Renaissance (XIV-XVI) is an era in the history of culture and art, reflecting the beginning of the transition from feudalism to capitalism. In classical forms, the Renaissance took shape in Western Europe, primarily in Italy, but similar processes took place in Eastern Europe and in Asia. In each country, this type of culture had its own characteristics associated with its ethnic characteristics, specific traditions, and the influence of other national cultures.

Artists of the Italian Renaissance The Renaissance is the pinnacle from which we view world culture in development, with the life and work of famous poets, artists, thinkers, writers, composers, with descriptions of outstanding creations of art.

It was focused on the revival of ancient culture; She affirmed the strength, rationality, beauty and freedom of the individual; Had a holistic and diverse understanding of man, life and culture; Art was perceived as the equivalence and equality of forms human activity; It had a pronounced democratic character, with man and nature at its center; The Renaissance had the following features:

Leonardo da Vinci

Illegitimate son a certain Sir Pierrot and a simple peasant woman. Born near the city of Vinci Since childhood, he showed equal interest in studying mechanics, astronomy, mathematics, and others natural sciences. Many of his observations anticipate the development of European science and painting by entire centuries. He died far from his homeland, in the French city of Cloux in 1519. Life, creativity, fate

All of da Vinci's works are extremely diverse; His paintings are characterized by geometric rigor of composition and a scientific approach to the anatomical structure of the human body; da Vinci invented his own method of painting - sfumato;. It is noteworthy that in many of Da Vinci’s paintings the background is a mountain landscape. Leonardo da Vinci. Portrait of Ginerva Benci

Last Supper, gg

Michelangelo Buanarroti () Above all and in everything, Michelangelo is a sculptor, but his paintings are so monumental that they can be mistaken for sculptures. The images created by Michelangelo are distinguished by their powerful physicality and anatomical precision; Being deeply religious, Michelangelo often wrote in biblical stories. But the images he created have nothing to do with the canon. He was born in 1475 and died in 1564, outliving Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael by four and a half decades, leaving the High Renaissance far behind. IN last years In his life he witnessed how the ideals of humanism were grossly trampled upon. All this deeply outraged and wounded Michelangelo’s soul.

"Pieta"(g).

The Last Judgment. Fresco. Sistine Chapel, Vatican

Tombstone of Giuliano Medici. Church of San Lorenzo, Florence

Renaissance culture

The transitional era that went between medieval and capitalist times is called in history the Renaissance or Renaissance. The historical homeland of this time is Italy.

Renaissance culture is a type of culture in which people come first. A distinctive feature of this time is the denial of divine creation and the primacy of humanity in the world.

IN Western Europe Renaissance culture moved one step faster in Asia and Eastern Europe. However, each country at this time had its own characteristics.

Stages of development of Renaissance culture

Early revival

High Renaissance

Late Renaissance

The cultural surge in this era went in parallel with the sharp development of science and crafts. The main achievements were achieved by Europe in the following areas of art:

Architecture

Painting

Poetry and literature

Philosophy

sculpture

Renaissance Painting

A characteristic feature of Renaissance painting is realism. Fundamentally art was based on the image of man and nature. During the late Renaissance, notes of mysticism were noticeable in the works of painters.

Famous Renaissance Artists

Michelangelo

Giotto da Bondone

Sandro Botticelli

Leonardo da Vinci and others.

Philosophy

Philosophy, as a science, began to develop rapidly during the Renaissance. Famous works of J-J Rousseau, Montesquieu, etc. spread the thoughts of freedom, equality, and human independence. Based on their works, there were government documents and declarations.

The well-known Shakespeare, Francesca Petrarch, Dite Alighieri and others are the founders of Italian poetry of the Renaissance. Freethinking and anthropogonism are also evident in their works.

Renaissance architecture

In the architectural buildings of this time there is a return to antiquity. The name of the era itself comes from the phrase “revival of antiquity.” A return to geometric forms, conciseness, and symmetrical buildings, as in the era of antiquity, is inherent in the Renaissance.

Famous architects of the Renaissance

Filippo Brunelleschi

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Donatello

Leon Battista Alberti, etc.

Sculpture

The development of sculpture is most clearly represented by the works of sculptors of the Pisan school, headed by Pisano, respectively. The sculptures are based on calm, flowing silhouettes, traditional motifs and subjects.

The Renaissance is the era of the highest flowering of culture, science and political thought in the history of mankind.

