He described the most diverse types of landowners who lived in contemporary Russia. At the same time, he tried to clearly show their life, morals and vices. All landowners are depicted satirically, forming a unique art gallery. Arriving in the city of NN, the main character met many new people. All of them, basically, were either successful landowners or influential officials, since Chichikov had a plan to earn a large fortune. He described five families most colorfully, so it is by their characteristics that we can judge the people with whom the hero dealt.
This is, first of all, the good-natured and “sweet as sugar” landowner Manilov. Everything about him seems perfect, from the way he presents himself to his sweet tone. In fact, behind this mask hides a boring and lazy person who is of little interest in his household. For two years now he has been reading the same book, on the same page. The servants drink, the housekeeper steals, the kitchen cooks carelessly. He himself does not know who works for him and for how long. Against the backdrop of this decline, the gazebo called “Temple of Solitary Reflection” looks rather strange. Chichikov’s request to sell “dead souls” seems illegal to him, but he is unable to refuse such a “pleasant” person, so he easily gives him the list of peasants for free.
Having been in Manilovka, the main character goes to Nastasya Petrovna Korobochka. This is an elderly widow living in a small village and regularly running her household. Korobochka has many advantages. She is skillful and organized, her farm, although not rich, is thriving, the peasants are educated and focused on results. By nature, the housewife is thrifty and thrifty, but at the same time stingy, stupid and stupid. Selling to Chichikov " dead souls", she worries all the time not to sell herself too cheap. Nastasya Petrovna knows all her peasants by name, which is why she doesn’t keep a list. In total, eighteen peasants died. She sold them to the guest like lard, honey or cereal.
Immediately after Korobochka, the hero visited the reckless Nozdryov. This is a young widower of about thirty-five who loved cheerful and noisy companies. Outwardly, he is well built, radiant in health and looks younger than his age. He manages the farm poorly, as he is never at home a day, has little interest in children, and even less in peasants. The only thing that he always has in excellent condition is his kennel, as he is an avid hunter. In fact, he was a “historical” person, since not a single meeting was complete without his intervention. He liked to lie, use swear words and spoke abruptly, without bringing any topic to the end. At first, Chichikov thought that it would be easy to bargain with him for the “souls” of the peasants, but here he was mistaken. Nozdryov is the only landowner who left him with nothing and, in addition, almost beat him.
From Nozdryov, Gogol's businessman went to Sobakevich, a man who, with his clumsiness and massiveness, resembles a bear. The village in which he lived was huge, and the house was awkward. But at the same time, Sobakevich is a good business executive. All his houses and huts are built from good wood. Knowing his peasants well and being a smart merchant, he immediately guesses why Chichikov came and makes a deal to his advantage. I visited Sobakevich and back side. As a serf owner, he was quite rude, uncouth and cruel. This character is incapable of expressing emotional experiences and will never miss his benefits.
The landowner Plyushkin seemed the strangest to Chichikov, according to appearance whom it was difficult to determine which class he belonged to. He looked like an old, grumpy housekeeper with shifty eyes and a cap on her head. The men called the owner “Patched” among themselves. In fact, Plyushkin was very rich. Thousands of peasants worked for him, his house once flourished, but after the death of his wife it fell into disrepair. He was always a thrifty landowner, but over time he turned into a real miser who hoarded all unnecessary rubbish, wore cast-offs and ate only crackers. He sincerely rejoiced at Chichikov’s offer as an opportunity to earn an extra penny.
So colorfully the writer described five images of landowners, revealing the five stages of human degradation and hardening of the soul. From Manilov to Plyushkin we observe a picture of the gradual extinction of the human in man. Both in the image of Chichikov buying up “dead souls” and in the description of the landowners, the author most likely expressed anxiety and worries for the future of the country and humanity as a whole.
An essay based on the work Dead Souls by Gogol: The plot about “dead souls” in the shower is good. because it gives you complete freedom to travel around with the hero. Chichikov's unity with the gallery of landowner images is expressed in another. despite the existence in it of “ladies pleasant in all respects. Litra.RU: Gallery of landowners in N.V. Gogol’s poem “ Dead Souls» Dead Souls Gogol N.V. Download the essay. Manilov is a parody of the hero of sentimental novels, and his groundless dreams and... Let us note: all landowners before Plyushkin have no past. ...could not attract the author of “Dead Souls” where the hero meanders through the provinces. Nozdryov is most like Manilov: they are related.
