Essay

Galicia-Volyn Principality

Introduction 3

1. Galicia-Volyn principality 4

2. Social system 5

3. State system 6

4. Political history of the Galicia-Volyn principality 7

Conclusion 12

References 14

Introduction

The Galician-Volyn Principality was initially divided into two principalities - Galician and Volyn. They were subsequently merged. Galician land is modern Moldova and Northern Bukovina.

In the south, the border reached the Black Sea and the Danube. In the west, the Galician land bordered on Hungary, which was located beyond the Carpathians. The Rusyns lived in the Carpathians - Chervonnaya Rus. In the north-west, the Galician land bordered on Poland, and in the north – on Volyn. The Galician land in the east adjoined the Principality of Kyiv. Volyn occupied the region of the Upper Pripyat and its right tributaries. The Volyn land bordered on Poland, Lithuania, the Turovo-Pinsk principality and Galicia.

Both Galician and Volyn lands were rich and densely populated. The soil was rich black soil. Therefore, agriculture has always flourished here. In addition, there were salt mines in Galicia. Table salt was exported to Russian principalities and abroad.

Various crafts were well developed on the lands of the Galicia-Volyn principality. At that time there were about 80 cities in these lands. The main ones were Vladimir, Lutsk, Buzhsk, Cherven, Belz, Pinsk, Berestye in Volyn and Galich, Przemysl, Zvenigorod, Terebovl, Kholm in Galicia. The capital of the Volyn land was the city of Vladimir.

The Galician-Volyn principality traded with Byzantium, the Danube countries, Crimea, Poland, Germany, the Czech Republic, as well as with other countries. There was active trade with other Russian principalities.

Merchants from different countries lived in the cities of the principality. These were Germans, Surozhians, Bulgarians, Jews, Armenians, Russians. Galician land was the most developed in Ancient Rus'. Large landowners appeared here earlier than the princes.

1. Galicia-Volyn principality

The southwestern Russian principalities - Vladimir-Volyn and Galician - became part of Kievan Rus at the end of the 10th century, but the policy of the great Kyiv princes did not receive recognition from the local land nobility, and already from the end of the 11th century. the struggle for their isolation begins, despite the fact that Volyn did not have its own princely dynasty and was traditionally associated with Kiev, which sent its governors.

The isolation of the Galician principality began in the second half of the 11th century, and its heyday came during the reign of Yaroslav Osmomysl (gg.), who desperately fought against enemies - the Hungarians, Poles and his own boyars. In 1199, the Vladimir-Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich conquered the Galician principality and united the Galician and Volyn lands into a single Galician-Volyn principality with a center in Galich and then in Lviv. In the XIV century. Galicia was captured by Poland, and Volyn by Lithuania. In the middle of the 16th century. Galician and Volyn lands became part of the multinational Polish-Lithuanian state - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

2. Social order

A feature of the social structure of the Galicia-Volyn principality was that a large group of boyars was formed there, in whose hands almost all land holdings were concentrated. The most important role was played by the “Galician men” - large fiefdoms, who already in the 12th century. oppose any attempts to limit their rights in favor of princely power and growing cities.

The other group consisted of service feudal lords. The sources of their land holdings were princely grants, boyar lands confiscated and redistributed by the princes, as well as seized communal lands. In the vast majority of cases, they held land conditionally while they served. Serving feudal lords supplied the prince with an army consisting of peasants dependent on them. It was the support of the Galician princes in the fight against the boyars.

The feudal elite also included large church nobility, bishops, abbots of monasteries, who owned vast lands and peasants. The church and monasteries acquired land holdings through grants and donations from princes. Often they, like princes and boyars, seized communal lands, turning peasants into monastic and church feudal-dependent people. The bulk of the rural population in the Galicia-Volyn principality were peasants (smerds). The growth of large land ownership and the formation of a class of feudal lords was accompanied by the establishment of feudal dependence and the emergence of feudal rent. Such a category as slaves has almost disappeared. Slavery merged with the peasants sitting on the ground.

There were over 80 cities in the Galicia-Volyn principality. The largest group of the urban population were artisans. In the cities there were jewelry, pottery, blacksmith and other workshops, the products of which went not only to the domestic but also to the foreign market. The salt trade brought great profits. Being a center of crafts and trade, Galich also gained fame as a cultural center. The Galician-Volyn Chronicle and other written monuments of the 12th-14th centuries were created here.

3. State system

The Galicia-Volyn principality maintained its unity longer than many other Russian lands, although power in it belonged to the large boyars. The power of the princes was fragile. Suffice it to say that the Galician boyars even controlled the princely table - they invited and removed princes. The history of the Galicia-Volyn principality is full of examples when princes who lost the support of the top boyars were forced to go into exile. The boyars invited Poles and Hungarians to fight the princes. The boyars hanged several Galician-Volyn princes.

The boyars exercised their power through a council, which included the largest landowners, bishops and persons holding the highest government positions. The prince did not have the right to convene a council at his own request, and could not issue a single act without his consent. Since the council included boyars who held major administrative positions, the entire state administrative apparatus was actually subordinate to it.

The Galician-Volyn princes from time to time, in emergency circumstances, convened a veche, but it did not have much influence. They took part in all-Russian feudal congresses. Occasionally congresses of feudal lords and the Galicia-Volyn principality itself were convened. In this principality there was a palace-patrimonial system of government.

The territory of the state was divided into thousands and hundreds. As the thousand and sotskys with their administrative apparatus gradually became part of the palace-patrimonial apparatus of the prince, the positions of governors and volostels arose in their place. Accordingly, the territory was divided into voivodeships and volosts. In the communities, elders were elected who were in charge of administrative and minor affairs. court cases. Posadniks were appointed to the cities. They had not only administrative and military power, but also performed judicial functions, collected tributes and duties from the population.

4. Political history of the Galicia-Volyn principality

After the death of Yaroslav, chaos began. His son Vladimir (), the last of the Rostislavich dynasty, began to rule.

Soon the boyars rebelled against his power, forcing him to flee to Hungary. The Hungarian King Andrew promised to return Vladimir to the throne, but when he came to Galicia, he proclaimed this land his own. When popular uprisings began to explode against foreigners, Vladimir made peace with the boyars and drove out the Magyars.

Although Vladimir had finally ascended the throne again, he became more dependent on the boyars than ever. This unfortunate episode became typical, which was often repeated over the next 50 years: a strong prince unites the lands; the boyars, fearing the loss of their privileges, give foreign countries a reason to interfere; then chaos ensues, which continues until another strong prince appears in the arena and takes control of the situation.

