We need a new theory of gravity. Artificial gravity and ways to create it The modified theory of gravity explains the structure of the Universe in its own way

Even a person who is not interested in space has at least once seen a film about space travel or read about such things in books. In almost all such works, people walk around the ship, sleep normally, and do not have problems eating. This means that these - fictional - ships have artificial gravity. Most viewers perceive this as something completely natural, but this is not at all the case.

Artificial gravity

This is the name for changing (in any direction) the gravity that is familiar to us through the use of various methods. And this is done not only in science fiction works, but also in very real earthly situations, most often for experiments.

In theory, creating artificial gravity doesn't look that difficult. For example, it can be recreated using inertia, or more precisely, the need for this force did not arise yesterday - it happened immediately, as soon as a person began to dream of long-term space flights. Creating artificial gravity in space will make it possible to avoid many of the problems that arise during prolonged periods of weightlessness. Astronauts' muscles weaken and bones become less strong. Traveling in such conditions for months can cause atrophy of some muscles.

Thus, today the creation of artificial gravity is a task of paramount importance; without this skill it is simply impossible.

Materiel

Even those who know physics only at the school curriculum level understand that gravity is one of the fundamental laws of our world: all bodies interact with each other, experiencing mutual attraction/repulsion. The larger the body, the higher its gravitational force.

The Earth for our reality is a very massive object. That is why all the bodies around her, without exception, are attracted to her.

For us, this means, which is usually measured in g, equal to 9.8 meters per square second. This means that if we had no support under our feet, we would fall at a speed that increases by 9.8 meters every second.

Thus, only thanks to gravity we are able to stand, fall, eat and drink normally, understand where is up and where is down. If gravity disappears, we will find ourselves in weightlessness.

Cosmonauts who find themselves in space in a state of soaring—free fall—are especially familiar with this phenomenon.

Theoretically, scientists know how to create artificial gravity. There are several methods.

Large mass

The most logical option is to make it so large that artificial gravity appears on it. You will be able to feel comfortable on the ship, since orientation in space will not be lost.

Unfortunately, this method is unrealistic with modern technology development. To build such an object requires too many resources. In addition, lifting it would require an incredible amount of energy.

Acceleration

It would seem that if you want to achieve a g equal to that on Earth, you just need to give the ship a flat (platform-like) shape and make it move perpendicular to the plane with the required acceleration. In this way, artificial gravity will be obtained, and ideal gravity at that.

However, in reality everything is much more complicated.

First of all, it is worth considering the fuel issue. In order for the station to constantly accelerate, it is necessary to have an uninterruptible power supply. Even if an engine suddenly appears that does not eject matter, the law of conservation of energy will remain in force.

The second problem is the very idea of constant acceleration. According to our knowledge and physical laws, it is impossible to accelerate indefinitely.

In addition, such a vehicle is not suitable for research missions, since it must constantly accelerate - fly. He will not be able to stop to study the planet, he will not even be able to fly around it slowly - he must accelerate.

Thus, it becomes clear that such artificial gravity is not yet available to us.

Carousel

Everyone knows how the rotation of a carousel affects the body. Therefore, an artificial gravity device based on this principle seems to be the most realistic.

Everything that is within the diameter of the carousel tends to fall out of it at a speed approximately equal to the speed of rotation. It turns out that the bodies are acted upon by a force directed along the radius of the rotating object. It's very similar to gravity.

So, a ship with a cylindrical shape is required. At the same time, it must rotate around its axis. By the way, artificial gravity on a spaceship, created according to this principle, is often demonstrated in science fiction films.

A barrel-shaped ship, rotating around its longitudinal axis, creates a centrifugal force, the direction of which corresponds to the radius of the object. To calculate the resulting acceleration, you need to divide the force by the mass.

In this formula, the result of the calculation is acceleration, the first variable is the nodal speed (measured in radians per second), the second is the radius.

According to this, to obtain the g we are accustomed to, it is necessary to correctly combine the radius of space transport.

A similar problem is highlighted in films such as Intersolah, Babylon 5, 2001: A Space Odyssey and the like. In all these cases, artificial gravity is close to the earth's acceleration due to gravity.

No matter how good the idea is, it is quite difficult to implement it.