Renaissance, or Renaissance (French Renaissance, Italian Rinascimento) is one of the most striking eras in the history of European culture, which replaced
culture of the Middle Ages and
preceding the culture of the new
time. It got its name in
connection with the revival of interest in antiquity
art as an ideal, a model. Approximate
chronological framework of the era of the XIV-XVI centuries

Renaissance

The revival arose in
Italy. It's hard
established only in the 20s
years of the 15th century. In France,
Germany and other countries
this movement has begun
much later. By the end
XV century it reached its
highest bloom. In the XVI
century, a crisis of ideas is brewing
Renaissance, consequence
what is emergence
mannerism and baroque.

Architecture Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence. A gem of Renaissance architecture

Greatest bloom
Renaissance
architecture has survived in
Italy, leaving behind
itself two monument cities: Florence and
Venice. Above creation
buildings they worked there
great architects -
Filippo Brunelleschi,
Leon Battista Alberti,
Donato Bramante,
Giorgio Vasari and
a lot others.

Pazzi Chapel architect Brunelleschi
Dome of the Cathedral of St. Maria del
Fiore, Brunelleschi,
Rossellino, 1420-1436,
1446-1470, Florence
Palazzo Pitti architect Brunelleschi

Church
Santa Maria Novella
Alberti,
1456-1470
Florence

Palazzo
Pitty
Ammanati
Bartolomeo
1560-1565,
Florence

Sculpture

Founder
sculptures
There was a revival
Donatello. One of
his main merits -
revival so
called round
statues. This laid
foundations of development
sculptures
subsequent
time. Most
mature work
statue of David.
Saint Mark
David statue
Judith and Olifern

art

From all areas of culture, art
took first place in Italy.
Of all types of art, the first
belonged to the fine arts
art and architecture.
They are called the "Fathers" of the Renaissance
painter Masaccio, sculptor
Donatello, architect Brunelleschi.

Periods of the Early Renaissance

Period like this
called
"Early
Renaissance"
covers in
Italy time since 1420
to 1500.
Botticelli. Madonna with pomegranate.
OK. 1490

Painting. Sandro Botticelli

"Spring"
"Birth of Venus"

High Renaissance

The second period of the Renaissance - time
the most magnificent development of his style -
commonly called "High"
Renaissance", it extends to
Italy from approximately 1500 to 1580
year. At this time the center of gravity
Italian art from Florence
moves to Rome thanks to
Julius' accession to the papal throne
II. At the same time, dad and his closest
successors, Rome becomes, as it were,
new Athens of the time of Pericles: in
it creates many
monumental buildings are performed
magnificent sculptural
works, frescoes are painted and
paintings that are still considered
pearls of painting; that's all
three branches of art go well together
hand in hand, helping one another and
mutually influencing each other.
Antiquity is now being studied more
thoroughly, reproduced from
greater rigor and
consistency; calm and
dignity is established and completely
the classic imprint is on everything
creating art.

Leonardo da Vinci

Raphael

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Late Renaissance

Third period
Renaissance
extends into
Italy
approximately 3090s XVI century.
Representative
this period
is an artist
Titian

Titian

Northern Renaissance

Renaissance period in the territories of the Netherlands,
It is customary to separate Germany and France into separate
style direction with some differences
with the Renaissance in Italy, and call it “Northern
Revival".
Chateau de Chambord in France. 1519-1547.

Artists of the Northern Renaissance

Hans Baldung
Hieronymus Bosch
Pieter Bruegel
Albrecht Durer
Lucas Cranach
Hans Holbein
Jan van Eyck

Hieronymus Bosch Carrying the Cross Prodigal Son

Jan van Eyck

Portrait of Jan van Eyck
Madonna of Canon van der Paele
Madonna of Chancellor Rolin
Ghent Altarpiece
Portrait of the Arnolfini couple

Pieter Bruegel the Elder

1
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
2
3
4
5
6

Albrecht Durer

1
2
3
4
5
6

The science

Paracelsus and
Vesalius,
Jean Bodin and
Niccolo Machiavelli
Thomas More,
Tommaso
Campanello
Holbein G. Portrait of Thomas More. 1527

Philosophy

Nikolai Kuzansky
Leonardo Bruni
Marsilio Ficino
Pico della Mirandola
Lorenzo Valla
Manetti
Pietro Pomponazzi
Jean Bodin
Montaigne
Thomas More
Erasmus of Rotterdam
Martin Luther
Campanella
Giordano Bruno

Literature

Francesco Petrarch (1304-
1374
Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-
1375)
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-
1527)
Ludovico Ariosto (1474-
1533)
Torquato Tasso (1544-1595)
monuments of the era:
"Decamerone" Boccaccio, "Don
Quixote" by Cervantes, and
especially in Gargantua and
Pantagruel" Francois
Rabelais.