Although the annexation of Galicia convincingly testified to the growing importance of the outskirts, its union with Volyn promised to bring even more significant, even epoch-making consequences for the whole of Eastern Europe.

The person who carried out such a unification was the Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich (). From his youth he was immersed in political struggle. In 1168, when his father, the Volyn prince Mstislav, competed with the Suzdal prince Andrei Bogolyubsky for the Kiev throne in the south, Roman was invited to reign in Novgorod to protect the city. In the north. In 1173, after the death of his father, Roman ascended the Volyn throne, restoring the gutted and neglected estates of his family. In 1199, he was able to unite Galicia with Volyn, creating a new majestic state on the political map of Eastern Europe, led by an energetic, active and talented prince.

In domestic politics, Roman focused on strengthening princely power, that is, weakening the boyars, many of whom he sent into exile or executed. His favorite proverb was “If you don’t kill the bees, you can’t enjoy the honey.”

As in other European countries, the prince's allies in the fight against the oligarchy were the townspeople and small boyars. However, Roman's greatest fame came from his successes in foreign policy. In 1203, having united Volhynia with Galicia, he defeated his rivals from Suzdal and captured Kiev. Consequently, all the Ukrainian principalities, with the exception of Chernigov, fell under the rule of one prince: Kiev, Pereyaslavl, Galician and Volyn.

It seemed that the unification of all the former Kyiv lands that make up the territory was about to happen modern Ukraine. Considering how close Prince Roman came to achieving this goal, modern Ukrainian historians give him a special place in their studies.

To protect the Ukrainian principalities, Roman conducted a series of unprecedentedly successful campaigns against the Polovtsians, at the same time he went far to the north into the Polish and Lithuanian lands. The desire to expand the borders of his already huge possessions became the cause of his death. In 1205, while walking through Polish lands, Roman was ambushed and died. The territorial association that he created lasted only six years - too short a time for any stable political entity to crystallize from it. And yet, in recognition of his outstanding achievements, Roman’s contemporaries called him “the Great” and “the ruler of all Rus'.”

Soon after the death of Prince Roman, squabbles between the princes flared up again. Foreign interference intensified - these three eternal misfortunes, which, in the end, destroyed the state that he so tirelessly built it. His sons Daniil were only four, and Vasilko was two years old, and the Galician boyars drove them away along with their strong-willed mother, Princess Anna. Instead, they called three Igorevichs, the sons of the hero of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” For many boyars this became a fatal mistake. Not wanting to share power with the oligarchy, the Igorovichs destroyed close to 500 boyars, until they were finally expelled (later the Galician nobility took revenge on them by hanging all three Igorovichs). Then the boyars did the unheard of - in 1213 they elected Vladislav Kormilchich from among them as prince. Taking advantage of the indignation at these daring actions, the Polish and Hungarian feudal lords, seemingly defending the rights of Daniil and Vasilko, seized Galicia and divided it among themselves. Under such circumstances, young Daniil and Vasilko began to “acquire additional” lands that their father once owned. First of all, Daniel established himself in Volyn (1221) where his dynasty continued to enjoy favor among both the nobility and the common people.

Only in 1238 was he able to regain Galich and part of Galicia. The next year, Daniil captured Kyiv and sent his thousand-man Dmitry to defend the city from the Mongol-Tatars. Only in 1245, after a decisive victory in the battle of Yaroslav, he finally conquered all of Galicia.

Thus, it took Prince Daniel 40 years to regain his father’s possession. Having taken Galicia for himself, Daniel gave Volyn to Vasylkiv. Despite this division, both principalities continued to exist as one whole under the superficiality of the older and more active prince Daniel. In domestic politics, Daniil, like his father, passionately wanted to secure support for himself among the peasants and philistines as a counterbalance to the boyars. He fortified many existing cities and also established new ones, including Lvov in 1256, named after his son Leo. To populate new city cells, Daniel invited artisans and merchants from Germany, Poland, as well as from Rus'. The multinational character of Galician cities, which until the 20th century. remained their typical feature, strengthened by large Armenian and Jewish communities, which with the decline of Kyiv came to the west. To protect the smerds from the arbitrariness of the boyars, special constables were appointed in the villages, and military detachments were formed from peasants.

The most serious foreign policy problem of Prince Daniil was the Mongol-Tatars. In 1241 they passed through Galicia and Volhynia, although they did not cause such crushing destruction here as in other Russian principalities. However, the successes of the Romanovich dynasty attracted the attention of the Mongol-Tatars. Soon after the victory at Yaroslav, Daniel receives a formidable order to appear at the khan's court. In order not to incur the wrath of the evil conquerors, he had nothing better than to submit. To a certain extent, Prince Daniil made a trip to the city in 1246.

Sarai - Batiev's capital on the Volga - was successful. He was accepted kindly and, most importantly, was released alive. But the price of this was the recognition of the superficiality of the Mongol-Tatars. Batu himself underestimated this humiliating fact. Handing Danilov a cup of sour kumis, a favorite drink among the Mongol-Tatars, he suggested that he get used to it, because “now you are one of us.”

However, unlike the northeastern principalities, located in close proximity to the Mongol-Tatars and more dependent on their direct dictatorship, Galicia and Volhynia were lucky to avoid such vigilant observation; their main duty to the new overlords was to provide auxiliary units during the Mongol invasion. Tatar attacks on Poland and Lithuania. At first, the influence of the Mongol-Tatars in Galicia and Volhynia was so weak that Prince Daniil could pursue a fairly independent foreign policy, openly aimed at getting rid of Mongol rule.

Having established friendly relations with Poland and Hungary, Daniel turned to Pope Innocent IV with a request to help gather the Slavs for a crusade against the Mongol-Tatars. For this, Daniel agreed to the transfer of his possessions to the church jurisdiction of Rhyme. So for the first time he asked a question that would later become an important and constant theme of Galician history, namely the question of the relationship between Western Ukrainians and the Roman Church. To encourage the Galician prince, the pope sent him a royal crown, and in 1253 in Dorogochin on Buz, the pope's envoy crowned Daniel as king.