Problems with the carousel method

The most obvious problem is highlighted in A Space Odyssey. The radius of the “space carrier” is about 8 meters. In order to get an acceleration of 9.8, the rotation must occur at a speed of approximately 10.5 revolutions every minute.

At these values, the “Coriolis effect” appears, which consists in the fact that different forces act at different distances from the floor. It directly depends on the angular velocity.

It turns out that artificial gravity will be created in space, but rotating the body too quickly will lead to problems with the inner ear. This, in turn, causes balance disorders, problems with the vestibular apparatus and other - similar - difficulties.

The emergence of this obstacle suggests that such a model is extremely unsuccessful.

You can try to go from the opposite, as they did in the novel “The Ring World”. Here the ship is made in the shape of a ring, the radius of which is close to the radius of our orbit (about 150 million km). At this size, its rotation speed is sufficient to ignore the Coriolis effect.

You might assume that the problem has been solved, but this is not the case at all. The fact is that a full revolution of this structure around its axis takes 9 days. This suggests that the loads will be too great. In order for the structure to withstand them, a very strong material is needed, which we do not have at our disposal today. In addition, the problem is the amount of material and the construction process itself.

In games of similar themes, as in the film “Babylon 5”, these problems are somehow solved: the rotation speed is quite sufficient, the Coriolis effect is not significant, hypothetically it is possible to create such a ship.

However, even such worlds have a drawback. Its name is angular momentum.

The ship, rotating around its axis, turns into a huge gyroscope. As you know, it is extremely difficult to force a gyroscope to deviate from its axis due to the fact that it is important that its quantity does not leave the system. This means that it will be very difficult to give direction to this object. However, this problem can be solved.

Solution

Artificial gravity on the space station becomes available when the O'Neill Cylinder comes to the rescue. To create this design, identical cylindrical ships are needed, which are connected along the axis. They should rotate in different directions. The result of such an assembly is zero angular momentum, so there should be no difficulty in giving the ship the required direction.

If it is possible to make a ship with a radius of about 500 meters, then it will work exactly as it should. At the same time, artificial gravity in space will be quite comfortable and suitable for long flights on ships or research stations.

Space Engineers

The creators of the game know how to create artificial gravity. However, in this fantasy world, gravity is not the mutual attraction of bodies, but a linear force designed to accelerate objects in a given direction. The attraction here is not absolute; it changes when the source is redirected.

Artificial gravity on the space station is created by using a special generator. It is uniform and equidirectional in the range of the generator. So, in the real world, if you got under a ship with a generator installed, you would be pulled towards the hull. However, in the game the hero will fall until he leaves the perimeter of the device.

Today, artificial gravity in space created by such a device is inaccessible to humanity. However, even gray-haired developers do not stop dreaming about it.

Spherical generator

This is a more realistic equipment option. When installed, gravity is directed towards the generator. This makes it possible to create a station whose gravity will be equal to the planetary one.

Centrifuge

Today, artificial gravity on Earth is found in various devices. They are based, for the most part, on inertia, since this force is felt by us in a similar way to gravitational influence - the body does not distinguish what cause causes acceleration. As an example: a person going up in an elevator experiences the influence of inertia. Through the eyes of a physicist: the rise of the elevator adds the acceleration of the cabin to the acceleration of free fall. When the cabin returns to measured movement, the “gain” in weight disappears, returning the usual sensations.

Scientists have long been interested in artificial gravity. A centrifuge is most often used for these purposes. This method is suitable not only for spacecraft, but also for ground stations where it is necessary to study the effects of gravity on the human body.

Study on Earth, apply in...

Although the study of gravity began in space, it is a very terrestrial science. Even today, advances in this area have found their application, for example, in medicine. Knowing whether it is possible to create artificial gravity on a planet, it can be used to treat problems with the musculoskeletal system or the nervous system. Moreover, the study of this force is carried out primarily on Earth. This makes it possible for astronauts to conduct experiments while remaining under the close attention of doctors. Artificial gravity in space is another matter; there are no people there who can help the astronauts in the event of an unforeseen situation.