Gallery of landowners in N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls.
An essay based on the work Dead Souls by Gogol: Images of Living and Dead Souls in Gogol’s poem. For her, as for all landowners, serfs are a commodity. The central character of the poem, Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov, is typical. What he has in common with the masters of life is the meanness and vulgarity of his nature. The general meaning of images of landowners, techniques of satirical depiction. #9830 How are landowners different and what do they have in common? this hero, until the last chapter of the first volume, remains a mystery to everyone - not only to him. An example of an essay on the topic: The image of Chichikov in the novel “Dead Souls.”
"Dead Souls" is a novel called a poem. A permanent resident of all anthologies on Russian literature. A work of classics that is as topical and relevant today as it was a century and a half ago.
“Try to remember in detail the plot and ending of Dubrovsky,” one of the researchers noted. “It’s much more difficult than forgetting at least one landowner from Dead Souls.” Indeed, in developing the characters of the poem, Gogol showed unprecedented skill.
Manilov, Sobakevich, Nozdrev, Korobochka, Plyushkin.
These names have become household names. Such a listing of them looks somehow unnatural: is it possible to put such different characters on the same page? Let's try to give brief description landowners from "Dead Souls".
Manilov is a philanthropist, projector, and slacker. Sobakevich is a misanthrope, a fist, a burnout. Nozdryov is a swindler, gambler, spendthrift. Korobochka is a prude, a dumbass. Plyushkin is a miser, a misanthrope, a hoarder. What different characteristics, right?
In my opinion, the characters of the landowners are described in such a way that they form pairs of opposites: Manilov - Sobakevich, Nozdrev - Plyushkin. The only landowner in the poem, Korobochka, looks like an intermediate link between them.
It would be natural if the negative traits of one character were balanced positive features another. But Gogol does not do this: Manilov’s empty philanthropy is opposed by Sobakevich’s obvious misanthropy, Nozdryov’s wild extravagance is opposed by Plyushkin’s insane passion for hoarding. Each landowner is a kind of moralizing illustration, a “passion man,” that is, the embodiment of an individual negative quality. In uh....
Sections: Literature
- Summarize students' knowledge about landowners poems, to identify in them what is typical, what unites them into the gallery of dead souls, the modern meaning of such concepts as “Manilovism”, “Nozdryovism” and others;
- Show the educational meaning of the poem;
- Continue to develop the ability to convincingly defend your own opinion.
Equipment:
- Portrait of N.V. Gogol.
- Portraits of landowners.
- Critics' statements.
Forms of work. Various models available joint activities: collective, group, individual.
Indeed, each of us
whatever it is good man,
if he examines himself with that impartiality,
with which he delves into others, -
then he will certainly find it in himself,
in more or less degree,
many of the elements of many of Gogol's heroes.
V.G. Belinsky
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
II. Work on the topic:
The topic of today's lesson is “Gallery of images of landowners in N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls”. The word “gallery” in a figurative meaning means “a long row, a string of types,” which means that the goal of our lesson is to find what is common to N.V. Gogol’s landowners, to answer the question of why they are united in one gallery of types, although Each of the landowners Chichikov meets has his own, sharply defined individuality. We are also familiar with the concept of “type”. A type is an image containing character traits any group of people. When using the word “type,” we mean that property of a character that allows us to see many familiar people in him. This has a direct bearing on the heroes of Dead Souls.
V.G. Belinsky wrote: “Indeed, each of us, no matter how good a person he is, if he delves into with the impartiality with which he delves into others, he will certainly find in himself, to a greater or lesser extent, many of the elements many of Gogol’s heroes.”
Thus, the heroes of N.V. Gogol have, on the one hand, universal significance, on the other hand, they are landowners of a certain era and representatives of broad strata of feudal Russia.
1. So, what, in your opinion, unites all the landowners depicted by N.V. Gogol? (Students' answers)
2. You presented different opinions on what unites landowners. Information about the techniques that Gogol uses to reveal the images of landowners will help deepen your knowledge.
All portraits of landowners are given in chapters arranged in a certain order. What is the point of this arrangement of chapters?