However, Prince Daniel's main concern was organizing the crusade and other help from the West. All this, despite the pope’s assurances, he never managed to implement. And yet, in 1254, Daniel began a military campaign to recapture Kyiv from the Mongol-Tatars, whose main forces were far to the east. Despite his initial successes, he failed to carry out his plan and also had to pay dearly for his bad luck. In 1259, a large Mongol-Tatar army led by Burundai unexpectedly moved to Galicia and Volyn. The Mongol-Tatars presented the Romanovichs with a choice: either dismantle the walls of all fortified cities, leaving them unarmed and dependent on the mercy of the Mongol-Tatars, or face the threat of immediate destruction. With a stone on his heart, Daniel was forced to oversee the destruction of the walls that he had so diligently brought down.

The bad luck of the anti-Mongol policy did not lead to a weakening of the great influence that Daniil Galitsky corrected on his western neighbors. Galicia enjoyed great authority in Poland, especially in the Principality of Mazovia. That is why the Lithuanian prince Mindaugas (Mindovg), whose country was just beginning to rise, was forced to make territorial concessions to Danilov in Mazovia. In addition, as a sign of goodwill, Mindaugas had to agree to the marriage of his two children with the son and daughter of Prince Daniel. More actively than any other Galician ruler, Daniil participated in political life Central Europe. Using marriage as a means of achieving foreign policy goals, he married his son Roman to the successor to the Babenberz throne, Gertrude, and made an attempt, albeit unsuccessful, to place him on the Austrian ducal throne.

In 1264, after almost 60 years of political activity, Daniel died. In Ukrainian historiography he is considered the most outstanding of all the rulers of the Western principalities. Against the backdrop of the difficult circumstances in which he had to operate, his achievements were truly outstanding. At the same time, with the renewal and expansion of his father's possessions, Daniil Galitsky restrained Polish and Hungarian expansion. Having overcome the power of the boyars, he achieved raising the socio-economic and cultural level of his possessions to one of the highest in Eastern Europe. However, not all of his plans were successful. Danila failed to support Kyiv, just as he failed to achieve his most important goal - to get rid of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. And yet he was able to reduce the pressure of the Mongol-Tatars to a minimum. Trying to isolate himself from influences from the East, Daniel turned to the West, thereby setting an example for Western Ukrainians that they would inherit in all the following centuries.

For 100 years after Daniel's death, no particularly noticeable changes occurred in Volhynia and Galicia. The stereotype of rule established by princes Daniil and Vasilko - with an energetic and active prince in Galicia and a passive one in Volyn - was inherited to a certain extent by their sons, respectively Lev () and Vladimir (). The ambitious and restless Leo was constantly drawn into political conflicts. When the last of the Árpád dynasty died in Hungary, he captured Transcarpathian Rus', laying the foundations for future Ukrainian claims to the western slopes of the Carpathians. Leo was active in Poland, which “drowned” in internecine wars; he even sought the Polish throne in Krakow. Despite Leo's aggressive policy, at the end of the XIII - at the beginning of the XIV century. Galicia and Volyn experienced a period of relative peace as their western neighbors were temporarily weakened.

turned out to be the opposite of his Galician cousin, and tensions often arose in the relationship between them. Not wanting to take part in wars and diplomatic activities, he focused on such peaceful matters as building cities, castles and churches. According to the Galician-Volyn chronicle, he was a “great scribe and philosopher” and spent most of his time reading and copying books and manuscripts. The death of Vladimir in 1289 upset not only his subjects, but also modern historians, because, obviously, the sudden end of the Galician-Volyn chronicle of the same year was associated with it. As a result, a large gap remained in the history of the Western principalities, which covers the period from 1289 to 1340. All that is currently known about the events in Galicia and Volhynia in the last period of independent existence is reduced to a few random historical fragments.

After the death of Leo, his son Yuri reigned in Galicia and Volyn. He must have been a good ruler, since some chronicles note that during his peaceful reign these lands “bloomed in wealth and glory.” The solidity of Prince Lev's position gave him the basis to use the title "King of Rus'." Dissatisfied with the decision of the Metropolitan of Kyiv to move his residence to Vladimir in the north east, Yuri received the consent of Constantinople to establish a separate metropolitanate in Galicia.

The last two representatives of the Romanovich dynasty were Yuri's sons Andrei and Lev, who together ruled the Galician-Volyn principality. Concerned about the growing power of Lithuania, they entered into an alliance with the knights of the Teutonic Order. Regarding the Mongol-Tatars, the princes pursued an independent, even hostile policy; there is also reason to believe that they died in the fight against the Mongol-Tatars.

When the last prince of the local dynasty died in 1323, the nobility of both principalities chose the Polish cousin of the Romanovichs, Bolesław of Mazowiecki, to the throne. Having changed his name to Yuri and adopted Orthodoxy, the new ruler began to continue the policies of his predecessors. Despite his Polish origins, he reconquered lands previously admired by the Poles, and also renewed his alliance with the Teutons against the Lithuanians. IN internal policies Yuri-Boleslav continued to support the cities and tried to expand his power. This course probably led to a fight with the boyars, who poisoned him in 1340 as if for trying to introduce Catholicism and connivance with foreigners.

Thus, their own nobility deprived Galicia and Volyn of the last prince. Since then, Western Ukrainians have fallen under the rule of foreign rulers.

For a hundred years after the fall of Kyiv, the Galician-Volyn principality served as a pillar of Ukrainian statehood. In this role, both principalities took over most of the Kyiv inheritance and at the same time prevented the seizure of Western Ukrainian lands by Poland. Thus, at a turning point in history, they preserved among Ukrainians, or Russians, as they were now called, a sense of cultural and political identity. This feeling would be crucial to their existence as a separate national entity in the evil times that were coming.

Conclusion

As in Kievan Rus, the entire population of the Galician-Volyn land was divided into free, semi-dependent (semi-free) and dependent.

The free included the dominant social groups - princes, boyars and clergy, part of the peasantry, and most of the urban population. The development of the princely domain in the Galician land had its own characteristics.

The difficulties of forming a princely domain in Galicia consisted, firstly, in the fact that it began to take shape already when most of the communal lands were seized by the boyars and the range of free lands for princely domains was limited. Secondly, the prince, trying to enlist the support of local feudal lords, distributed part of his lands to them, as a result of which the princely domain decreased. The boyars, having received land holdings, often turned them into hereditary possessions. Thirdly, the bulk of the free community members were already dependent on the boyar estate, and therefore the princely domain was in need of labor. The princes could annex to their domain only the lands of communities that were not captured by the boyars. In Volyn, on the contrary, the princely domain united the overwhelming majority of communal lands, and only then did local boyars begin to separate from it and strengthen themselves.