Music

Flemish composer of the 15th century. G. Dufay
Various genres emerge
secular musical
arts - frottola and
villanelle in italy,
Villancico in Spain, ballad
in England, madrigal, which originated
in Italy
L. Marenzio, I.
Arkadelt, Gesualdo yes
Venosa.
Josquin Despres, Orlando di
Lasso.
K. Janequin, K. Lejeune.
Renaissance
ends with the emergence of new
musical genres -
solo song, cantata,
oratorios and operas

Artistic culture of the Renaissance.

The Renaissance is one of the most striking periods in the history of the development of European culture.

Renaissance is an entire cultural era in the process of transition from the Middle Ages to modern times, during which a cultural revolution (turn, shift) took place. Fundamental changes are associated with the elimination of the ancient Christian mythological worldview. Despite the origin of the term "Renaissance", strictly speaking, there was not and could not be a revival of antiquity. A person cannot return to his past. The Renaissance, using the lessons of antiquity, introduced innovations. He did not bring back to life all ancient genres, but only those that were in tune with the aspirations of his time and culture. The Renaissance combined a new reading of antiquity with a new reading of Christianity. The Renaissance brought these two fundamental principles of European culture closer together.

The concept of "Renaissance" is multifaceted. Those arguing about it never came to a common opinion. Some consider it “paganism”, “anti-Christianity”, others, on the contrary, see Christian-Catholic elements in it, looking for its roots in Christian culture. The attitude to this problem is revealed by the worldview of the researchers themselves.

There is no generally accepted definition of the cultural phenomenon of the Renaissance. Art critics, historians, thinkers, and writers offer their explanations for this phenomenon, paying attention to various signs. If we group together many of the most common features, one can understand the cultural meaning of the Renaissance as:

— flourishing of culture;

— revolution in culture;

— transitional cultural stage;

— restoration of antiquity.

Each of these features can manifest itself independently of the Renaissance, but only their complex forms a qualitative new level culture. The European Renaissance is a time of powerful cultural flourishing and restoration of many cultural traditions of Greco-Roman antiquity; decisive cultural restructuring and transition to a new time in history European civilization.

The names of Petrarch, Boccaccio, Brunelleschi, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo can be hailed as symbols of Renaissance culture.

The main thing in the Renaissance is to highlight and establish in culture and society human personality, which results in various forms of Renaissance anthropocentrism.

The foundations of a new European sense of personality are being formed - an autonomous individualistic personality, aware of its own value, active and experiencing the need for freedom. From this moment on, the human personality, and not the world, not the whole, for the first time becomes the starting point for the formation of a system of perception of the world. This enormous change in culture occurs precisely in the Renaissance - a new way of seeing the world is formed in Italy in the first half of the 15th century. The human personality is being affirmed in culture. For the first time, this personality became isolated, separated from the world.

As a result, the whole world disintegrated into separate individualized things that began to close in on themselves. However, in the Renaissance this process was not yet completed, being limited mainly to man and extending much less to other things of the world.

The result was the movement of man to the center of the material world, gradually growing and overshadowing the higher world, and consequently, the advancement of the material world to the fore and the transformation of man himself into an active creative force in it. Anthropocentrism of the first half of the 15th century. highlighted not just the individual, but the individual as an active, active principle.

In this regard, the problem of human dignity was acutely posed, which was established within its framework quite uncompromisingly precisely in the material plane. One of the main Renaissance values ​​was the concept of “glory” as the goal towards which a person should move.

As a result of all this affirmation of the creative, active material principle, a new image man, his new type - “homo faber” - “man-creator”, “man-creator”, “man-producer”, the essence of which ultimately resulted in a capacious aphoristic formula: “man is the smith of his own happiness.”

Humanity has its own biography: infancy, adolescence and maturity. The era, which is called the Renaissance, is most likely to be likened to the period of emerging maturity with its integral romance, the search for individuality, and the struggle against the prejudices of the past. Without the Renaissance there would be no modern civilization. The art of the Renaissance arose on the basis of humanism (from Latin - “humane”) - a movement of social thought that originated in the 14th century in Italy, and then during the second half of the 15th-16th centuries. spread to other European countries. All major types of art - painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture - have changed enormously.

Creatively revised principles of the ancient order system were established in architecture, and new types of public buildings emerged. Painting has become enriched with linear and aerial perspective, knowledge of the anatomy and proportions of the human body. Earthly content penetrated into the traditional religious themes of works of art. Increased interest in ancient mythology, stories. everyday scenes, landscapes, portraits. Along with the monumental wall paintings decorating architectural structures, a picture appeared, oil painting appeared.

Art had not yet completely divorced itself from craft, but the creative individuality of the artist, whose activity at that time was extremely diverse, had already come to the fore. The universal talent of the Renaissance masters is amazing - they often worked in the fields of architecture, sculpture, painting, and combined their passion for literature. poetry and philosophy with the study of exact sciences. The concept of a creatively rich, or “Renaissance” personality subsequently became a household word.

