• Patriotism can be both true and false
• A true patriot will not dare to betray his homeland even under the threat of death
• Patriotism is manifested in the desire to make one’s native country better, cleaner, and to protect it from the enemy.
• A huge number of striking examples of the manifestation of patriotism can be found in wartime
• A patriot is ready for even the most reckless act, which can bring people at least a little closer to saving the country
• A true patriot is faithful to the oath and his own moral principles

Arguments

M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man.” During the war, Andrei Sokolov repeatedly proved that he deserves to be called a patriot of his country. Patriotism manifested itself in enormous willpower and heroism. Even under the threat of death during interrogation by Müller, he decides to preserve his Russian dignity and show the German the qualities of a real Russian soldier. Andrei Sokolov’s refusal to drink German weapons for the victory, despite the famine, is direct evidence that he is a patriot. The behavior of Andrei Sokolov seems to summarize the fortitude and steadfastness of a Soviet soldier who truly loves his Motherland.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". In an epic novel, the reader is faced with the concept of true and false patriotism. All representatives of the Bolkonsky and Rostov families, as well as Pierre Bezukhov, can be called true patriots. These people are ready to defend their Motherland at any moment. Prince Andrei, even after being wounded, goes to war, no longer dreaming of glory, but simply defending his homeland. Pierre Bezukhov, who does not really understand anything about military operations, like a true patriot, remains in Moscow captured by the enemy to kill Napoleon. Nikolai and Petya Rostov are fighting, and Natasha does not spare the carts and gives them to transport the wounded. Everything suggests that these people are worthy children of their country. This cannot be said about the Kuragins, who are patriots only in words, but do not back up their words with actions. They talk about patriotism only for their own benefit. Consequently, not everyone from whom we hear about patriotism can be called a true patriot.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter". Pyotr Grinev cannot even admit the thought of swearing allegiance to the impostor Pugachev, although this threatens him with death. He is a man of honor, true to his oath and his word, a true soldier. Although Pugachev is kind to Pyotr Grinev, the young soldier does not strive to please him or promise not to touch his people. In the most difficult situations, Petr Grinev resists the invaders. And although the hero more than once turns to Pugachev for help, he cannot be accused of betrayal, because he does all this to save Masha Mironova. Pyotr Grinev is a true patriot, ready to give his life for his Motherland, as his actions prove. The accusations of treason that are brought against him in court are false, which is why justice ultimately wins.

V. Kondratyev “Sashka”. Sashka is a man who fights selflessly, at full strength. And although he beats the enemy with hatred, a sense of justice forces the hero not to kill a captured German, his peer, who unexpectedly found himself in the war. This is, of course, not betrayal. Sashka’s thoughts at the sight of Moscow, not captured by the enemy, confirm that he is a true patriot. Seeing a city in which almost the same life is in full swing, the hero realizes how important what he did on the front line is. Sashka is ready to defend his native country, because he understands how important it is.

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". For the Cossacks, protecting their native land is the basis of their existence. It is not for nothing that the work says that it is difficult to resist the power of angry Cossacks. Old Taras Bulba is a true patriot who does not tolerate betrayal. He even kills his youngest son Andriy, who went over to the side of the enemy because of his love for a beautiful Polish woman. Taras Bulba does not take into account his own child, because his moral principles are unshakable: betrayal of the Motherland cannot be justified by anything. All this confirms that Taras Bulba is characterized by a sense of patriotism, like other real Cossacks, including Ostap, his eldest son.

A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin". The image of Vasily Terkin serves as the ideal embodiment of a simple Soviet soldier, ready at any moment to perform a feat in order to bring victory over the enemy closer. It costs Terkin nothing to swim across an icy river covered with ice in order to convey the necessary instructions to the other bank. He himself does not see this as a feat. And the soldier commits similar actions more than once throughout the work. Without a doubt, he can be called a true patriot fighting for a bright future for his country.

Among sentences 20–39, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using cognates. Write the number(s) of this sentence(s).

Explanation (see also Rule below).

In sentence 23 there is the word “cranes”, which is the same root as the word “cranes” contained in sentence 22.

In sentence 29 there is the word “departure”, which is the same root as the word “leave” contained in sentence 28.

Answer: 2329|2923.