The most important role in the public life of the principality was played by the boyars - the "muzhilitskys". As already noted, the peculiarity of the Galician land was that from ancient times a boyar aristocracy was formed here, which owned significant land wealth, villages and cities and had a huge influence on the domestic and foreign policy of the state. The boyars were not homogeneous. It was divided into large, medium and small. The middle and small boyars were in the service of the prince, often receiving lands from him, which they owned conditionally while they served the prince. The Grand Dukes distributed land to the boyars for their military service - “up to the will of the ruler” (up to the will of the Grand Duke), “up to the belly” (until the death of the owner), “to the fatherland” (with the right to transfer the land by inheritance).

The ruling group was joined by the top of the clergy, who also owned lands and peasants. The clergy were exempt from paying taxes and had no duties to the state.

With the growth of large land ownership, peasants (smerds) fell under the power of the feudal lord and lost their independence. The number of communal peasants has decreased. The dependent peasants who inhabited the feudal lands were on rent and bore responsibilities to the feudal state.

The urban population in the Galicia-Volyn principality was numerous, since there were no large centers such as Kyiv or Novgorod. The city nobility was interested in strengthening the princely power.

The social composition of city residents became heterogeneous: differentiation here was also significant. The top of the cities were “city men” and “mystics”. The city elite was the pillar of the prince's power and showed a direct interest in strengthening his power, since they saw in this a guarantee of maintaining their privileges.

There were merchant associations - Greeks, Chudins, etc. Craftsmen also united in “streets”, “rows”, “hundreds”, “brothers”. These corporate associations had their own elders and their own treasury.

All of them were in the hands of the craft and merchant elite, to which the urban lower classes - apprentices, working people and other "lesser people" - were subordinate.

The Galician-Volyn land was early cut off from the great route from the Varangians to the Greeks, and early established economic and trade ties with European states. The elimination of this route had almost no effect on the economy of the Galicia-Volyn land. On the contrary, this situation has led to rapid growth in the number of cities and urban populations.

The presence of this feature in the development of the Galicia-Volyn principality determined the important role of the urban population in the political life of the state. In cities other than Ukrainian, German, Armenian, Jewish and other merchants permanently lived. As a rule, they lived in their own community and were guided by the laws and orders established by the power of princes in the cities.

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Principality of Galicia

occupied the extreme southwestern corner of the East European Plain and the north-eastern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains. Carpathian terraces, between the main ridge and pp. San and Dniester constitute the so-called foothills; further to the northeast it extends valley. Podgorje was occupied by the Slavic tribe of Croats, already known to Constantine Porphyrogenitus; the valley was occupied by the Buzhans, known in the chronicle under different names(first the Dulebs, then the Buzhans, and finally the Volynians, or Velynians). The western part of the land of the Buzhans, which became part of the G. principality, is known in the chronicle under the name of the Cherven cities, which received this name from one of them, Chervna. To the southeast of the Croats and to the south of the Buzhans lived two Slavic tribes - the Ulichi and the Tivertsi, along the Dniester to the Danube and the Black Sea. In the 10th century, the names of the streets and Tiverts disappeared from the chronicle; probably, under the pressure of the steppe nomads, they had to move to the north and northeast and merged with the Croats and Buzhans; Subsequently, their territory was part of the Georgian principality.

Land of Croats and Bujans for a long time is part of either Rus' or Poland. Under Oleg, Croats and Dulebs are mentioned among the tribes that took part in his campaign against Constantinople. Then these areas went to the Poles. Under 981, the chronicle says that Vladimir occupied “their cities of Przemysl, Cherven and other cities.” After the death of Vladimir, the Cherven cities were captured by Boleslav the Brave and transferred to Poland, but not for long: in 1030-1031. Yaroslav won them back. At the end of the 11th century. here the Rostislavich brothers, Vasilko (q.v.) and Volodar (q.v.), were established, who laid the foundation for the existence of the Galician land as a special principality. Volodar's son, Vladimirko, or Vladimir (q.v.), united the Galician land and moved the capital further west, to the mountainous country of the Croats, to Galich, which gave its name to the entire principality. Vladimir's only nephew, Ivan Rostislavovich Berladnik (see), was deprived of his inheritance.

The Galician land was surrounded by various peoples: in the north-west it bordered with the Poles, in the south-west with the Hungarians; in the south - with the steppe nomads, in the east and north - with the principalities of Kyiv and Vladimir. It was one of the richest Russian regions, produced grain and livestock in abundance, and supplied all of Rus' with salt. Its position between Western Europe and the rest of Russia contributed to the development of its trade. In 1224, during the gathering against the Tatars, a Galician flotilla of 1000 boats appeared on the Dnieper. The Galician land was quite densely populated: in the first half of the 13th century, up to 60 Galician and Volynian cities were mentioned in the chronicles.

The boundaries of the Principality of Galicia under Vladimir expanded to the west, south and east. He actively took care of the colonization of the southern part of his possessions and populated it with prisoners. In 1146, during the siege of Zvenigorod by Vsevolod of Kyiv, the veche decided to surrender the city, but the governor of Vladimir, Ivan Haldeevich, hanged the three main eternal guards and thereby frightened the townspeople so much that they abandoned the idea of ​​surrender. With such drastic measures, Vladimir and his warriors managed to largely suppress the veche movement. Vladimir was succeeded by his only son Yaroslav, whom the Tale of Igor's Campaign calls Osmomysl. In the first years of Yaroslav's reign, his cousin, Ivan Berladnik, caused him a lot of trouble, especially since the latter enjoyed the sympathy of the people. The reign of Yaroslav was generally distinguished by its peaceful character. Only at the very beginning of his reign there was a clash with Izyaslav of Kyiv for the cities, the return of which Izyaslav sought in vain from Vladimir. After the death of his father, Yaroslav expressed a desire to fulfill the demand of the Grand Duke, but the Galician boyars opposed this. Izyaslav decided to act by force and approached Terebovl. Yaroslav wanted to lead the Galician regiments into battle himself, but the boyars did not allow him to do so under the pretext that he was young and, moreover, the only representative princely family. Izyaslav lost the battle, and the disputed cities remained with Galich. The strengthening of the boyars, which was sharply expressed under Yaroslav, amounts to characteristic feature history of Galich. The veche in the Galician region was early suppressed by the combined efforts of the prince and the squad and could no longer present opposition to the strengthened boyars, who entered into a struggle with the princely power. The main reason The boyars were strengthened by the small number of the princely family that ruled in Galich. More than two representatives of the princely family were rarely here at the same time. As a result, the Galician warriors received into their hands the functions that were performed in the rest of Rus' by the younger members of the princely family: they sat as princely governors not only in small but also in the most important cities, commanded troops, and were in charge of finances. The G. boyars were not, however, a closed class and did not have legally defined advantages over the rest of the population; it relied only on actual force.