Manilov
Box
Nozdryov
Sobakevich
Plyushkin
Do negative qualities gradually increase in the characters? Or are they, the heroes, presented to the reader according to the principle of contrast? Sentimental Manilov is the grounded Korobochka, the collector Korobochka is the spender Nozdryov, the fist Sobakevich and the hole in humanity Plyushkin:
Manilov – Korobochka
Box – Nozdryov
Sobakevich – Plyushkin
Sample answer: Gogol gives these chapters in a certain order. The economicless landowner Manilov (Chapter 2) is replaced by the dreamy hoarder Korobochka (Chapter 3), the careless playmaker Nozdryov (Chapter 4) is replaced by the tight-fisted Sobakevich (Chapter 5). This gallery is completed by Plyushkin, a miser who brought his estate and peasants to complete ruin. Even the strong farms of Korobochka and Sobakevich are in fact unviable, since such forms of farming have already become obsolete.
The “portrait chapters” show even more clearly the picture of the moral decline of the landowner class. From an idle dreamer living in the world of his dreams Manilov to the club-headed Korobochka, from her to the reckless spendthrift, liar and cheater Nozdryov, then to the hardened fist Sobakevich and, finally, to the one who has lost everything moral qualities Gogol leads us to Plyushkin (“a hole in humanity”), showing the increasing moral decline and decomposition of representatives of the landowner world.
3. We found out how composition helps to understand the characters’ characters and their spiritual declaration.
4. But the speech of the heroes also perfectly characterizes the landowners. Gogol uses speech characterization as a method of sharpening characters.
Answer from pre-prepared students: Gogol has a multi-layered characterization of his heroes: through his things, through his attitude towards people, through his own speech. Manilov's speech is striking in its emptiness of content. Here is one of the samples of his speech: “Of course, it would be a different matter if the neighborhood were good, if, for example, there was a person with whom in some way you could talk about courtesy, about good treatment, follow some kind of science so that it would stir the soul, it would, so to speak, give the guy something…”. Manilov's speech is similar to himself. The same sweet, vague, meaningless.
Korobochka’s speech is primitive in content and form, full of words and phrases of rural vernacular: theirs, underwear, nothing, manenko, how it was to sleep, sip some tea, hide your taunts, butter up the assessor. Characteristic is the cordial “father,” “my father,” with which she addresses Chichikov like a hospitable hostess. Her speech is characterized by intonations of complaint and uncertainty, natural in an old-world landowner who feels that living conditions are changing.
Nozdryov's speech, like himself, is characterized by swiftness and uncontrollability. His words run after each other, without any obligatory connection, without any logic: “... Lieutenant Kuvshinnikov... Oh, brother, what a lovely man!... This, brother, will go to galbik, and to banchishka, and to everything you want . Eh, Chichikov, why should you come? Really, you're a sucker for this, you cattle breeder! Kiss me, soul, death I love you!...”
Nozdryov’s words are without internal censorship - like himself, without internal control.
Sobakevich's speech presents a sharp contrast to the speech of Manilov and Nozdryov. Sobakevich says “how he chops.” His remarks are laconic, his words and expressions are frankly rude. He does not tolerate verbosity, vague phrases, or inaccuracy in expressions. In response to Chichikov’s long speech about “non-existent” souls, Sobakevich, “without the slightest surprise, as if they were talking about bread,” asked: “Do you need dead souls? If you please, I’m ready to sell.”
Plyushkin's speech resembles continuous grumbling. Except for those cases when Plyushkin expresses his joy over an unexpected successful deal and a few more remarks imbued with human feelings, his speech is continuous complaints: complaints about poverty, about servants, about runaways, about relatives. His speech is peppered with swear words: what a face, he’s as stupid as a tree; fool, swindler, scoundrel, robbers; The devils will get you, you shameless parasites. At the same time, when speaking about inanimate objects, Plyushkin often uses diminutive and affectionate nouns: liqueur, decanter, glass, money, register. It is quite natural that the language of a landowner, who has been communicating with peasants for many years, is full of colloquial words and expressions: they beat, hefty fig, stuffed, poditka, ehva, I’ll take it down already.
5. So we have seen how composition and speech characteristic help Gogol to deeper reveal the characters’ characters, to show their complete impoverishment of soul. And taking into account what has already been said, let’s return to the question with which we began the lesson: what unites the landowners depicted by Gogol? I hope your initial opinions have also deepened.
Sample answer: They appeared before the reader as merchants with peasants. The fact that they trade not real, but dead souls does not soften the severity of the scenes depicted by Gogol. On the contrary, it increases this severity. It turns out that all landowners, including such “nice” ones as Manilov, are ready not only to trade people, but also to make very dubious deals.
