Concept- this is the main form of human thinking, establishing an unambiguous interpretation of a particular term, expressing the most essential aspects, properties or characteristics of the defined object (phenomenon). The basic concepts of the theory of physical education include: 1) physical education, 2) physical development, 3) physical training, 4) physical perfection, 5) sports.
1. Physical education– this is a type of education, the specific content of which is: training in movements, education of physical qualities, mastery of special physical education knowledge and the formation of a conscious need for physical education classes.
Movement training has physical education as its content. Physical education is the systematic development by a person of rational ways to control his movements, thus acquiring the necessary fund of motor skills, skills and related knowledge in life. By mastering motor actions, students acquire the ability to rationally and fully demonstrate their physical qualities and learn the patterns of their body movements.
According to the degree of mastery, the technique of motor action can be performed in two forms: in the form of a motor skill and in the form of a motor skill. Therefore, instead of the phrase training in motor actions, the term formation of motor skills is often used.
Education of physical qualities- is an equally essential aspect of physical education. Purposeful management of the progressive development of strength, speed, endurance, flexibility and agility affects the complex of natural properties of the body and thereby determines quantitative and qualitative changes in its functional capabilities.
All physical qualities are innate, that is, they are given to a person in the form of natural inclinations that need to be developed and improved. And when the process of natural development acquires a specially organized, that is, pedagogical character, then it is more correct to speak not of development, but of “education of physical qualities.”
2. Physical development- this is the process of formation, formation and subsequent change throughout the life of an individual of the morphofunctional properties of the body, taking place according to the laws of age-related development, the interaction of genetic factors and environmental factors.
Physical development is characterized by changes in three groups of indicators:
Physique indicators (body length, body weight, posture, volumes and shapes of individual parts of the body, amount of fat deposits, etc.).
Health indicators (criteria) reflecting morphological and functional changes in the physiological systems of the human body. The functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous systems, digestive and excretory organs, thermoregulation mechanisms, etc. are of decisive importance for human health.
Indicators of the development of physical qualities (strength, speed abilities, endurance, etc.). Until approximately 25 years of age (the period of formation and growth), most morphological indicators increase in size and body functions improve. Then, until the age of 45–50, physical development seems to be stabilized at a certain level. Subsequently, as we age, the functional activity of the body gradually weakens and deteriorates, body length may decrease, muscle mass and so on.
The ability to expediently influence the process of physical development, optimize it, directing the individual along the path of physical improvement is realized in physical education.
Along with the term “physical education,” the term “physical training” is used. The term “physical training” is used when they want to emphasize the applied orientation of physical education in relation to sports, labor and other activities.
3. Physical training- is the result of the use of physical exercises, embodied in the achieved performance and in the formed motor skills and abilities necessary in a certain activity, or contributing to its development.
There are general physical training (GPP) and special physical training (SPP).
general physical preparation- aimed at increasing the level of physical development, broad motor readiness as prerequisites for success in various activities.
Special physical training- a specialized process that promotes success in a specific motor activity (in a particular sport, profession, etc.), placing specialized requirements on a person’s motor abilities.
4. Physical perfection- this is a historically conditioned ideal of physical development and physical fitness of a person, optimally meeting the requirements of life.
The most important specific indicators of a physically perfect person of our time are:
1) good health, which ensures a person quickly adapts to various, including unfavorable, living, working, and everyday conditions;
2) high physical performance, allowing to achieve significant special performance;
3) proportionally developed physique, correct posture;
4) comprehensively and harmoniously developed physical qualities;
5) possession of a rational technique of basic vital movements, as well as the ability to quickly master new motor actions.
5. Sport- represents competitive activity, special preparation for it, as well as specific relationships and achievements in the field of this activity.
A characteristic feature of sports is competitive activity, a specific form of which is competitions that allow one to identify, compare and contrast human capabilities on the basis of clear regulation of the actions of competitors, the conditions for their implementation and methods for assessing achievements according to established rules in each sport.
Special preparation for competitive activity is carried out in the form of sports training.