Yaroslav ruled for a long time († 1187). The chronicle speaks of this prince with great praise, and the singer of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” paints his power with bright colors. Dying, Yaroslav bequeathed Galich to his son from his concubine Nastasya, Oleg, and gave only Przemysl to his son from his wife Olga, Vladimir. But after the death of the prince, the boyars drove out Oleg and gave all the land to Vladimir (see), which caused new strife, in which the Hungarians intervened. The Hungarian king Bela occupied Galich, imprisoned his son Andrei there, and kept Vladimir in custody in Hungary. In 1190, Vladimir, with the help of the Poles, managed to expel the Hungarians from Galich, where they had incited everyone against themselves with their violence, and sat on the Galician table. With his death, the Rostislavich family ceased in Galich, and the Galician table was occupied by another line in the person of Roman Mstislavich Volynsky, who, during Vladimir’s lifetime, tried to take possession of Galich (see). Under Roman, the importance of Kyiv finally declines, whose role passes in the north to Vladimir, in the west to Galich. Your energetic foreign policy, which, however, did not prevent him from fighting the boyars within the country, Roman (see this name) completed the work of his predecessors - he elevated the Principality to the level of a strong state. But his reign was too short to break the rule of the boyars and establish a new order. Immediately after his death (1205), unrest began in the land of Greece. Roman left two sons: Daniil, 4 years old, and Vasilko, 2 years old. There were many contenders for the G. table, both among Russian princes and between foreign neighbors - the Hungarians and Poles. The boyars played an important role in the events that followed. They did not side with the Romanovichs, both out of dislike for Roman, and because the Romanovichs could lay claim to Galich as their homeland, and the boyars sought to make the princely table electoral. In the Galician land, already at this time the opinion that the princely table was the property of representatives of the Rurik house ceased to prevail; here even the fact of a boyar’s reign, impossible in other regions, occurs (for details of the struggle for the G. table, see under the words Vasilko, Volodislav, Daniil Romanovich and Mstislav Mstislavovich Udaloy). Only in 1249 did Daniel manage to defeat his last opponents. The reign of Daniel, which began from this time, lasted about 15 years and was the time of the greatest power of the Galician land. During the first half of Daniel's reign, the conquest of Rus' by the Mongols took place. Mongol yoke resonated much more easily in Galich and Volyn than in the rest of Rus'. True, the Tatars devastated both Volyn and Galich during their campaign against Hungary; but here they did not carry out a national census to collect tribute and did not send their Baskaks here. It is not even clear from the chronicle that Galich paid a certain tribute; Daniel was only obliged to help the Tatars with troops. Only a few years after the Tatar invasion, Daniel went to the horde to bow. There he was received with greater honor than other princes. He was only required to surrender several fortresses and auxiliary troops to the Tatars in the event of war. No matter how easy Galich’s dependence on the Tatars was, comparatively speaking, Daniil was still burdened by it, and the goal of his activity was liberation from the Tatars. To secure his country, Daniel diligently began to fortify the cities. The Tatars at first did not pay attention to this, but when Daniel began to behave defiantly towards them, the newly appointed Tatar temnik Burundai (q.v.) appeared at the head of a large horde and demanded that Daniel demolish fortresses and auxiliary troops against his allied Lithuania. Daniel had to obey. Soon internal troubles distracted the attention of the Tatars, and they left Galich alone. Only the southern part of Daniil’s possessions moved away from him due to the invasion of the Tatars: the inhabitants of the Ponizhya region chose to submit directly to the Tatars. The inhabitants of the eastern outskirts of Daniil’s state found the same aspirations, but they were forced to obey Daniil.

The Kiev and Chernigov principalities were much more devastated by the Tatars than Galich and could no longer compete with Galician-Volyn Rus. In relation to Poland, Daniel continued the traditional policy of the Galician princes - he supported the weak and distant Mazovian princes against the stronger Krakow ones. Intervening in Polish affairs, Daniel captured the Lublin land, which fluctuated between Russia and Poland. At this time, a strong Lithuanian state arose on the northeastern borders of the Galicia-Volyn principality. Daniel's son, Roman, received Black Rus' with the condition of recognizing the supreme power of the Lithuanian prince Mindaugas. The Hungarian king renounced his claims to Galich and even became related to Daniel, marrying his daughter to his son Leo. Daniel's other son, Roman, was married to the sister of the Duke of Austria; this marriage gave Roman a reason, after the end of the male line of the Austrian dukes, to lay claim to their possessions. Daniel also entered into relations with the Pope, hoping to receive help from the Pope to fight the Tatars. In 1255 he recognized the spiritual supremacy of the pope, and Pope Innocent IV gave Daniel a royal title. But two years later, Daniel, disappointed in his hopes for papal help, refused to recognize the pope as the head of the church; He, however, retained the royal title. Daniel did not enjoy the favor of the boyars. To maintain his power, he sometimes had to resort to military force. The Tatar invasion and Lithuanian raids greatly devastated Galician Rus'. The population fled to the wooded Carpathian mountains, from where, after the danger had passed, they returned to their native ashes. Daniel made a lot of efforts to populate the newly devastated lands. He built whole line cities, of which the Hill is especially remarkable; Daniel made it his capital. Frequent relations with the West in previous times and especially in the era of Daniel did not pass without a trace for Galician Rus'. Cut off from the rest of Rus' after the Tatar invasion, the Galician region is closer to the West and assimilates Western culture. There was no religious prejudice against Western Europeans here; but Galician Rus' retained the Orthodox faith, which also contributed to the preservation of the nationality. With the death of Daniel (1264), the flourishing period in the history of Galich ended. Since then, the Galician-Russian state has been declining and finally losing its independence. On the borders of Georgia, the states in which the process of unification took place (Lithuania and Poland) are strengthening. They absorbed Galician-Volynian Rus'. At first, Daniel’s heirs had to intervene in Lithuanian affairs. The unifier of Lithuania, Mindovg, was killed, and unrest began there. One of the sons of Mindaugas, Voishelk (q.v.), managed to seize power. He adopted Daniil's son Shvarn. On this basis, Schwarn made a claim to Lithuania, and he managed to reign there, although not for long, since he was soon expelled by the strengthened pagan party.