Bearing in mind complete weightlessness, one cannot take into account a satellite located in low-Earth orbit. These objects, albeit to a small extent, are affected by gravity. The force of gravity generated in such cases is called microgravity. Real gravity is experienced only in a vehicle flying at a constant speed in outer space. However, the human body does not feel this difference.

You can experience weightlessness during a long jump (before the canopy opens) or during a parabolic descent of the aircraft. Such experiments are often carried out in the USA, but on an airplane this sensation lasts only 40 seconds - this is too short for a full study.

In the USSR, back in 1973, they knew whether it was possible to create artificial gravity. And they not only created it, but also changed it in some way. A striking example of an artificial reduction in gravity is dry immersion, immersion. To achieve the desired effect, you need to place a thick film on the surface of the water. The person is placed on top of it. Under the weight of the body, the body sinks under water, leaving only the head at the top. This model demonstrates the support-free, low-gravity environment that characterizes the ocean.

There is no need to go into space to experience the opposite force of weightlessness - hypergravity. When a spacecraft takes off and lands in a centrifuge, the overload can not only be felt, but also studied.

Gravity treatment

Gravitational physics also studies the effects of weightlessness on the human body, trying to minimize the consequences. However, a large number of achievements of this science can also be useful to ordinary inhabitants of the planet.

Doctors place great hopes on research into the behavior of muscle enzymes in myopathy. This is a serious disease leading to early death.

During active physical exercise, a large volume of the enzyme creatine phosphokinase enters the blood of a healthy person. The reason for this phenomenon is unclear; perhaps the load acts on the cell membrane in such a way that it becomes “holey.” Patients with myopathy get the same effect without exercise. Observations of astronauts show that in weightlessness the flow of active enzyme into the blood is significantly reduced. This discovery suggests that the use of immersion will reduce the negative impact of factors leading to myopathy. Experiments on animals are currently being carried out.

Treatment of some diseases is already carried out using data obtained from the study of gravity, including artificial gravity. For example, treatment of cerebral palsy, strokes, and Parkinson's is carried out through the use of stress suits. Research into the positive effects of the support, the pneumatic shoe, has almost been completed.

Will we fly to Mars?

The latest achievements of astronauts give hope for the reality of the project. There is experience in providing medical support to a person during a long stay away from Earth. Research flights to the Moon, where the gravitational force is 6 times less than our own, have also brought a lot of benefits. Now astronauts and scientists are setting themselves a new goal - Mars.

Before queuing up for a ticket to the Red Planet, you should know what awaits the body already at the first stage of work - on the way. On average, the road to the desert planet will take a year and a half - about 500 days. Along the way you will have to rely only on your own strength; there is simply nowhere to wait for help.

Many factors will undermine your strength: stress, radiation, lack of a magnetic field. The most important test for the body is a change in gravity. During the journey, a person will “get acquainted” with several levels of gravity. First of all, these are overloads during takeoff. Then - weightlessness during the flight. After this - hypogravity at the destination, since the gravity on Mars is less than 40% of the Earth's.

How do you cope with the negative effects of weightlessness on a long flight? It is hoped that developments in the field of artificial gravity will help solve this issue in the near future. Experiments on rats traveling on Cosmos 936 show that this technique does not solve all problems.

OS experience has shown that the use of training complexes that can determine the required load for each astronaut individually can bring much greater benefits to the body.

For now, it is believed that not only researchers will fly to Mars, but also tourists who want to establish a colony on the Red Planet. For them, at least for the first time, the sensations of being in weightlessness will outweigh all the arguments of doctors about the dangers of prolonged stay in such conditions. However, in a few weeks they will also need help, which is why it is so important to be able to find a way to create artificial gravity on the spaceship.

Results

What conclusions can be drawn about the creation of artificial gravity in space?

Among all the options currently being considered, a rotating structure looks the most realistic. However, with the current understanding of physical laws, this is impossible, since the ship is not a hollow cylinder. There are overlaps inside that interfere with the implementation of ideas.

In addition, the radius of the ship must be so large that the Coriolis effect does not have a significant effect.

To control something like this, you need the O'Neill cylinder mentioned above, which will give you the ability to control the ship. In this case, the chances of using such a design for interplanetary flights while providing the crew with a comfortable level of gravity are increased.