Answer: 2329|2923

Source: Demo version of the Unified State Exam 2017 in the Russian language.

Rule: Task 25. Means of communication of sentences in the text

MEANS OF CONNECTING SENTENCES IN THE TEXT

Several sentences connected into a whole by theme and main idea are called text (from the Latin textum - fabric, connection, connection).

Obviously, all sentences separated by a period are not isolated from each other. There is a semantic connection between two adjacent sentences of a text, and not only sentences located next to each other can be related, but also those separated from each other by one or more sentences. The semantic relations between sentences are different: the content of one sentence can be contrasted with the content of another; the contents of two or more sentences can be compared with one another; the content of the second sentence may reveal the meaning of the first or clarify one of its members, and the content of the third - the meaning of the second, etc. The purpose of task 23 is to determine the type of connection between sentences.

The wording of the task could be like this:

Among sentences 11-18, find the one(s) that is related to the previous one using demonstrative pronoun, adverbs and cognates. Write the number(s) of the offer(s)

Or: Determine the type of connection between sentences 12 and 13.

Remember that the previous one is ONE ABOVE. Thus, if the interval 11-18 is indicated, then the required sentence is within the limits indicated in the task, and answer 11 may be correct if this sentence is related to the 10th topic indicated in the task. There may be 1 or more answers. Point for successfully completing the task - 1.

Let's move on to the theoretical part.

Most often we use this model of text construction: each sentence is linked to the next one, this is called chain linking. (We will talk about parallel communication below). We speak and write, we combine independent sentences into text using simple rules. Here's the gist: two adjacent sentences must be about the same subject.

All types of communication are usually divided into lexical, morphological and syntactic. As a rule, when connecting sentences into a text, they can be used several types of communication at the same time. This greatly facilitates the search for the desired sentence in the specified fragment. Let us dwell in detail on each of the types.

23.1. Communication using lexical means.

1. Words from one thematic group.

Words of the same thematic group are words that have a common lexical meaning and denote similar, but not identical concepts.

Example words: 1) Forest, path, trees; 2) buildings, streets, sidewalks, squares; 3) water, fish, waves; hospital, nurses, emergency room, ward

Water was clean and transparent. Waves They ran ashore slowly and silently.

2. Generic words.

Generic words are words connected by the relation genus - species: genus is a broader concept, species is a narrower one.

Example words: Chamomile - flower; birch - tree; car - transport and so on.

Example sentences: It was still growing under the window birch. I have so many memories associated with this tree...

Field daisies are becoming rare. But this is unpretentious flower.

3 Lexical repetition

Lexical repetition is the repetition of the same word in the same word form.

The closest connection of sentences is expressed primarily in repetition. Repetition of one or another member of a sentence - main feature chain connection. For example, in sentences Behind the garden there was a forest. The forest was deaf and neglected the connection is built according to the “subject - subject” model, that is, the subject named at the end of the first sentence is repeated at the beginning of the next; in sentences Physics is a science. Science must use the dialectical method- “model predicate - subject”; in the example The boat moored to the shore. The shore was strewn with small pebbles- model “circumstance - subject” and so on. But if in the first two examples the words forest and science stand in each of the adjacent sentences in the same case, then the word shore has different forms. Lexical repetition in Unified State Exam assignments repetition of a word in the same word form, used to enhance the impact on the reader, will be considered.

In texts of artistic and journalistic styles, the chain connection through lexical repetition often has an expressive, emotional character, especially when the repetition is at the junction of sentences:

Aral disappears from the map of the Fatherland sea.

Whole sea!

The use of repetition here is used to enhance the impact on the reader.

Let's look at examples. We are not yet taking additional means of communication into account; we are looking only at lexical repetition.

(36) I heard a very brave man who went through the war once say: “ It was scary, very scary." (37) He spoke the truth: he it was scary.

(15) As a teacher, I had the opportunity to meet young people yearning for a clear and precise answer to the question about higher values life. (16) 0 values, allowing you to distinguish good from evil and choose the best and most worthy.

note: different forms of words refer to a different type of connection. For more information about the difference, see the paragraph on word forms.

4 Cognates

Cognates are words with the same root and common meaning.

Example words: Homeland, be born, birth, generation; tear, break, burst

Example sentences: I'm lucky be born healthy and strong. The story of my birth unremarkable.