After the death of Vasilko, who led the sons of Daniel, discord began in the Romanovich family. The eldest of Daniel’s sons, Leo, tried to unite the entire Galician land under his rule. In the fight against the princes who opposed his plans, as well as Poland and Lithuania, Leo resorted to the help of the Tatars; The appearance of the Tatars in Georgia was accompanied by great disasters for the population, and this is probably why Leo was not popular. On the contrary, his opponent, defender of the appanage system, Vladimir Vasilkovich (see) was very loved by the population. Vladimir, dying, bequeathed his possessions to Lev's brother, Mstislav. Leo moved the capital of Georgia to Lvov and fought against Poland, which at that time had already united under the rule of Vladislav Lokotok; this struggle ended unsuccessfully for Leo, he lost the Lublin land. Leo's death dates back to 1301. Very little is known about the reign of Lev's son, Yuri, who died no later than 1316. He was succeeded in Galich and Volhynia by two sons - Andrei and Lev. There is news that these princes died - probably in the fight against the Tatars, around 1324. The period from the death of Andrei and Lev to the fall of the independence of Galich is very dark. Usually, the matter is presented in the following form: after the death of Andrei and Leo, Yuri II reigned in Galich until 1336; The childless Yuri was succeeded by the son of his sister, who was married to the Mazovian prince Troyden, Boleslav (see Volyn). Bolesław reigned until 1340 and was poisoned by the Russians for attempting to introduce Catholicism. Currently, the Czech scientist Rzezabk has managed to prove the previously expressed opinion that Yuri II and Boleslav Troydenovich are one and the same person. According to Rzhezhabok, Andrei and Lev were succeeded by their nephew Boleslav, who converted to Orthodoxy and the name of Yuri II; then he converted again to Catholicism and was poisoned by his subjects. Several letters have reached us from Yuri II. In one of them, Yuri is called “Dei gratia natus dux minoris Russiae” (here the term Little Rus' appears for the first time). In addition to the signature and seal of the prince, these documents have the signatures and seals of nobles; The positions of these nobles are also named: bishop, detko (prince's uncle), judge and governors - Belz, Przemysl, Lviv and Lutsk. Thus, the power of the prince at this time was, apparently, very limited, and under his direct jurisdiction there was almost one city, Vladimir, where some of the charters were given. Yuri II - Boleslav was the last Galician prince. He had no offspring left. Two claimants appeared on the Galician land: Casimir III of Poland, as a relative and overlord of the Mazovian princes, and one of his sons. book Lithuanian Gediminas - Lubart, married to the daughter of Lev Yuryevich. A struggle began between these contenders, which lasted about 40 years. In the year of the death of Yuri-Boleslav, Casimir III undertook a campaign against Galich, took possession of the Przemysl and Lvov lands and took the princely treasures from Lvov to Poland. Meanwhile, Lubart captured Vladimir, Kremenets and part of the Cherven land. After Casimir left, the Galicians rebelled, resorted to the protection of the Tatars and, with their help, expelled the Poles. A boyar government is established in Galich, headed by boyar Dimitri Detko (i.e., a princely uncle), with the title of guardian and headman of the Russian Land (provisor seu capitaneus terrae Russiae). This state of affairs continued until 1349, when Casimir launched a second campaign against Rus', ousted Lubart from Volhynia and subjugated the petty princes sitting there (probably these were descendants of Mstislav Danilovich). Lubart, in turn, went to Galician Rus', penetrated all the way to Galich, and the matter ended with a treaty, according to which Casimir received the lands of Lvov, Przemysl and Galician, and Lubart - Volyn, Kholm and Belz. After this, Casimir once again tried to take possession of Volyn, but it remained with Lithuania. After the death of Casimir, the Polish crown went to his nephew Louis of Hungary, who considered Hungary his native possession and therefore wanted to annex Galician Rus' to it. After the death of Louis, Hungary went to one of his daughters, Mary, and Poland to another, Jadwiga. In 1386, Jadwiga undertook a campaign in Galician Rus' and annexed it to Poland. From then on, Germany remained one of its provinces until the partitions of Poland.

The most important works on the history of the Galician principality: Smirnov, “The Fates of Red or Galician Rus” (St. Petersburg, 1860); book Trubetskoy, "Histoire de la Russie Rouge" (1861); Lelevel, "Histoire de la Lithuanie et de la Rutenie"; Zubritsky, “History of the ancient Galician-Russian principality” (Lvov, 1852-55); his, “Historical-critical tale of the bygone years of Red Rus'” (M., 1855); Sharanevich, “History of Galicia-Volodymyr Rus” (Lvov, 1863); his, “Essay on the internal relations of the Galicians in the 2nd half of the 15th century.” (in Polish); N. P. Dashkevich, “The Reign of Daniil Galitsky” (Kyiv, 1873); Řežabek, "Iiri II, posledni kniže věśkeré Malé Rusi ("Ċasopis musea česk.", 1883); Filevich, "The Struggle of Poland and Lithuania-Rus for the Galician-Volodymyr Heritage" (St. Petersburg, 1890). For a review of the latest works, see Linnichenko's article, "Critical review. the latest literature on the history of Galician Rus'" ("Journal of Min. Par. Ave.", 1891).

To really understand history well, you need to mentally imagine the era of interest, the spirit of its times and the main characters. Today we will take a short trip to medieval Rus' through the picturesque lands of Galicia and Volyn.

What is it like, Rus' of the 12th-13th centuries?

First of all, it is divided into small states, each of which lives according to its own laws and has its own ruler (prince). This phenomenon was called Rus. In each principality, people speak a certain dialect of the Russian language, which depends on the geographical location of the territory.

The structure of Rus' is also interesting. Historians distinguish two classes - the ruling elite, consisting of the nobility (influential boyars), and the class of dependent peasants. For some reason there were always much more of the latter.

Representatives of another class lived in large cities - artisans. These people had a remarkable ability to create authentic things. Thanks to them, wood carving appeared, known not only in Russia, but also abroad. In a few words we talked about medieval Rus', then there will be exclusively the history of the Galicia-Volyn principality.

Lands included in the principality

The young state, the development of which began under Roman Mstislavovich, consisted of different lands. What were these territories? The state included Galician, Volyn, Lutsk, Polesie, Kholmsky, Zvenigorod and Terebovlyan lands. As well as part of the territories of modern Moldova, Transcarpathia, Podolia and Podlasie.

