exile to Vyatka became a turning point in Saltykov-Shchedrin’s personal life - there he met his future wife E. A. Boltina, with whom he lived for 33 years.
• While in exile in Vyatka, the writer translated the works of Tocqueville, Vivien, Cheruel, and took notes on Beccari’s book.
• In accordance with the request in the will, Saltykov-Shchedrin was buried next to the grave

Name: Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin
Date of Birth: 27.01.1826
Age: 192 years
Date of death: 10.05.1889.
Place of Birth: Spas-Ugol city, Russia
Activity: Russian writer, journalist
Family status: married

One can talk endlessly about the biography of Saltykov-Shchedrin, given his status as the founder of Russian satirical literature with fairy tale elements. Therefore, in quick facts about the most important events in the writer’s life, the attitude of the degenerate noble class to the state of affairs in the serf state is clearly visible.

Childhood

Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin in his youth
The parents of the future satirist were Evgraf Vasilyevich Saltykov and Olga Mikhailovna Zabelina. Dad served as a collegiate adviser and had no weight either in society or in the family, due to his origins in poverty. noble family. Everything was run by the mother, a strict woman with primitive ideas about raising children and enormous greed for her own wealth.
She was married off as a very young girl, which is why she brought the principles of landowner life into her own family and adhered to them with strict strictness.
The writer was born as the sixth child of 9 living brothers and sisters on January 15, 1826 in the village of Spas-Ugol, Kalyazin district, Tver province. Until the age of 10, he was considered the most beloved child in the family, which was reflected in the somewhat strange attitude of his greedy and domineering mother towards him - the remains of the festive dinner were the first to be given to Mikhail.
The education of the master's children was carried out by teachers and tutors from their own serfs, as well as the writer's elder sister Nadezhda, together with her colleague at the Catherine Institute, Avdotya Vasilevskaya. A little later, a priest from a neighboring village and a theological seminary student joined in educating the teenagers.
For his excellent knowledge of basic subjects, Mikhail Saltykov was admitted to the Moscow Noble Institute in 1836 straight into the third grade. Based on the results of his studies, he was enrolled in the capital's lyceum on state support in 1838, as a successful student.
Famous writer Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin

It is noteworthy that the writer’s craving for creativity developed within the walls of the lyceum under the influence of Pushkin’s creativity and his sudden death. Initially, Mikhail Saltykov tried to study poetry, which he quickly got tired of due to the need to “squeeze good thoughts into the framework of rhymed lines.”

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Career and exile

After graduation, Mikhail Evgrafovich received a low rank in the table of ranks for freethinking and a craving for Protestant sentiments, which prevented him from taking a high position in public service. At the same time, he continued to improve in writing, for which he was exiled to the provinces.

His further activities are inextricably linked with his residence in various provinces Russian Empire and activities as an official in authoritative positions:

Elizabeth the writer's daughter
In April 1948, Saltykova was sent to Vyatka by his immediate superior, Count Chernyshov, who was frightened by the writer’s thoughts expressed in the story “A Confused Affair.” By this time Europe was scared French Revolution and the German uprisings, which led to stricter censorship and the exile of all educated people sympathetic to the problems of the lower strata of the population.
In 1951, the disgraced satirist was able to avoid bloodshed between tenants and peasants in the surrounding villages.
Before the end of his exile in 1955, the writer worked a lot on translations of French educators, and also compiled “The History of the Russian State” to teach this subject to the daughters of his friend, the vice-governor of Vyatka and nearby villages. Boltin had a warm welcome in the family and constantly spent his free time with the younger daughters of the mayor, which later played an important role in the biography of Saltykov-Shchedrin - the St. Petersburg state councilor fell in love with his wife, Elena Appolonievna Boltin, when she was barely 12 years old.
In 1856, having become an actual state councilor from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, he married his chosen one, who was barely 14 years old. Only the writer’s elder brother came to the wedding - Mikhail Evgrafovich’s mother did not like her daughter-in-law because of her youth and the lack of a rich dowry.
From 1858 to 1862 he served as the chief police chief in the Tver and Ryazan provinces. During this time, he was able to organize several areas to manage order in the areas adjacent to these cities and showed himself as a progressive fighter for justice in relation to the disenfranchised sections of the population - officials of the lower categories, serfs and farmers.