Although I understood that a relationship was necessary break, but couldn't do it myself. This gap would be very painful for both of us.

5 Synonyms

Synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are close in meaning.

Example words: be bored, frown, be sad; fun, joy, jubilation

Example sentences: In parting she said that will miss you. I knew that too I'll be sad from our walks and conversations.

Joy grabbed me, picked me up and carried me... Jubilation there seemed to be no boundaries: Lina answered, finally answered!

It should be noted that synonyms are difficult to find in the text if you need to look for connections only using synonyms. But, as a rule, along with this method of communication, others are also used. So, in example 1 there is a conjunction Same , this connection will be discussed below.

6 Contextual synonyms

Contextual synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are similar in meaning only in a given context, since they relate to the same object (feature, action).

Example words: kitten, poor fellow, naughty; girl, student, beauty

Example sentences: Kitty has been living with us for quite some time. My husband took it off poor fellow from the tree where he climbed to escape the dogs.

I guessed that she student. Young woman continued to remain silent, despite all efforts on my part to get her to talk.

These words are even more difficult to find in the text: after all, the author makes them synonyms. But along with this method of communication, others are also used, which makes the search easier.

7 Antonyms

Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings.

Example words: laughter, tears; hot Cold

Example sentences: I pretended that I liked this joke and squeezed out something like laughter. But tears They choked me, and I quickly left the room.

Her words were hot and burned. Eyes chilled cold. I felt like I was under a contrast shower...

8 Contextual antonyms

Contextual antonyms are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings only in a given context.

Example words: mouse - lion; home - work green - ripe

Example sentences: On work this man was gray with the mouse. At home woke up in it a lion.

Ripe The berries can be safely used to make jam. And here green It’s better not to put them in, they are usually bitter and can ruin the taste.

We draw attention to the non-random coincidence of terms(synonyms, antonyms, including contextual ones) in this task and tasks 22 and 24: this is one and the same lexical phenomenon, but viewed from a different angle. Lexical means can serve to connect two adjacent sentences, or they may not be a connecting link. At the same time, they will always be a means of expression, that is, they have every chance of being the object of tasks 22 and 24. Therefore, advice: when completing task 23, pay attention to these tasks. More theoretical material You will learn about lexical means from the reference rule for task 24.

23.2. Communication using morphological means

Along with lexical means of communication, morphological ones are also used.

1. Pronoun

A pronoun connection is a connection in which ONE word or SEVERAL words from the previous sentence are replaced by a pronoun. To see such a connection, you need to know what a pronoun is and what categories of meaning there are.

What you need to know:

Pronouns are words that are used instead of a name (noun, adjective, numeral), designate persons, indicate objects, characteristics of objects, the number of objects, without naming them specifically.

Based on their meaning and grammatical features, nine categories of pronouns are distinguished:

1) personal (I, we; you, you; he, she, it; they);

2) returnable (self);

3) possessive (my, yours, ours, yours, yours); used as possessives also forms of personal: his (jacket), her work),their (merit).

4) demonstrative (this, that, such, such, such, so much);

5) definitive(himself, most, all, everyone, each, other);

6) relative (who, what, which, which, which, how many, whose);

7) interrogative (who? what? which? whose? which? how many? where? when? where? from where? why? why? what?);

8) negative (nobody, nothing, nobody);

9) indefinite (someone, something, someone, anyone, anyone, someone).

Do not forget that pronouns change by case, therefore, “you”, “me”, “about us”, “about them”, “no one”, “everyone” are forms of pronouns.

As a rule, the task indicates WHAT category the pronoun should be, but this is not necessary if in the specified period there are no other pronouns that act as LINKING elements. You need to clearly understand that NOT EVERY pronoun that appears in the text is a connecting link.

Let's look at the examples and determine how sentences 1 and 2 are connected; 2 and 3.

1) Our school has recently been renovated. 2) I finished it many years ago, but sometimes I went in and wandered around the school floors. 3) Now they are some strangers, different, not mine....

There are two pronouns in the second sentence, both personal, I And her. Which one is the one paperclip, which connects the first and second sentence? If it's a pronoun I, what it is replaced in sentence 1? Nothing. What replaces the pronoun? her? Word " school" from the first sentence. We conclude: connection using a personal pronoun her.