Before humanity succeeds in making its dreams come true, I would like to see a little more realism and even more knowledge of the laws of physics in science fiction works.

Vladimir Yumashev

I don't know where I came from, where I'm going, or even who I am.

E. Schrödinger

A number of works noted an interesting effect, which consisted in a change in the weight of objects in the presence of rotating masses. The change in weight occurred along the axis of rotation of the mass. In the works of N. Kozyrev, a change in the weight of a rotating gyroscope was observed. Moreover, depending on the direction of rotation of the gyroscope rotor, there was either a decrease or increase in the weight of the gyroscope itself. In the work of E. Podkletnov, a decrease in the weight of an object located above a superconducting rotating disk, which was in a magnetic field, was observed. In the work of V. Roshchin and S. Godin, the weight of a massive rotating disk made of magnetic material, which itself was a source of a magnetic field, was reduced.

In these experiments, one common factor can be identified - the presence of a rotating mass.

Rotation is inherent in all objects of our Universe, from the microcosm to the macrocosm. Elementary particles have their own mechanical moment - spin; all planets, stars, galaxies also rotate around their axis. In other words, the rotation of any material object around its axis is its integral property. A natural question arises: what reason causes such rotation?

If the hypothesis about the chronofield and its impact on space is correct, then we can assume that the expansion of space occurs due to its rotation under the influence of the chronofield. That is, the chronofield in our three-dimensional world expands space, from the region of subspace to the region of superspace, spinning it according to a strictly defined dependence.

As already noted, in the presence of gravitational mass, the energy of the chronofield decreases, space expands more slowly, which leads to the appearance of gravity. As you move away from the gravitational mass, the energy of the chronofield increases, the rate of expansion of space increases, and the gravitational influence decreases. If in any area near the gravitational mass the rate of expansion of space is somehow increased or decreased, this will lead to a change in the weight of objects located in this area.

It is likely that experiments with rotating masses caused such a change in the rate of expansion of space. Space somehow interacts with the rotating mass. With a sufficiently high rotation speed of a massive object, you can increase or decrease the speed of expansion of space and, accordingly, change the weight of objects located along the axis of rotation.

The author made an attempt to verify experimentally the assumption made. An aviation gyroscope was taken as a rotating mass. The experimental design corresponded to the experiment of E. Podkletnov. Weights of materials of different densities were balanced on analytical balances with a measurement accuracy of up to 0.05 mg. The weight of the cargo was 10g. Under the weighted scale there was a gyroscope, which rotated at a fairly high speed. The frequency of the gyroscope supply current was 400Hz. Gyroscopes of various masses with different moments of inertia were used. The maximum weight of the gyroscope rotor reached 1200g. The rotation of the gyroscopes was carried out both clockwise and counterclockwise.

Long-term experiments from the second half of March to August 2002 did not yield positive results. Sometimes minor weight deviations within one division were observed. They could be attributed to errors arising due to vibrations or other external influences. However, the nature of these deviations was unambiguous. When the gyroscope was rotated counterclockwise, a decrease in weight was observed, and when rotated clockwise, an increase was observed.

During the experiment, the position of the gyroscope and the direction of its axis changed at different angles to the horizon. But this also did not give any results.

In his work, N. Kozyrev noted that changes in the weight of the gyroscope could be detected in late autumn and winter, and even in this case, the readings changed during the day. Obviously, this is due to the position of the Earth relative to the Sun. N. Kozyrev conducted his experiments at the Pulkovo Observatory, which is located about 60° north latitude. In the winter season, the position of the Earth relative to the Sun is such that the direction of gravity at this latitude is almost perpendicular to the ecliptic plane (7°) during the daytime. Those. the axis of rotation of the gyroscope was practically parallel to the axis of the ecliptic plane. In the summer, to get results, the experiment had to be tried at night. Perhaps the same reason did not allow E. Podkletnov’s experiment to be repeated in other laboratories.

At the latitude of Zhitomir (about 50° north latitude), where the experiments were carried out by the author, the angle between the direction of gravity and the perpendicular to the ecliptic plane is almost 63° in the summer. Perhaps for this reason, only minor deviations were observed. But it is also possible that the impact was also on the balancing loads. In this case, the difference in weight was manifested due to the different distance from the weighed and balancing loads to the gyroscope.