All of them are representatives of a class that occupies a high, leading role in society. They must be educated, enlightened, active, intelligent people and care about the interests of society.
In fact, we are faced with ignorant, narrow-minded ordinary people, whose lives are spent in empty chatter or empty activity (complete lack of spirituality, lack of high motives, dulling of all human feelings, lack of socially useful activities). They are all dead souls.
6. This is our conclusion. How did critics answer this question? Critics are divided on this issue. Some believe that “not a shadow of goodness, not a single bright thought, not a single human feeling is in them.” ( G.A.Gukovsky. Gogol's realism. 1959.)
Others argue that Gogol's heroes are neither virtuous nor vicious. These are “ordinary”, “average” people, but recreated with a unique – Gogol’s – “brightness, strength and size”; they are vulgar, but, according to these critics, in the first half of the 19th century the word “vulgar” meant “ordinary”; Gogol showed “the ordinariness of an ordinary person.”
(V.V. Kozhinov. Gogol's poem. 1995)
“Gogol takes Chichikov through the gauntlet of truly Russian people, each of whom is an epic figure. And Manilov, and Sobakevich, and Korobochka, and Plyushkin - they all came from the world of fairy tales. It is easy to recognize them as Koshchei the Immortal or Baba Yaga. ...Majestic in their passions and vices...these epic heroes represent Rus' as a fabulous, wonderful, absurd country. Madness replaces common sense and sober calculation. There is no norm here - only exceptions. Here every little thing is important and mysterious.” (P.L. Weil, A.A. Genis. Native speech. 1991)
Student responses: “I think these are ordinary people who still live today. Plyushkin and Korobochka are stingy to varying degrees; Manilov and Nozdrev are dreamers who do not know how to make their dreams come true, so they lie to elevate themselves in society. And Sobakevich is a person who thinks only about himself and his own benefit.”
“I agree with the opinion of Weil and Genis, because I also see fairy-tale images in Gogol’s landowners: Plyushkin - Koschey the Immortal; Box – Baba Yaga; Sobakevich - Bear, who came out of a Russian fairy tale; Manilov - the cat Bayun, luring him into his sleepy kingdom; Nozdryov is the epic Nightingale the Robber. The names of Gogol's heroes, like fairy-tale characters, have become household names. Just like the heroes of fairy tales, Gogol's landowners are simple and understandable to the reader, who seems to be returning to childhood when reading about the evil Koshchei or the clumsy Mikhail Potapych. As in fairy tales, the environment in the characters’ homes also plays an important role. For example, Korobochka’s house, which contains potions and decoctions, in our imagination immediately becomes Baba Yaga’s hut, and Plyushkin’s house, with its mustiness, dampness, and dust, becomes the palace of Kashchei the Immortal.”
(Students prepared the answer to this question as a homework assignment.
Answers that coincided with the traditional point of view are not presented here.)
7. Gogol himself also speaks about the typicality of his heroes in lyrical digressions. (Speech by a previously prepared student)
8. The fact that Gogol’s characters are typical of that time is confirmed by Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin”. Let us remember the scene of the guests arriving at Tatyana Larina’s name day:
With his portly wife
Fat Pustyakov arrived;
Gvozdin, an excellent owner,
Owner of poor men;
The Skotinins, the gray-haired couple,
With children of all ages, counting
From thirty to two years;
District dandy Petushkov,
My cousin, Buyanov,
In down, in a cap with a visor
(As you know him, of course)
And retired lieutenant Flyanov,
Heavy gossip, old rogue,
Glutton, bribe-taker and buffoon.
How are Gogol's heroes similar to the characters in Pushkin's novel? ( Students' answersc)
9. But it turns out that in modern society such types of people as the heroes of N.V. Gogol are alive. What is the modern meaning of the images of landowners “Dead Souls”? (Students' answers)
III. Final words from the teacher.
So, guys, today in class there was a conversation about typicality Gogol's heroes for that time and for ours, it is not without reason that the epigraph is the words of V.G. Belinsky. Your opinions are divided, and rightly so: as many people, as many opinions.
I wish you were not like these heroes.
In Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls,” the main character Chichikov successively visits five different landowners: Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdryov, Sobakevich and Plyushkin. At the same time, there is a gradual deterioration personal qualities from first to last. Why did the author place the landowners in this order in his work?