There are three pronouns in the third sentence: they are somehow mine. The second is connected only by a pronoun They(=floors from the second sentence). Rest do not correlate in any way with the words of the second sentence and do not replace anything. Conclusion: the second sentence connects the third with the pronoun They.

What is the practical importance of understanding this method of communication? The fact is that you can and should use pronouns instead of nouns, adjectives and numerals. Use, but not abuse, since the abundance of words “he”, “his”, “their” sometimes leads to misunderstanding and confusion.

2. Adverb

Communication using adverbs is a connection, the features of which depend on the meaning of the adverb.

To see such a connection, you need to know what an adverb is and what categories of meaning there are.

Adverbs are unchangeable words that denote an action and refer to a verb.

Adverbs of the following meanings can be used as means of communication:

Time and space: below, on the left, next to, at the beginning, long ago and the like.

Example sentences: We got to work. At the beginning it was hard: I couldn’t work in a team, I had no ideas. After got involved, felt their strength and even got excited.note: Sentences 2 and 3 are related to sentence 1 using the indicated adverbs. This type of connection is called parallel connection.

We climbed to the very top of the mountain. Around There were only the treetops of us. Near The clouds floated with us. A similar example of a parallel connection: 2 and 3 are connected to 1 using the indicated adverbs.

Demonstrative adverbs. (They are sometimes called pronominal adverbs, since they do not name how or where the action takes place, but only point to it): there, here, there, then, from there, because, so and the like.

Example sentences: Last summer I was on holiday in one of the sanatoriums in Belarus. From there It was almost impossible to make a call, let alone surf the Internet. The adverb “from there” replaces the whole phrase.

Life went on as usual: I studied, my mother and father worked, my sister got married and left with her husband. So three years have passed. The adverb “so” summarizes the entire content of the previous sentence.

It is possible to use other categories of adverbs, for example, negative: B school and university I didn’t have good relationships with my peers. Yes and nowhere did not fold; however, I didn’t suffer from this, I had a family, I had brothers, they replaced my friends.

3. Union

Communication using conjunctions is the most common type of connection, thanks to which various relationships arise between sentences related to the meaning of the conjunction.

Communication using coordinating conjunctions: but, and, and, but, also, or, however and others. The assignment may or may not indicate the type of union. Therefore, the material on alliances should be repeated.

More details about coordinating conjunctions are described in a special section.

Example sentences: By the end of the day off we were incredibly tired. But the mood was amazing! Communication using the adversative conjunction “but”.

It's always been like this... Or that's how it seemed to me...Connection using the disjunctive conjunction “or”.

We draw attention to the fact that very rarely only one conjunction is involved in the formation of a connection: as a rule, lexical means of communication are used simultaneously.

Communication using subordinating conjunctions: because, so. A very atypical case, since subordinating conjunctions connect sentences within a complex sentence. In our opinion, with such a connection there is a deliberate break in the structure of a complex sentence.

Example sentences: I was in complete despair... For I didn’t know what to do, where to go and, most importantly, who to turn to for help. The conjunction for has the meaning because, because, indicates the reason for the hero’s condition.

I didn’t pass the exams, I didn’t go to college, I couldn’t ask for help from my parents and I wouldn’t do it. So There was only one thing left to do: find a job. The conjunction “so” has the meaning of consequence.

4. Particles

Particle Communication always accompanies other types of communication.

Particles after all, and only, here, there, only, even, same add additional shades to the proposal.

Example sentences: Call your parents, talk to them. After all It's so simple and at the same time difficult - to love....

Everyone in the house was already asleep. AND only Grandma muttered quietly: she always read prayers before going to bed, asking the heavenly forces for a better life for us.

After my husband left, my soul became empty and my house deserted. Even the cat, who usually rushed like a meteor around the apartment, just yawns sleepily and keeps trying to climb into my arms. Here whose arms would I lean on...Please note that connecting particles come at the beginning of the sentence.

5. Word forms

Communication using word form is that in adjacent sentences the same word is used in different

• if this noun - number and case
• If adjective - gender, number and case
• If pronoun - gender, number and case depending on the category
• If verb in person (gender), number, tense

Verbs and participles, verbs and gerunds are considered different words.