In the art of the Renaissance, the paths of scientific and artistic comprehension of the world and man were closely intertwined. Its cognitive meaning was inextricably linked with sublime poetic beauty; in its desire for naturalness, it did not stoop to petty everyday life. Art has become a universal spiritual need.

The formation of Renaissance culture in Italy took place in economically independent cities. In the rise and flowering of Renaissance art, a large role was played by the Church and the magnificent courts of uncrowned sovereigns (ruling wealthy families) - the largest patrons and customers of works of painting, sculpture and architecture. The main centers of Renaissance culture were first the cities of Florence, Siena, Pisa, then Padua. Ferrara, Genoa. Milan and later than all, in the second half of the 15th century, the rich merchant Venice. In the 16th century, Rome became the capital of the Italian Renaissance. From this time onwards local art centers. except for Venice, have lost their former significance./data/files/s1473707573.ppt (Renaissance Culture)

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Renaissance

Renaissance, or Renaissance, is an era in the cultural history of Europe, which replaced the culture of the Middle Ages and preceded the culture of modern times. Approximate chronological framework of the era: XIV–XVI centuries. Distinctive feature Renaissance - the secular nature of culture and its interest in man and his activities. Interest in ancient culture appears, its “revival,” as it were, occurs—and that’s how the term appeared.

General characteristics The Renaissance arose in Italy, where its first signs were noticeable back in the 13th and XIV centuries, but it was firmly established only in the 20s of the 15th century. In France, Germany and other countries this movement began much later. By the end of the 15th century it reached its peak.

Early Renaissance The period of the so-called " Early Renaissance"covers in Italy the time from 1420 to 1500. During these eighty years art was still influenced by the recent past, but tried to mix into it elements borrowed from classical antiquity. Artists begin to use examples of ancient art in their works. Leonardo da Vinci. "Vitruvian Man", 1490

High Renaissance The second period of the Renaissance - the time of the most magnificent development of its style - is usually called the "High Renaissance", it lasts in Italy from approximately 1500 to 1580. At this time, the center of Italian art moved from Florence to Rome, many monumental buildings were created, magnificent sculptural works were executed, frescoes and paintings were painted, which are still considered the pearls of painting. Sandro Botticelli. Madonna with a Pomegranate, 1497

Northern Renaissance The Renaissance period in the Netherlands, Germany and France is usually identified as a separate direction and called the “Northern Renaissance”. The traditions and skills of Gothic art were preserved here for a long time; less attention was paid to research into the ancient heritage. A striking example of this period is the Chateau de Chambord. Chateau de Chambord in France, 1519-1547.

Leonardo da Vinci 1452 – 1519 Artist, poet, architect, sculptor, musician, singer Was interested in sciences: physics, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, mechanics

Fine arts Renaissance artists began to use new artistic techniques: building a three-dimensional composition, using a landscape in the background. This allowed them to make the images more realistic and animated. Leonardo da Vinci. Mona Lisa. Fragment, 1503-1505

Madonna and Child (Madonna Litta)

Last Supper

Michelangelo Buanarroti 1475 – 1564 Florentine sculptor, artist Main works - statue of David, painting of the Sistine Chapel, etc.

Statue of David Created from marble Height – 5.5 meters Work lasted 3 years

Creation of the luminaries

Raphael Santi Italian artist, architect 1483 - 1520. Famous works – Madonnas, St. Peter's Basilica in Rome

Sistine Madonna

Fine arts In the works of Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Titian, Italian painting reached its highest peak. The images they created embodied human dignity, strength, wisdom, beauty. Raphael. Madonna and Child.

Madonna Conestabile

Literature In the literature of the Renaissance, the glorification of a harmonious, free, creative, comprehensively developed personality was most fully expressed. The literature of the Renaissance was based on two traditions: folk poetry and ancient literature, therefore it was often real events combined with fantasy. This is reflected in the most famous literary work era - Miguel Cervantes' novel Don Quixote. Illustration for the novel “Don Quixote”

Literature William Shakespeare 1564 – 1616 English poet, playwright, artist

Works of Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet Othello Hamlet King Lear Twelfth Night

Architecture The main thing that characterizes this era is the return in architecture to the principles and forms of ancient art. Particular importance in this direction is given to symmetry, proportion, geometry and the order of its component parts. Renaissance architecture experienced its greatest flourishing in Italy, leaving behind two monument cities: Florence and Venice. Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence

Summary The theme of the Renaissance is rich and inexhaustible. This era of self-affirmation of man and his limitless possibilities. The achievements of the Renaissance determined the development of the entire European civilization for many years.