Like various puzzles, these plots of land succinctly formed the Galician-Volyn principality (the geographical location and neighboring countries of the young state will be described in the next chapter).

Location of the principality

The Galicia-Volyn principality is located on the territory. The geographical position of the new association was obviously advantageous. It combined three aspects:

• location in the center of Europe;
• comfortable climate;
• fertile lands that invariably produce good harvests.

The favorable location also meant a variety of neighbors, but not all of them were friendly to the young state.

In the east, the young tandem had a long border with Kiev and the Turovo-Pinsk principality. Relations between the fraternal peoples were friendly. But the countries in the west and north were not particularly fond of the young state. Poland and Lithuania always wanted to control Galicia and Volhynia, which they eventually achieved in the 14th century.

In the south, the state was adjacent to the Golden Horde. Relations with our southern neighbor have always been difficult. This is due to serious cultural differences and the presence of disputed territories.

Brief historical background

The principality arose in 1199, due to the confluence of two circumstances. The first was quite logical - the location of two culturally close territories nearby (Galicia and Volyn) and unfriendly neighboring countries (the Polish Kingdom and the Golden Horde). The second is the emergence of a strong political figure - Prince Roman Mstislavovich. The wise ruler was well aware that the larger the state, the easier it was for him to resist a common enemy, and that culturally similar peoples would get along in one state. His plan paid off, and at the end of the 12th century a new formation appeared.

Who weakened the young state? People from the Golden Horde were able to shake the Galician-Volyn principality. The development of the state ended at the end of the 14th century.

Wise rulers

Over 200 years of the state's existence different people have been in power. Wise princes are a real find for Galicia and Volyn. So, who managed to bring peace and quiet to this long-suffering territory? Who were these people?

• Yaroslav Vladimirovich Osmomysl, the predecessor of Roman Mstislavovich, was the first to come to the territories in question. Was able to successfully establish himself at the mouth of the Danube.
• Roman Mstislavovich - unifier of Galicia and Volyn.
• Danila Romanovich Galitsky is the son of Roman Mstislavovich. He again brought together the lands of the Galician-Volyn principality.

Subsequent rulers of the principality turned out to be less strong-willed. In 1392, the Galician-Volyn principality ceased to exist. The princes were unable to resist external opponents. As a result, Volyn became Lithuanian, Galicia went to Poland, and Chervona Rus - to the Hungarians.

Specific people created the Galicia-Volyn principality. The princes, whose achievements are described in this chapter, contributed to the prosperity and victories of the young state in the southwest of Rus'.

Relations with neighbors and foreign policy

Influential countries surrounded the Galicia-Volyn principality. The geographical position of the young state implied conflicts with its neighbors. The nature of foreign policy strongly depended on the historical period and the specific ruler: there were striking campaigns of conquest, and there was also a period of forced cooperation with Rome. The latter was carried out for the purpose of protection from the Poles.

The conquests of Danila Galitsky made the young state one of the strongest in Eastern Europe. The unifying prince pursued a wise foreign policy towards Lithuania, the Kingdom of Poland and Hungary. He managed to spread influence over Kievan Rus in 1202-1203. As a result, the people of Kiev had no choice but to accept the new ruler.

No less interesting is the political triumph of Danila Galitsky. When he was a child, chaos reigned in the territory of Volyn and Galicia. But, having matured, the young heir followed in his father’s footsteps. Under Danil Romanovich, the Galician-Volyn principality reappeared. The prince significantly expanded the territory of his state: he annexed his eastern neighbor and part of Poland (including the city of Lublin).

Unique culture

History impartially shows that every influential state creates its own authentic culture. It is by this that people recognize him.

The cultural characteristics of the Galicia-Volyn principality are very diverse. We will look at the architecture of medieval cities.

Stone cathedrals and castles characterize the Galicia-Volyn region. The land was rich in similar buildings). In the 12-13th centuries, a unique architectural school was formed in the lands of Galicia and Volyn. She absorbed both the traditions of Western European masters and the techniques of the Kyiv school. Local craftsmen created such architectural masterpieces as the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir-Volynsky and the Church of St. Panteleimon in Galich.

An interesting state in the south of Rus' - the Principality of Galicia-Volyn (we already know its geographical location) has gone down in history forever. Its unique history and picturesque nature invariably attract those who love to explore the world.

Southwestern Rus'

§ 32. Principalities of Volyn and Galicia; their connection

At the same time as the Suzdal principality grew and strengthened in the northeast of Rus', on the southwestern outskirts of the Russian land the Volyn and Galician lands began to develop and grow rich, uniting around 1200 into one strong principality.

The Volyn land with the main city of Vladimir Volynsky occupied places along the right bank of the Western Bug and extended through the upper reaches of Pripyat to the Southern Bug. It got its name from ancient city Volyn and the tribe of Volynians (Buzhans, Dulebs) that inhabited it. Since ancient times it was subordinated to the Kyiv princes. From the middle of the 12th century. it formed its own princely line - the senior Monomakhovichs. Famous prince Izyaslav Mstislavich(§18) was founded in Volyn and Kyiv mined from here. From here Kyiv and his son searched Mstislav Izyaslavich . Thus, the Volyn princes, like their brothers and uncles, the younger Suzdal Monomakhovichs, acquired a permanent “fatherland” in Volyn and wanted to annex old Kyiv to it. Son of Mstislav Izyaslavich Roman Mstislavich was especially lucky: after a long struggle, he not only managed to take possession of Kiev, where he began to keep princes at his side, but also managed to acquire the Galician principality neighboring Volyn.

The Galician principality consisted of two parts: mountainous and flat. The mountainous part was located on the eastern slopes of the Carpathians and the main city was Galich on the river. Dniester The flat part extended to the north, to the Western Bug, and was called “Cherven cities”, named after the ancient city of Cherven with its suburbs. As a distant outskirts of the Russian land, the Galician land was not attractive to the princes. The Poles had claims to the Cherven cities and more than once took them away from Rus'. The Carpathian highlands were not far from the hostile Ugrians; The restless steppe was close from there. Therefore, the Kyiv princes sent young princes to the Cherven cities, who did not have a unit in other places in Rus'. At the end of the 11th century, by resolution of the Lyubech Congress, the great-grandsons of Yaroslav the Wise, outcasts Vasilko and Volodar, were placed there.