Example sentences: Noise gradually increased. From this growing noise I felt uneasy.

I knew my son captain. With myself captain fate did not bring me together, but I knew that it was only a matter of time.

note: the assignment may say “word forms”, and then it is ONE word in different forms;

“forms of words” - and these are already two words repeated in adjacent sentences.

There is a particular difficulty in the difference between word forms and lexical repetition.

Information for teachers.

Let's take a very difficult task as an example. real Unified State Exam 2016. Here is the full fragment published on the FIPI website in “ Guidelines for teachers (2016)"

Difficulties for examinees in completing task 23 were caused by cases where the task condition required distinguishing between the form of a word and lexical repetition as a means of connecting sentences in the text. In these cases, when analyzing language material, students should pay attention to the fact that lexical repetition involves the repetition of a lexical unit with a special stylistic task.

We present the condition of task 23 and a fragment of the text of one of Unified State Exam options 2016:

“Among sentences 8–18, find one that is related to the previous one using lexical repetition. Write the number of this offer."

Below is the beginning of the text given for analysis.

- (7) What kind of an artist are you when you don’t love your native land, eccentric!

(8) Maybe that’s why Berg wasn’t good at landscapes. (9) He preferred a portrait, a poster. (10) He tried to find the style of his time, but these attempts were full of failures and ambiguities.

(11) One day Berg received a letter from the artist Yartsev. (12) He called him to come to the Murom forests, where he spent the summer.

(13) August was hot and windless. (14) Yartsev lived far from the deserted station, in the forest, on the shore deep lake with black water. (15) He rented a hut from a forester. (16) Berg was driven to the lake by the forester’s son Vanya Zotov, a stooped and shy boy. (17) Berg lived on the lake for about a month. (18) He didn’t intend to work and didn’t take it with him oil paints.

Proposition 15 is related to Proposition 14 by personal pronoun "He"(Yartsev).

Proposition 16 is related to Proposition 15 by word forms "forester": prepositional case form, controlled by a verb, and non-prepositional form, controlled by a noun. These word forms express different meanings: the meaning of object and the meaning of belonging, and the use of the word forms in question does not carry a stylistic load.

Proposition 17 is related to sentence 16 by word forms (“on the lake - to the lake”; "Berga - Berg").

Proposition 18 is related to the previous one by personal pronoun "he"(Berg).

The correct answer in task 23 of this option is 10. It is sentence 10 of the text that is connected with the previous one (sentence 9) using lexical repetition (the word “he”).

It should be noted that there is no consensus among the authors of various manuals, What is considered a lexical repetition - the same word in different cases (persons, numbers) or in the same one. The authors of the books of the publishing house “National Education”, “Exam”, “Legion” (authors Tsybulko I.P., Vasilyev I.P., Gosteva Yu.N., Senina N.A.) do not give a single example in which the words in various forms would be considered lexical repetition.

At the same time, very complex cases in which words in different cases have the same form are treated differently in the manuals. The author of the books N.A. Senina sees this as a form of the word. I.P. Tsybulko (based on materials from a 2017 book) sees lexical repetition. So, in sentences like I saw the sea in a dream. The sea was calling me the word “sea” has different cases, but at the same time it undoubtedly has the same stylistic task that I.P. writes about. Tsybulko. Without delving into the linguistic solution to this issue, we will outline the position of RESHUEGE and give recommendations.

1. All obviously non-matching forms are word forms, not lexical repetition. Please note that we are talking about the same linguistic phenomenon as in task 24. And in 24, lexical repetitions are only repeated words in the same forms.

2. There will be no matching forms in the tasks on RESHUEGE: if the linguist specialists themselves cannot figure it out, then school graduates cannot do it.

3. If you come across tasks with similar difficulties during the exam, look at those additional means of communication that will help you make your choice. After all, the compilers of KIMs may have their own, separate opinion. Unfortunately, this may be the case.

23.3 Syntactic means.

Introductory words

Communication with the help of introductory words accompanies and complements any other connection, adding shades of meaning characteristic of introductory words.

Of course, you need to know which words are introductory.

He was hired. Unfortunately, Anton was too ambitious. On the one side, the company needed such individuals, on the other hand, he was not inferior to anyone or anything, if something was, as he said, below his level.