The first landowner on Chichikov's path was Manilov. The first thing a guest sees is the condition of the estate. In this village it was deplorable: although there are many huts, they are all gray and monotonous.
Speaking about the house, one gets the impression that it was built thoughtlessly, without the participation of the owner himself. The walls of the rooms were painted in inconspicuous, grayish colors, not a single detail stood out from the overall picture. The office was no exception. Manilov himself, like his house, had nothing remarkable in his character. This is a polite, hospitable, courteous person who, unfortunately, does not have his own special qualities and interests. All the ideas of this person end only in words and are never translated into reality. When Chichikov invited him to sell him dead souls, his only reaction was surprise and fear. But having no ambitions, the landowner simply gives away the “peasants”. Like any other landowner in this poem, Manilov has a “speaking” surname. At first glance, people like him really attract people. But the more you get to know them, the more you become disappointed in them. But despite all Manilov’s shortcomings, he still retained his love for people and sociability, which puts him in first place among the rest.
The next landowner the main character ends up with is Korobochka. Although her village is small, especially compared to the estates of other landowners, it gives the impression of prosperity: well-built houses, a lot of livestock. The master's house is small; luxury is not important for this mistress. But the interior is filled with a variety of seemingly unnecessary things. But for this person everything has value, because Korobochka runs her own household. For her, everything should be in its place, everything should be profitable. Therefore, during the trade with Chichikov, Korobochka tried to extract maximum benefit from something she doesn’t even know about, and also sell her goods for one thing. The main goal in the landowner’s life is to accumulate wealth; even her last name suggests that she likes to put everything in a “box.” Compared to this, everything else fades into the background, even if it is the fate or life of a person. Therefore, Korobochka appears in a worse light than the uninterested Manilov.
The third landowner is Nozdryov. Chichikov got to his estate, unlike the others, with the landowner himself. The possessions were not large, but the owner constantly tried to exaggerate them in his stories. The peasants hardly see their landowner at home: he is always away somewhere and always returns suddenly. Therefore, the serfs were already accustomed to some freedom in their actions. A house without permanent residents has no comfort and warmth. Nozdryov’s office strongly reflects his character: a chaotic collection of unrelated, but valuable things in themselves. This person quickly changes his interests and hobbies. Its main feature is gambling. Often Nozdryov lost everything he could. Therefore, having received an offer to buy from Chichikov, he tries to reduce everything to satisfying his interest: getting excitement. Nozdryov's surname suits his character perfectly: his entire fortune can disappear as easily as the air he exhales. In addition, this person has a very specific hobby: changing or selling something. With his fickle, flighty disposition, Nozdryov deserves his place among other landowners.
The penultimate landowner whom Chichikov meets is Sobakevich. His village makes a good impression: everything is built well, solidly, and practically. The landowner's house itself is no exception: it is rough, but built certainly conveniently in all respects. The landowner himself is no different from his home: he has rough, expressionless facial features and a large build. Main character very accurately compared it to an animal - a bear. Unlike Manilov, Sobakevich spoke very harshly of almost everyone. For him, everyone around him is a “swindler.” When Chichikov expressed his request to Sobakevich, he was not even surprised. It doesn't matter to him what is being bargained for. The main thing is to benefit. Sobakevich - too speaking surname. This person, like a chained dog, constantly “barks” with someone. The main hobby of this landowner is running his farm. But human life for him is no more important than material wealth. Therefore, among all the landowners, Sobakevich occupies almost the last place in terms of his personal qualities.
And at the “last circle of hell” the main character meets Plyushkin. The village of Plyushkina presents a pitiful sight: the houses are all cracked and draughty, everything seems abandoned and uninhabited. Plyushkin's house fully reflects its essence: complete disorder and disrepair. The interior of the house resembled a vast dump of a variety of useless things. The landowner himself was a man who had completely lost his appearance: he dressed in whatever he could, and did not want to see anyone. But his most obvious feature is bottomless greed and a thirst for collecting. The main character managed to play on his character - Plyushkin saw a benefit for himself in selling the peasants, so he was incredibly happy. And this man didn’t even think about what selling the dead meant. In the past, Plyushkin was a completely happy family man. But as he lost his family, he became rude and dry. And from a soft bun it finally turned into a stale cracker. His main hobby remained only collecting: he even deliberately walked around his own village and took everything he saw into his house. It is easy to see that compared to other landowners, Plyushkin has the most insignificant and repulsive personality.