Since then, the Galician outskirts have turned into a special principality. Son of Volodar Volodimirko (d. 1152) united all its cities under his sovereign power and made the capital of the Principality of Galich. He expanded the borders of his possessions, attracted new settlers, settled on his lands prisoners taken in the wars with Kiev and the mornings. In relation to his principality, he played the same role that Yuri Dolgoruky played in the Suzdal region: he was its first organizer. Crafty and cruel, Volodimirko did not leave a good memory. As an example of Volodymyr’s cunning and deceit, the chronicler cites his response to one ambassador when he reminded the prince of the sanctity of the kiss of the cross. “And what should we do to create this small cross?” – Volodimirko said with a grin. The work of unification and strengthening of the Galician principality that he began was continued by his son Yaroslav (nicknamed Osmomysl ). During his long reign (1152–1187), Galich achieved great external power. The influx of settlers into the Galician region then came not only from the east, from Rus', but also from the west, from Hungary and Poland. The fertility of the region attracted the population there; Galich's position between Western Europe and Russia contributed to the development of its trade and the prosperity of its cities. The talented Yaroslav skillfully took advantage of favorable circumstances and raised his principality to great heights. “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” rightly places Yaroslav in importance next to Vsevolod the Big Nest. They were at that time the strongest princes in Rus'.

After the death of Yaroslav Osmomysl, unrest began in Galich and the line of Galician princes ended there. The Volyn prince took possession of the Galician reign Roman Mstislavich (1199), and thus Volyn and Galich united into one significant state. Although the unrest continued after the death of Roman (1205), his state did not disintegrate, but achieved even greater power during the reign of Roman’s son, Prince Daniil Romanovich(§37).

Just as in the northeast, in Suzdal Rus', the rise of princely power depended on the rapid settlement of the region by Russian settlers, so in the southwest the Volyn and Galician princes became strong and influential due to the fact that their lands began to be filled with newcomers from different directions. But the position of the Galician-Volyn princes was more difficult and dangerous than the position of the Suzdal princes. Firstly, Volyn and Galich had as their neighbors not weak foreigners (as was the case in Suzdal), but strong and warlike peoples: Ugrians, Poles and Lithuanians. Moreover, the steppe enemies of Rus' - the Polovtsians - were also close. Therefore, the Volyn and Galician princes had to always think about protecting their possessions from the north and west, from the Ugric and Polish kings, and not just from the south - from the Polovtsians. In addition, in their political enterprises, these princes themselves were accustomed to using the help of the same Ugrians, Lithuanians and Poles, if they were not at war with them at that moment. Thus, foreign forces inevitably intervened in Volyn-Galician affairs and, if necessary, were ready to seize these principalities into their power (which, as we will see, they later succeeded). Secondly, social life in Volyn, and especially in Galich, developed in such a way that, next to the princely autocracy, a strong aristocracy arose there in the form of the princely boyars, the senior squad, which, together with the princes, destroyed the importance of city veche meetings, and then began to influence and on the princes themselves. Even such smart and talented princes as Yaroslav Osmomysl and Roman had to reckon with the boyars’ self-will. Prince Roman tried to break the boyars with open persecution, saying that “you can’t crush the bees - you can’t eat honey.” However, the boyars were not exterminated by Roman and after Roman took an active part in the unrest, along with external enemies, weakening the strength of the Galician and Volyn lands.

The collapse of Kievan Rus led to the formation of principality states, one of which was Galicia-Volyn. Founded in 1199 by Roman Mstislavich, the principality survived Mongol-Tatar raids and existed until 1349, when the Poles invaded these lands. At different periods of time, the Galicia-Volyn principality included Peremyshl and Lutsk, Zvenigorod and Vladimir-Volyn, Terebovlyansk and Belz, Lutsk, Brest and other separate principalities.

The emergence of the principality

The distance from Kyiv significantly weakened the influence of the central government on these lands, and the location at the intersection of important trade routes gave impetus to significant economic development. Rich salt deposits also had a positive effect on the financial situation of the principality. But the unification of the Galician and Volyn principalities into one was facilitated by joint resistance to constant attacks from Poland and Hungary, and later to the Mongol-Tatar invasion.

Stages of state development

1) 1199-1205 Becoming

After the formation of the principality, the ruler had to wage a serious struggle with the Galician boyars, as they resisted the strengthening of princely power. But after Roman Mstislavich carried out successful campaigns against the Polovtsians, after capturing Kyiv in 1203 and accepting the title of Grand Duke, the nobility submitted. Also, during the conquests, the Pereyaslovshchina and the Kiev region were annexed to the possessions of Prince Roman. Now the principality occupied almost the entire southwest of Rus'.

2) 1205-1233 Temporary loss of unity

After the death of Prince Roman, the Galicia-Volyn state disintegrates under the influence of the boyars and neighboring Poland and Hungary, who benefit from civil strife in these lands. For more than thirty years, wars have continued for the principality and the right to rule.

3) 1238-1264 Unification and fight against the Golden Horde troops

The son of Roman Mstislavich, after a long struggle, restores the integrity of the principality. He also restores his power in Kyiv, where he leaves the governor. But in 1240 the Mongol-Tatar conquest began. After Kyiv, the troops headed further to the west. They destroyed many cities in Volyn and Galicia. But in 1245, Daniil Romanovich went to negotiate with the khan. As a result, the supremacy of the Horde was recognized, but Daniel still defended the rights to his state.

And in 1253, the coronation of Daniel took place, after which the Galicia-Volyn principality, the largest of all European states at that time, was recognized by all countries as independent. And it was this state that was considered the right heir to Kievan Rus. Daniil Romanovich’s contribution to the life of the Galicia-Volyn principality is invaluable, since in addition to establishing statehood at the global level, he managed to finally destroy the opposition of the boyars, thereby stopping civil strife and stopping all attempts on the part of Poland and Hungary to influence the policy of his state.

4) 1264-1323 The origin of the reasons that led to the decline

After the death of Daniel, hostility between Volyn and Galicia began again in the Galicia-Volyn principality, and some lands gradually began to separate.

5) 1323-1349 Decline

During this period, the Galician-Volyn state improved relations with the Golden Horde, Lithuania and the Teutonic Order. But relations with Poland and Hungary remained tense. The discord within the principality led to the fact that the joint military campaign of the Poles and Hungarians was a success. Since the autumn of 1339, the principality ceased to be independent. Subsequently, the lands of Galicia went to Poland, and Volyn to Lithuania.

The Galician-Volyn state played an important historical role. Afterwards it became the center of political, economic and cultural development in this territory. In addition, it maintained diplomatic relations with many states and acted as a full participant in international relations.