Let us give examples of the definition of means of communication in a short text.

(1) We met Masha several months ago. (2) My parents had not seen her yet, but did not insist on meeting her. (3) It seemed that she also did not strive for rapprochement, which upset me somewhat.

Let's determine how the sentences in this text are connected.

Sentence 2 is related to sentence 1 using a personal pronoun her, which replaces the name Masha in sentence 1.

Sentence 3 is related to sentence 2 using word forms she her: “she” is a nominative case form, “her” is a genitive case form.

In addition, sentence 3 also has other means of communication: it is a conjunction Same, introductory word it seemed, series of synonymous constructions didn't insist on getting to know each other And didn't try to get closer.

When the word “Motherland” was uttered in front of Berg, he grinned. He didn't understand what this meant. The homeland, the land of the fathers, the country where he was born - it is not so important where a person was born. Land of the fathers! Berg felt no attachment to his childhood or to the small town where he was born.

- Eh, Berg, you crack soul! - his friends told him with heavy reproach.

- What kind of artist are you when you don’t love your native land, eccentric!

Maybe that's why Berg wasn't good at landscapes. He preferred portraits and posters. He tried to find the style of his time, but these attempts were full of failures and ambiguities.

One day Berg received a letter from the artist Yartsev. He called him to come to the Murom forests, where he spent the summer.

August was hot and windless. Yartsev lived far from the deserted station, in the forest, on the shore of a deep lake with black water. He rented a hut from a forester. Berg was driven to the lake by the forester’s son Vanya Zotov, a stooped and shy boy. Berg lived on the lake for about a month. He was not going to work and did not take any oil paints with him. He only brought a small box of watercolors.

For whole days he lay in the clearings and looked at the flowers and herbs with curiosity. Berg collected rose hips and fragrant junipers, and carefully examined the autumn leaves. At sunset, flocks of cranes flew over the lake to the south, murmuring. For the first time, Berg felt a stupid insult: the cranes seemed to him to be traitors. They abandoned this deserted, forested and solemn region, full of nameless lakes and impassable thickets, without regret.

It started raining in September. Yartsev got ready to leave. Berg got angry. How could you leave in the midst of this extraordinary autumn? Berg now felt Yartsev’s departure the same way he once felt the departure of the cranes - it was betrayal. Why? Berg could hardly answer this question. A betrayal of forests, lakes, autumn, and finally, a warm sky drizzling with frequent rain.

“I’m staying,” Berg said sharply. – I want to write this autumn. Yartsev left. The next day Berg woke up to the sun. Light shadows of branches trembled on the clean floor, and a quiet blue spread behind the door. Berg encountered the word “radiance” only in the books of poets; he considered it pretentious and devoid of clear meaning. But now he understood how accurately this word conveys that special light that comes from the September sky and sun.

Berg took paints and paper and went to the lake. He was in a hurry. He wanted to give all the power of the colors, all the skill of his hands and keen eye, all that trembled somewhere in his heart to this paper, in order to depict at least a hundredth part of the splendor of these forests, dying majestically and simply. Berg worked like a man possessed. No one has ever seen him like this!

Returning to the city, Berg found a notice about the exhibition. He was asked to tell how many of his things he would exhibit. Berg sat down at the table and quickly wrote: “I am exhibiting only one watercolor sketch that I made this summer - my first landscape.”

It was midnight. Shaggy snow fell outside on the windowsill. In the next apartment someone was playing a Grieg sonata on the piano. Berg wanted to trace by what elusive ways a clear and joyful feeling of his homeland appeared in him. It matured for years, but the final impetus was given by the forest edge, autumn, the cries of cranes... Why? Berg could not find the answer, although he knew that it was so.

Berg knew that now he was connected with his country not only with his mind, but with all his heart, as an artist, and that love for his homeland made his smart but dry life warm and cheerful. A hundred times more beautiful than before.

Love to motherland. What can awaken her? It is this question that K. Paustovsky suggests thinking about, raising the problem of a person gaining a sense of homeland.