PHYSICAL PERFECTION (from the Greek physis - nature) - the optimal level of development of a person’s physical qualities and abilities, determined by a historically specific society, aimed at achieving socially significant goals; one of the most important characteristics of the harmonious development of personality. The concept of "F. With." to various historical eras changed, acquiring different content depending on the nature of social relations and the type of social ideal determined by them. In the era of ancient democracy, physical development free man was a necessary condition for educating a warrior and a citizen. During the period of disintegration of the slaveholding society and with the advent of mercenary troops, physical development ceases to be the goal of public education and becomes a private matter. Christian doctrine of asceticism, for a long time defining social consciousness, practically excluded the requirement for physical improvement of a person. Outstanding humanists of the past (F. Rabelais, M. Montaigne, Rousseau), and especially utopian socialists (C. Fourier, C. A. Saint-Simon, R. Owen), gave formation of F. s., but this process was associated primarily with play activities. Only Marxism, having revealed the actual conditions for the emancipation of labor, also determined the conditions under which F. s. is put forward among the tasks of social practice. In the socialist society, physical education acts as a generalized goal of the entire system of physical education of the people and at the same time appears as an integral part of the communist aesthetic ideal, since, firstly, it serves as a norm, model, goal and, secondly, it is embodied in concrete sensual image. The concept of "F. With." expresses certain ideas about bodily beauty, plastic freedom and human health; these ideas themselves are formed in the practice of active physical education, in the process of physical education. Specific forms of achieving F. s. and are perceived as phenomena of an aesthetic order. Image of F. s. acquires the dignity of beauty to the extent that it, in its sensually concrete integrity, acts as a humanistic value that contributes to the harmonious development of the individual, expanding the boundaries of freedom of society and the individual. The achievement of socialism is precisely that it not only discovered the beauty of a free person, including in terms of plastic and motor, but also made this freedom the property of everyone. It is natural that the CPSU Program indicates the need to carry out purposeful work to “form a harmoniously developed, socially active personality, combining spiritual wealth, moral purity and physicality.” As an aesthetic ideal that expresses our ideas about beauty in the physical appearance of a person, F. s. becomes one of the guidelines in the system of socialist values. At the same time, it appears as a process of physical education aimed at revealing a person’s creative potential.
Aesthetics: Dictionary. - M.: Politizdat. Under general ed. A. A. Belyaeva. 1989 .
See what “PHYSICAL PERFECTION” is in other dictionaries:
Physical perfection- the highest degree of harmonious physical development (See Physical development) and comprehensive physical fitness of a person, optimally meeting the requirements of labor and other spheres of life. Achievement of F. s. on a scale... ...
physical perfection- fizinis tobulumas statusas T sritis Kūno kultūra ir sportas apibrėžtis Aukščiausias asmens kūno kultūros lygis, idealas. atitikmenys: engl. physical excellence; physical perfection vok. physical perfection, f; physische Vollkommenheit, f rus.… …Sporto terminų žodynas
PHYSICAL PERFECTION- a historically determined level of physical development, health and motor fitness of a person, providing him with the best adaptability to life and work... Psychomotorics: dictionary-reference book
Physical perfection- In the broad sense of the word, there is a target essence of physical culture, which is the result purposeful formation harmoniously developed human body... Adaptive physical culture. Concise encyclopedic dictionary
perfection- , a, cf. * “Physical perfection.” The name of the GTO badge /V degree. ◘ IV degree badge [GTO] “Physical perfection”. Youth, 1972, No. 4, 100 ... Dictionary language of the Council of Deputies
Physical development- the process of change, as well as the totality of the morphological and functional properties of the organism. F.r. human condition is determined by biological factors (heredity, the relationship of functional and structural, gradual quantitative and... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Physical education- purposeful development of a person’s physical abilities, motor skills and abilities, contributing to his physical perfection as an integral quality of a comprehensively developed personality (see Comprehensive personality development). Physical... ... Scientific communism: Dictionary
PERFECTION- a concept that expresses the idea of a certain higher standard with which the goals and results of a person’s efforts are correlated. In natural language, S. can be understood as the practical suitability of a thing for certain purposes, achievement... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
Ready for work and defense of the USSR- This term has other meanings, see Ready for work and defense. The "GTO" request is redirected here; see also other meanings. “Ready for Labor and Defense” (GTO) physical education program in general education,... ... Wikipedia
GTO sign- The “GTO” request is redirected here. See also other meanings. GTO “Ready for Labor and Defense” is a physical training program in general education, professional and sports organizations in the USSR, fundamental in a unified and supported ... Wikipedia
Books
- The path to strength and health, Georg Hackenschmidt. Contents: Memories of Hackenschmidt Introduction Chapter I. Exercises for young and old Chapter II. We must be strong Chapter III. Opinions of famous athletes about training Chapter IV.…
Physical development is the process of changing the natural morphofunctional properties of the body during an individual’s life.