One can imagine the following mechanism for weight change. The rotation of gravitational masses and other objects and systems in the Universe occurs under the influence of the chronofield. But rotation occurs around a single axis, the position of which in space depends on some factors that are still unknown to us. Accordingly, in the presence of such rotating objects, the expansion of space under the influence of the chronofield acquires a directional character. That is, in the direction of the axis of rotation of the system, the expansion of space will occur faster than in any other direction.

Space can be imagined as a quantum gas that fills everything even inside the atomic nucleus. There is an interaction between space and the material objects within which it is located, which can be enhanced under the influence of external factors, for example in the presence of a magnetic field. If the rotating mass is located in the plane of rotation of the gravitational system and rotates in the same direction at a sufficiently high speed, then along the axis of rotation the space will expand faster due to the interaction of space and the rotating mass. When the directions of gravity and the expansion of space coincide, the weight of objects will decrease. With the opposite rotation, the expansion of space will slow down, which will lead to an increase in weight.

In cases where the directions of gravity and the expansion of space do not coincide, the resulting force changes insignificantly and is difficult to register.

The rotating mass will change the strength of the gravitational field in a particular place. In the formula for the gravitational field strength g=(G·M)/R 2, the gravitational constant G and the Earth's mass M cannot change. Consequently, the value of R changes - the distance from the center of the Earth to the object being weighed. Due to the additional expansion of space, this value increases by ΔR. That is, the load seems to rise above the Earth’s surface by this amount, which leads to a change in the strength of the gravitational field g"=(G·M)/(R+ΔR) 2.

If the expansion of space slows down, the value of ΔR will be subtracted from R, which will lead to an increase in weight.

Experiments with weight changes in the presence of a rotating mass do not allow achieving high measurement accuracy. Perhaps the rotation speed of the gyroscope is not enough to cause a noticeable change in weight, since the additional expansion of space is not very significant. If similar experiments are carried out with quantum clocks, then higher measurement accuracy can be achieved by comparing the readings of two clocks. In the area where space is expanding faster, the tension of the chronofield increases, and the clock will move faster and vice versa.

List literature

KozyrevN.A. On the possibility of experimental investigation of the properties of time. // Time in Science and Philosophy. Praga, 1971. P.111...132.

Podkletnov effect: shielding gravity?

Roshchin V.V., Godin S.M. Experimental study of nonlinear effects in a dynamic magnetic system. NiT, 2001.

Yumashev V.E. Time and the Universe. NiT, 2001.

I don't know where I came from, where I'm going, or even who I am.
E. Schrödinger

In these experiments, one common factor can be identified - the presence of a rotating mass.

In other words, the rotation of any material object around its axis is its integral property. A natural question arises: what reason causes such rotation?

During the experiment, the position of the gyroscope and the direction of its axis changed at different angles to the horizon. But this also did not give any results.
In his work, N. Kozyrev noted that changes in the weight of the gyroscope could be detected in late autumn and winter, and even in this case, the readings changed during the day. Obviously, this is due to the position of the Earth relative to the Sun. N. Kozyrev conducted his experiments at the Pulkovo Observatory, which is located about 60° north latitude. In the winter season, the position of the Earth relative to the Sun is such that the direction of gravity at this latitude is almost perpendicular to the ecliptic plane (7°) during the daytime. Those. the axis of rotation of the gyroscope was practically parallel to the axis of the ecliptic plane.

In the summer, to get results, the experiment had to be tried at night. Perhaps the same reason did not allow E. Podkletnov’s experiment to be repeated in other laboratories.
One can imagine the following mechanism for weight change. The rotation of gravitational masses and other objects and systems in the Universe occurs under the influence of the chronofield. But rotation occurs around a single axis, the position of which in space depends on some factors that are still unknown to us. Accordingly, in the presence of such rotating objects, the expansion of space under the influence of the chronofield acquires a directional character. That is, in the direction of the axis of rotation of the system, the expansion of space will occur faster than in any other direction.