Revealing the problem, the author cites the example of the story of the artist Berg, who did not feel any feelings towards the Motherland, did not see its beauty: “When the word “Motherland” was uttered under Berg, he grinned. He didn't understand what it meant." However, Berg's attitude towards native land changes when he arrives in the Murom forests. The artist was struck by the beauty of nature, and some new, hitherto unknown to him feeling began to arise in his soul. The artist realizes that he has a feeling of love for his Motherland, which “has been ripening for years, but the final impetus was given by the forest edge, autumn, and the cries of the cranes.” The author wants to convey to the reader the idea that sometimes it is all the beautiful things that surround us that awaken in us a feeling of love and affection for our native places.

K. Paustovsky’s position is clear: love for nature can help a person find love for the Motherland.

As the first argument confirming my point of view, I would like to cite S. Yesenin’s poem “Go away, my dear Rus'...”. The poet’s feeling of strong love for his homeland runs like a red thread through the work, and this feeling is inextricably linked with love for nature, as, for example, in the following lines: “Like a visiting pilgrim, I look at your fields, and near the low outskirts the poplars wither loudly,” “I’ll run along the crumpled stitch into the free green forest.” The beauty of one’s native places is one of the reasons to love one’s native land.

And in the epic novel by M. Sholokhov “ Quiet Don“One of the central characters, Grigory Melekhov, refuses to flee with Aksinya to the city, since he is tied to the land, his native farm, with which he is inextricably linked in soul. We see that Gregory’s feeling of love for his native land goes hand in hand with his love for the nature of the Don, without which he cannot imagine his life.

To summarize, I would like to say that attachment to one’s native place may not arise immediately. However, awareness of how beautiful nature is contributes to the emergence of such a feeling as love for the Motherland.

In this article, we have selected current and frequently encountered problems regarding patriotism from texts for preparing for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language. The arguments we found in Russian literature correspond to all criteria for evaluating work in the exam. For convenience, you can download all these examples in table format at the end of the article.

1. « MindRussia Not understand, cannot be measured by a common yardstick: she has become something special - you can only believe in Russia,” F. I. Tyutchev speaks about his homeland. Even though the poet lived for a long time abroad, he always loved and yearned for the Russian way of life. He liked the brightness of character, liveliness of mind and unpredictability of his compatriots, because he considered Europeans to be too measured and even slightly boring in character. The author is confident that Russia has its own path prepared; it will not get bogged down in “philistine aspirations,” but will grow spiritually, and it is this spirituality that will distinguish it in a number of other countries.
2. M. Tsvetaeva had a difficult relationship with her homeland; she either always wanted to return, or felt resentment towards her native land. In a poem "Homesickness…" you can feel the growing tension, which sometimes turns into screaming. The heroine feels powerless because there is no one to listen to her. But the exclamations stop when Tsvetaeva suddenly remembers the main symbol of Russia - the mountain ash. Only at the end do we feel how great her love is, it is love in spite of everything and in spite of everything. She just is.
3. We see a comparison at the intersection of true and false love in the epic novel L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”. At first, Andrei Bolkonsky goes to war only because he is “bored with Savor“, tired of his wife, he even advises Pierre “not to get married.” He is attracted by titles and honor, for which he is ready to make great sacrifices. But the Andrei we meet on his deathbed is completely different. He was changed by the Battle of Austerlitz, where his gaze was riveted by the sky, its beauty and the beauty of nature, which he seemed to have never seen. Against this background, Napoleon, who noticed the wounded Andrei, seemed so insignificant, and his ranks seemed useless and low. At that moment, the hero realized what value life, and his homeland, and his abandoned family have for him now. He realized that true patriotism does not come from seeking glory, but from quiet and humble service.