This process is characterized by the following indicators:
1. Indicators that characterize the biological forms or morphology of a person (body size, body weight, posture, amount of fat deposits).
2. Indicators of functional changes in the physiological systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular systems, digestive and excretory organs, etc.).
3. Indicators of the development of physical qualities (strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, coordination abilities).
Each period of life has its own indicators of physical development. They can reflect processes of progressive development (up to 25 years), followed by stabilization of forms and functions (up to 45-50 years), and then involutional changes (aging process). Physical development is determined by many factors, both biological and social. This process is controlled. Depending on the totality of factors and conditions, physical development can be comprehensive, harmonious or disharmonious, and the aging process can be delayed.
Physical development is determined by the laws of: heredity; age gradation; unity of the organism and the environment (climatogeographic, social factors); the biological law of exercise and the law of the unity of forms and functions of the body.
Indicators of physical development have great importance to assess the quality of life of a particular society. The level of physical development, along with such indicators as fertility, mortality, and morbidity, is one of the indicators of the social health of the nation.
Physical development is manageable. Through physical exercise, various types sports, rational nutrition, work and rest regime, you can change the above indicators of physical development in the necessary direction. The basis for managing physical development is the biological law of exercise and the law of the unity of the forms and functions of the body.
Meanwhile, physical development is to a certain extent determined by the laws of heredity, which must be taken into account as factors that favor or, on the contrary, hinder the physical improvement of a person.
The process of physical development also obeys the law of age gradation. Therefore, it is possible to intervene in this process in order to control it only taking into account the characteristics and capabilities of the body at different age periods: formation and growth, highest development forms and functions, aging.
In addition, physical development is associated with the law of unity of the organism and the environment and depends on human living conditions, including the geographical environment. Therefore, when choosing means and methods of physical education, it is necessary to take into account the influence of these laws.
Physical development is closely related to human health. Health acts as a leading factor that determines not only the harmonious development young man, but also the success of mastering the profession, the fruitfulness of his future professional activity, which constitutes general well-being in life.
Physical fitness is the result of physical training, embodied in the achieved performance, the level of development of physical qualities and the level of formation of vital and applied skills.
Physical training is the process of forming motor skills and developing physical abilities (qualities) necessary for specific professional or sports activities.
Physical perfection is a historically determined ideal of a person’s physical development and physical fitness, optimally meeting the requirements of life. Society in its historical development made various demands on the physical improvement of man. It follows that there is not and cannot be a single ideal of physical perfection.
Physical perfection in different time has different physiological characteristics and depends on socio-economic conditions.
In recent times, physical perfection implied three parameters: spiritual purity; moral perfection; physical harmonious and optimal development.
The most important specific indicators of a physically perfect person of our time are:
1. Good health, providing a person with the ability to quickly adapt to various conditions.
2. High general physical performance
3. Proportionally developed physique, correct posture
4. Possession of rational technique of basic vital movements
5. Comprehensively and harmoniously developed physical qualities, excluding one-sided human development.
6. Physical education, i.e. possession of special knowledge and skills to use one’s body and physical abilities in life, work and sports.
Physical Culture- an integral part of culture, region social activities, representing a set of spiritual and material values created and used by society for the purpose of physical development of a person, strengthening his health and improving his physical activity.
Physical education - pedagogical process, aimed at the formation of a healthy, physically spiritually perfect, morally stable younger generation, strengthening health, increasing efficiency, creative longevity and prolonging human life (K. D. Chermit, 2005).
Physical education- this is a type of education, the specific content of which is teaching movements, nurturing physical qualities, mastering special physical education knowledge and forming a conscious need for physical education activities (L.P. Matveev, 1991).