At the latitude of Zhitomir (about 50° north latitude), where the experiments were carried out by the author, the angle between the direction of gravity and the perpendicular to the ecliptic plane is almost 63° in summer. Perhaps for this reason, only minor deviations were observed. But it is also possible that the impact was also on the balancing loads. In this case, the difference in weight was manifested due to the different distance from the weighed and balancing loads to the gyroscope. Space can be imagined as a quantum gas that fills everything even inside the atomic nucleus.(my note - I’ll put it more simply - the mentioned quantum gas is the ether)

In cases where the directions of gravity and the expansion of space do not coincide, the resulting force changes insignificantly and is difficult to register.

The rotating mass will change the strength of the gravitational field in a particular place. In the formula for the gravitational field strength g = (G M) / R2, the gravitational constant G and the Earth's mass M cannot change. Consequently, the value of R changes - the distance from the center of the Earth to the object being weighed. Due to the additional expansion of space, this value increases by ΔR. That is, the load seems to rise above the Earth’s surface by this amount, which leads to a change in the strength of the gravitational field g" = (G M) / (R + ΔR)2.

If the expansion of space slows down, the value of ΔR will be subtracted from R, which will lead to an increase in weight.

Information sources:

1) Kozyrev N.A. On the possibility of experimental investigation of the properties of time. // Time in Science and Philosophy. Praga, 1971. P. 111...132.
2) Podkletnov effect: shielding of gravity?
3) Roshchin V.V., Godin S.M. Experimental study of nonlinear effects in a dynamic magnetic system. NiT, 2001.
4) Yumashev V.E. Time and the Universe. NiT, 2001.

Yumashev Vladimir Evgenievich
Associate Professor of Zhytomyr Institute of Engineering and Technology
e-mail: [email protected]

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In the late 1990s, physicists discovered to their horror that the expansion of the Universe was accelerating rather than slowing down. Nothing in the "standard model of cosmology" could explain this, and so a new term was invented to describe what was driving the acceleration: dark energy.

We have no idea what “dark energy” is, but if it exists, it must account for about 70% of the energy of the entire Universe. And it would be unheard of to ask for an additional component of this kind to be added to the standard cosmological model. So another explanation is that we are using the wrong equations - the wrong theories of gravity - to explain the rate of expansion of the universe. Perhaps if we described them with different equations, we wouldn't have to cram in this huge amount of extra energy.

Alternative gravity could solve the problem of dark energy. General relativity is our best description of gravity so far, and it has been well tested on small scales; on Earth and in the solar system we see absolutely no deviations from it. But when we move to the very large distances involved in cosmology, it seems that we need improvements. This involves changing the scale length by 16 orders of magnitude (ten thousand trillion times larger). It would be amazing if one theory could cover this huge range of scales, and so changing the theory of gravity doesn't seem like such a crazy idea.

One of the real challenges of creating theories of gravity is that you need to be sure that your theory will make sense on very large cosmological scales, without predicting things that would be ridiculous for the solar system, like the spiral descent of the Moon towards the Earth. Unfortunately, these forecasts are little analyzed. Cosmologists tend to focus on cosmological properties and don't even always test whether their theory allows stars and black holes to exist stably. Because if not, you will have to abandon it immediately.

Over the past ten years, hundreds of researchers have tried a variety of ways to change gravity. Part of the problem is that there are so many theories that it would take forever to test each one individually. Tessa Baker at the University of Oxford has done a lot of work trying to come up with a unified description of these theories. If you can reduce them all to a single mathematical formalism, all you have to do is test one thing and you'll know what it means for all the other theories.

“In the process of making this map, we discovered that many theories look very different at first, but on a mathematical level they are all moving in the same direction. This made me think that people are stuck in one way of thinking when developing these gravitational theories, and there is still room for a turnaround.

More recently, I've moved on to developing ways to test mathematics - by limiting it to data. For example, we can use gravitational lensing. If you take a massive object like a galaxy cluster, light from objects behind it will be bent by the cluster's gravity. If you change the theory of gravity, you change the percentage of curvature. We typically run through every piece of data we get our hands on to constrain these boundaries and test what works.

At this particular point, the data we have is not good enough to differentiate between different gravity models. So we're making a lot of predictions for the next generation of astrophysics experiments to figure out what methods for testing theories of gravity will be useful in the future."

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