Military patriotism

1. Military lyrics are close to the Russian soul; they were born so that people could not lose heart in the most difficult times for the Motherland. Therefore, such a popular favorite appears as "Vasily Terkin", hero poem of the same name A.T. Tvardovsky. He is a collective image of a dashing soldier. His jokes and statements are encouraging, but sometimes our main character loses mental strength. He yearns for “evenings” and “girls”, for simple human joys like the “pouch of tobacco” that he lost somewhere. And most importantly, he is brave, he does not give in even in the face of death itself. This work serves the reader both in wartime and in peacetime, reminding us of simple values ​​and great love for the place we call the fatherland.
2. Lyrics by Konstantin Simonov makes us completely immerse ourselves in the war years, it conveys in simple human language the most scary details war. For example, the work “Do you remember, Alyosha?” is very indicative, where we become eyewitnesses of the war devastation of “villages, villages, villages with graveyards,” prayers and tears of people who lost the most valuable thing in their lives. The poem ends with a loud and proud confession: “I was still happy, for the most bitter one, for the Russian land where I was born.” And we feel this pride together with the lyrical hero.
3. Another poem Konstantin Simonov - “Kill him!”- speaks of the despair of a loving heart, of its revenge for trampled shrines. It is quite difficult to understand and perceive. In it, the author talks about the fact that if we want to see a peaceful sky above us, if “mother is dear” to us, “if you haven’t forgotten your father,” then we need to kill. Without pity. We need to take revenge for what is happening in our home. “So kill him quickly, the number of times you see him, the number of times you kill him.”

Love for native nature

1. In Yesenin's lyrics nature and homeland were inseparable, both of these objects in harmony made up his great love. S. A. Yesenin said: “My lyrics are alive alone great love- love for the Motherland." In his works, he often confesses his love to her. And he dreams of the “Ryazan sky” in the poem “I’ve never been this tired before.” In it, the author talks about his weariness with life, but hastens to add: “But still I bow to those fields that I once loved.” The poet's love for Russia is a piercing and incomparable song. This is not just a feeling, but his unique philosophy of life.
2. In a poem by S. Yesenin“Go away, Rus', my dear,” the lyrical hero is offered: “Throw away Rus', live in paradise!” He replies: “No need for paradise, give me my homeland.” These words express all the awe of the Russian person’s attitude towards his homeland, which has never been distinguished by easy living and working conditions. And yet he chooses his lot, does not complain and does not look for someone else's. Also in the poem there are parallel descriptions of domestic nature: “huts in vestments, images”; “I’ll run along the crumpled path, into the green forest.” Yesenin is the most devoted admirer of his native land. It is the years spent in the village that he remembers as the happiest and most serene. Rural landscapes, romance, way of life - all this is dearly loved by the author.

Patriotism against all odds

1. Many lovers of Russian literature know the lines of M. Yu. Lermontov: “ Goodbye, unwashed Russia..." Some even misinterpret them. But, in my opinion, this is just a gesture that almost borders on despair. The indignation that seethed and splashed out with a short and easy “goodbye!” He may be defeated by the system, but he is not broken in spirit. In essence, the author in this work says goodbye not to Russia itself and not to its inhabitants, but to the state structure and order, which are unacceptable for Lermontov. But we feel the pain that the separation causes him. We feel the anger that burns in the heart of a true patriot who worries about his country. That's what it is real love to the homeland, characterized by the desire to change it for the better.

1) L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.

The author reveals the problem true patriotism through the image of Pierre Bezukhov, who wants to share the fate of the country and express his love for it. So he forms a regiment at his own expense. He himself remains in Moscow to kill Napoleon as the main culprit of national disasters. Pierre is not a military man, however, and he, gathering all his spiritual strength, begins to act.

2) Boris Vasiliev “Not on the lists.”

The main character, Nikolai Pluzhnikov, despite the lack of official assumption of duties, selflessly defends the Brest Fortress. The hero goes through a cruel school of maturity and spiritual growth, goes through fear and despair, becoming the hero of his Fatherland.

3) L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

The men Karp and Vlas not only refuse to sell hay to the French, but also burn everything that is left of the population and could be useful to the enemy.

They take up arms and join the partisans.

4) M.Yu Lermontov “Motherland”

The lyrical hero talks about his love for the Fatherland, admiring its rivers, seas and the charm of Russian villages. The hero admits: "...I love why, I don’t know myself..." It can be assumed that his connection with the Motherland is the result of a spiritual relationship with it, closeness to the life of a simple Russian person.

5) S. Yesenin “Go away, my dear Rus'”

Here we see an image lyrical hero, in love with the nature of his homeland. It is in her that he finds his joy, it is she who helps him to feel a deep and pure love for his native land.

6) A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

Pyotr Grinev shows himself to be a brave, courageous young man who passionately loves his homeland. He risks everything by refusing to swear allegiance to Pugachev, he is a true patriot!