In the essays of contemporaries, telling about the most important facts from the life of the first satirist, Saltykov-Shchedrin’s time of service in government positions was not in vain. Observations of the life and foundations of provincial settlements and cities served as a rich basis for the future works of the classic.

Saltykov-Shchedrin: photo

Success in literary work

Mikhail Evgrafovich did not give up hope of creating a name for himself as a progressive writer of our time, and therefore, throughout the entire period of public service, he worked hard on his own written observations and reflections. The fruitfulness of his efforts was determined by the undoubted popularity of individual works that saw the light at different stages of his work:

1856 - the beginning of a series of publications under the general title “Provincial Notes” in the magazine “Russian Bulletin”.
From June 1868, after the second and final resignation, Saltykov became the de facto editor of the journal Otechestvennye zapiski together with Nekrasov. By this time, a collection of his essays and stories, compiled from many years of publications in Moskovskiye Vedomosti and Sovremennik, had been published.
Between 1868 and 1884 the publication published most famous works Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, which allowed him and his loved ones to live with dignity and travel around Europe.

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Saltykov-Shchedrin founder of Russian satirical literature with fairy tale elements

The writer died in 1989, leaving behind not only a young widow, but also a son and daughter. Despite a huge number of sources who claimed that Saltykov-Shchedrin did not love his family, there are many reasons to say the opposite - the writer’s suicide notes to his son have been preserved. In them, the dying person, with great tenderness and love, asks the heir to take care of his sister and mother after his death.

Born on January 27, 1826 in the village of Spas-Ugol, Tver province. Surname at birth - Saltykov. Father - Evgraf Vasilyevich Saltykov (1776-1851), collegiate adviser. Mother - Olga Mikhailovna Zabelina (1801-1874). He studied at the Moscow Noble Institute. In 1844 he graduated from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. In 1848 he was exiled to Vyatka. In 1855 the exile was lifted. In 1858 he was appointed vice-governor in Ryazan, and in 1860 vice-governor in Tver. In 1868 he became one of the main employees of the journal Otechestvennye zapiski, where he published a lot. In 1878 he became the magazine's editor-in-chief. In 1884 the magazine was closed. Died May 10, 1889, aged 63. He was buried at the Volkovskoye cemetery in St. Petersburg. Main works: “Gentlemen Golovlevs”, “The History of a City”, “ Wild landowner", "The story of how one man fed two generals", "Poshekhonskaya antiquity" and others.

Brief biography (details)

Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin is a Russian writer and publicist of the 19th century, vice-governor of Ryazan and Tver. The writer's real name is Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov, and his pseudonym is Nikolai Shchedrin. Born on January 27, 1826 into an old noble family in the village of Spas-Ugol, Tver Region. He received his primary education at home with the help of the serf painter Pavel Sokolov. At the age of 10, he entered the Moscow Institute for the Nobility, and then, for excellent studies, was transferred to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where his writing career began.

In 1844 he graduated from the Lyceum. At the same time, some of his poems were published. In the summer of the same year young writer was accepted as assistant secretary in the military office. Even then, he was interested in the literature of the French socialists and began to write short bibliographical essays himself. In November 1847, the story “Contradictions” appeared, a year later “A Confused Affair.” Soon the writer was exiled to Vyatka as punishment for freethinking. Many of Saltykov-Shchedrin’s notes showed a negative attitude towards serfdom. During the Vyatka exile, the writer managed to collect enough material for his subsequent works.