The development of physical qualities is an essential aspect of physical education. In the process of physical education, a wide range of physical education and sports knowledge of sociological, hygienic, medical-biological and methodological content is acquired. Knowledge makes the process of physical exercise more meaningful and therefore more effective. Physical education is a process of solving certain educational problems, which has all the characteristics of the pedagogical process. A distinctive feature of physical education is that it ensures the systematic formation of motor abilities and skills and the targeted development of a person’s physical qualities, the totality of which decisively determines his physical capacity.
Physical development- the process of formation, formation and subsequent change throughout the life of an individual of the morphofunctional properties of his body and the physical qualities and abilities based on them.
Indicators of physical development: 1) morphological (body length and weight, posture, amount of fat deposits, etc.); 2) physiological systems (parameters of the activity of the cardiovascular, respiratory and other systems); 3) development of conditioned motor qualities (speed, endurance, flexibility, strength).
Physical perfection- this is a historically conditioned ideal of physical development, physical fitness, optimally meeting the requirements of life.
Physical perfection means: 1) proportional to the development of the physique; 2) harmonious development of physical qualities; 3) high level physical performance; 4) high level of adaptation to unfavorable environmental conditions; 5) mastery of rational techniques of vital movements and the ability to master new motor actions; 6) education in the field of FC.
Optimization of physical development follows the path of achieving ever higher levels of physical perfection. Concept “ physical perfection” generalizes ideas about the optimal measure of harmonious physical development and comprehensive physical fitness of a person. Moreover, it is implied that this measure optimally meets the requirements of labor and other spheres of his life, expresses a fairly high degree of development of individual physical talent and meets the patterns of long-term preservation of good health. The specific historical nature of physical perfection lies in the fact that its actual features (signs, indicators, etc.) are determined by the real needs and living conditions of society at each given historical stage
and therefore change as society develops. This implies,
in particular, that there is not and cannot be some unchanging ideal of physical perfection, just as there are not and cannot be unchangeable benchmarks for it.
Sport
In modern systems of physical education, sport occupies an increasingly prominent place. This is explained by a number of reasons, but primarily by the special effectiveness of sport as a means and method of physical education, its popularity, the broadest development of international sports relations in recent decades, the steadily increasing general cultural and prestigious significance of sport in modern world.
Sport, as a form of physical culture, also has a positive effect on people’s health (N.I. Ponomarev 1996; A. Hardman 1996; etc.).
However, studies have shown that modern stage
In Russia, a partial reorientation of physical culture took place. In connection with this, the following negative changes were discovered: a decrease in physical culture and health-improving work at enterprises made it difficult to access physical education, especially for children and adolescents, weakened its health-improving function, which
in conditions of general deterioration of health care, it can threaten the survival of the entire people (N.A. Ponomarev, 1996).
The problem of the impact of sport on health is of great social, applied and theoretical significance. Modern research has shown that incorrect techniques, the use of prohibited procedures and drugs have a negative impact on health. However, the causes of diseases in athletes are associated not with the very essence of sport, but with certain “risk factors”, the number of which is in modern conditions is growing rapidly. These factors are grouped by the authors as follows: shortcomings in the selection system, sports orientation, admission to training and competitions, violation of the training regime and methods, non-compliance with hygiene requirements and healthy image life, shortcomings of medical and pedagogical control, lack of proper individualization of training, insufficient consideration of specific factors of individual sports (V.A. Geselevich, N.D. Graevskaya, V.G. Lioshenko, L.N. Markov, 1996). The listed “risk factors” largely indicate shortcomings in the training of physical education personnel.
In this regard, scientists are actively developing ways and strategies to overcome the crisis situation.
Achievement of scientists recent years- creation of new concepts and programs of physical education, the fundamental step of which is the rejection of unitary approaches to physical education, the creation of the possibility of choice by teaching staff own paths in implementing a healthy lifestyle. The main principles of this strategy are the adequacy of the content of physical training, individual sports and their conditions to the individual state of a person, the freedom to choose forms of physical activity in accordance with the personal inclinations of each person (V.K. Balsevich, M.Ya. Vilensky, V.I. Lyakh, A.P. Matveev, 1996, etc.). The experimentally tested concept of physical education and sports allows us to assert that creating conditions for a person to master a set of physical culture values becomes for him a powerful incentive for self-determination and self-realization in the modern world (L.I. Lubysheva, 1996).