Returning from exile, in 1855 he joined the Ministry of the Interior. Soon his “Provincial Sketches” were published. In 1858, he was appointed to the post of vice-governor of Ryazan, and in 1860 he was transferred to the same position in Tver. At the same time, he wrote many essays and stories, which were published in Sovremennik, Russky Vestnik, and Library for Reading. Since 1860, he completely moved to Sovremennik. Works written during this period were included in two collections: “Innocent Stories” and “Satires in Prose.”

Since 1864, the writer returned to public service and held the position of manager of the treasury chamber in Tula, Penza and Ryazan. Soon he joined N. A. Nekrasov’s journal “Domestic Notes”. The writer worked in this editorial office from 1868 to 1884. In his works, Saltykov-Shchedrin tried to reveal the social problems of that time. He showed theft and bribery of officials, the cruelty of landowners and other problems. Thus, in his novel “The Golovlevs,” he depicted the degradation of the nobility, and in “The History of a City” he criticized the country’s government. The writer died in May 1889 in St. Petersburg and was buried at the Volkovskoye cemetery.

Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin biography: briefly

Saltykov-Shchedrin Mikhail Evgrafovich (1826 - 1889) - Russian realist writer, critic, author of sharp satirical works, known under the pseudonym Nikolai Shchedrin (the real name of the writer is Saltykov).

Childhood and education

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin was born on January 15 (27), 1826 in the village of Spas-Ugol, Tver province, into an old noble family. The future writer received his primary education at home - he was taught by a serf painter, sister, priest, and governess.

In 1836, Saltykov-Shchedrin studied at the Moscow Noble Institute, and from 1838 at the Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum.

In 1845, Mikhail Evgrafovich graduated from the lyceum and entered service in the military chancellery. At this time, the writer became interested in the French socialists and George Sand, and created a number of notes and stories (“Contradiction”, “An Entangled Affair”).

In 1848, in a short biography of Saltykov-Shchedrin, a long period of exile began - he was sent to Vyatka for freethinking. The writer lived there for eight years, first serving as a clerical official, and then was appointed adviser to the provincial government. Mikhail Evgrafovich often went on business trips, during which he collected information about provincial life for his works.

Government activities. Mature creativity

Returning from exile in 1855, Saltykov-Shchedrin entered service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1856-1857 his “Provincial Sketches” were published. In 1858, Mikhail Evgrafovich was appointed vice-governor of Ryazan, and then Tver. At the same time, the writer was published in the magazines “Russian Bulletin”, “Sovremennik”, “Library for Reading”.

In 1862, Saltykov-Shchedrin, whose biography had previously been associated more with career than with creativity, left public service. Stopping in St. Petersburg, the writer gets a job as an editor at the Sovremennik magazine. Soon his collections “Innocent Stories” and “Satires in Prose” will be published.

In 1864, Saltykov-Shchedrin returned to service, taking the position of manager of the treasury chamber in Penza, and then in Tula and Ryazan.

The last years of the writer's life

Since 1868, Mikhail Evgrafovich retired and was actively involved in literary activities. In the same year, the writer became one of the editors of Otechestvennye Zapiski, and after the death of Nikolai Nekrasov, he took the post of executive editor of the magazine. In 1869 - 1870, Saltykov-Shchedrin created one of his most famous works - “The History of a City” ( summary), in which he raises the topic of relations between the people and the authorities. Soon the collections “Signs of the Times”, “Letters from the Province”, and the novel “The Golovlev Gentlemen” will be published.

In 1884, Otechestvennye zapiski was closed, and the writer began to publish in the journal Vestnik Evropy. In recent years, Saltykov-Shchedrin’s work has reached its culmination in the grotesque. The writer publishes the collections “Fairy Tales” (1882 - 1886), “Little Things in Life” (1886 - 1887), “Peshekhonskaya Antiquity” (1887 - 1884).

Mikhail Evgrafovich died on May 10 (April 28), 1889 in St. Petersburg, and was buried at the Volkovsky cemetery.

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