The core of sport, the basis of its features is the specific competitive activity, that is, an activity whose characteristic form is a system of competitions, which historically developed primarily in the field of physical culture of society as a special sphere of identification, development and unified comparison of human capabilities (strengths, abilities, the ability to use them rationally). Unlike other forms of human activity, which include competition only as one of their moments or methods (in the field of production, art
etc.), competitive activity in sports is built primarily according to a specific logic, in the form of competition. At the same time, it is characterized by a special type of competitive relationship, free
in principle, from antagonism, clear regulation of the interactions of competitors, as well as unification of the composition of actions, conditions for their implementation and methods for assessing achievements according to established rules, which have now acquired the significance of international or relatively local, but fairly widely recognized norms of competition.
The immediate goal of competitive activity in sports is to achieve the highest possible result, expressed in conventional indicators of victory over an opponent or in other indicators conventionally accepted as a criterion of achievement. But its essence is never reduced to achieving purely sporting results. As an activity that affects the person himself, and as a sphere of unique interhuman contacts, it also has a deeper meaning, ultimately determined by the totality of the basic social relations in which it is included and which determine its social orientation in the specific conditions of a particular society. In its life embodiment, sport is also a person’s steady desire to expand the “boundaries” of his capabilities, realized through special training and systematic participation in competitions related to
with overcoming increasing difficulties, and the whole world emotions generated by successes and failures in this life path,
and a complex set of interhuman relations, and the most popular spectacle, and one of the most massive social movements of our time, and much more. Sport, therefore, is multifaceted. social phenomenon. In the process of its historical development, it took a prominent place in both the physical and spiritual culture of society, and its social significance continues to grow rapidly.
In a broad sense " sport" -This is the competitive activity itself, special preparation for it, specific interpersonal relationships and institutions in the sphere of this activity, its socially significant results, taken as a whole. The social value of sport lies most of all in the fact that it is a set of the most effective means and methods of physical education, one of the main forms of preparing a person for work and other socially necessary activities, and along with this, one of the important means of ethical and aesthetic education, satisfying the spiritual needs of society, strengthening and expanding international connections that promote mutual understanding, cooperation and friendship between peoples.
The special effectiveness of sport as a means and method of physical education is due to the competitive nature of sports activity, its inherent focus on the highest possible results and objective patterns of their achievement in the process of special training (the need for in-depth specialization associated with the use of training loads, increasing up to the limit, etc.) , as well as the peculiarities of organizing and stimulating sports in society (a specific system of rewards for sports achievements - from qualifying badges and titles to the highest government awards). Because of this, sport, compared to other means
and methods of physical education, allows us to ensure the highest degree of specialized development of certain abilities, skills and abilities.
In the interests of concretizing ideas about the relationship between physical education and sports, it is important, along with the above, to take into account that sport is not limited to physical education.
As already noted, it is a multifaceted social phenomenon that has independent general cultural, pedagogical, aesthetic, prestigious and other meanings. This especially applies to elite sports (the so-called “ big sport"). In addition, a number of sports are not an effective means of physical culture at all or are indirectly related to it (chess, aircraft modeling and some other sports that are not directly related to highly active motor activity).
On the other hand, physical education cannot be limited to sports only. The same features that make sport effective do not allow us to consider it as a universal means of physical education. Due to increased, often extreme demands on the functional capabilities of the body and other specific features sports activity, the inclusion of the latter in the pedagogical process is limited by a certain age, state of health and level of preliminary preparedness of the students. The physical education system includes, in addition to sports, other facilities, providing opportunities for a less “acute”, more regulated and selective impact (strictly regulated physical exercises related to basic gymnastics, relatively simple outdoor games, regulated tourism, hygienic factors and the use of external forces of nature (sun, air, water).
In addition to the general concept of “sport,” the term “type of sport” is used, meaning a type of competitive activity that is characterized by a specific subject of competition, a special composition of actions and methods of wrestling (sports technique and tactics). For example, they say that there are many species sports, about classification species sports, etc.
Control questions:
1. What is physical culture?
2. Name the basic concepts of the theory of physical education.
3. What basic concepts does the Theory of Physical Culture study?
4. What role does physical education play in a person’s life?
5. How does physical education affect physical development?
person?
6. Is there a standard for human physical perfection?
7. The concept of “sport”, its social functions.