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Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky 1821 - 1881 The genius of Dostoevsky is undeniable; in terms of the power of visualization, his talent is equal, perhaps, only to Shakespeare M. Gorky

Man is a mystery. It needs to be solved, and if you spend your whole life solving it, don’t say you wasted your time; I deal with this mystery because I want to be a man.

The Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor in Moscow is my father’s place of work. On October 30, old style, November 11, new style, 1821, one of the greatest Russian writers, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, was born.

THE WRITER'S FATHER ACQUIRED TWO VILLAGES FOR PERSONAL USE. IN RAISING CHILDREN, THE FATHER WAS AN INDEPENDENT MAN. HE WAS AN EDUCATED, CARING FAMILY MAN, BUT HAD A HIGH CHARACTER. Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky The writer’s grandfather was a priest. The writer's father is Mikhail Andreevich. As a fifteen-year-old boy, he fled to Moscow, where he graduated from the Medical-Surgical Academy and participated in Patriotic War 1812, and from 1821 he was the chief physician at the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor in Moscow. Having risen to the rank of collegiate assessor, he received the right to hereditary nobility.

Maria Fyodorovna Dostoevskaya DOSTOEVSKY'S MOTHER, MARIA FYODOROVNA, NEE NECHAYEVA, CAME FROM THE MOSCOW MERCHANTS. CHEEPERFUL, PERFECTLY EDUCATED, SHE LOVED POETRY VERY, PLAYED THE GUITAR, SINGED WELL AND WAS VERY DIFFERENT FROM HER HUSBAND, A GROOKY, INSPIRED AND SUSPICIOUS PERSON WHO SUFFERED FROM ATTACKS OF PAINFUL T OSK CHILDREN WERE RAISED ACCORDING TO ANCIENT TRADITIONS IN FEAR AND OBEDIENCE, RARELY GOING BEYOND THE WALLS HOSPITAL BUILDING. THE FAMILY SPENT THE SUMMER MONTHS ON A SMALL ESTATE. CHILDREN ENJOYED ALMOST COMPLETE FREEDOM, BECAUSE THE TIME USUALLY SPENT WITHOUT THE FATHER.

The facade of the main building of the former Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor, where the writer’s father M.A. Dostoevsky served as a doctor. F.M. Dostoevsky was born in the left wing of the hospital in 1821, and in the right wing he spent his childhood and adolescence. Now here is the Museum-Apartment of F.M. Dostoevsky. Novaya Bozhedomka Street, on which the hospital was located, presented a rather sad sight. Nearby there was a cemetery where tramps, criminals and suicides found their final refuge. There was also a hospital for the mentally ill and a shelter for foundlings. It was here that the future writer was born.

The closest person in the writer’s entire life was his older brother Mikhail. They were always friendly, helping each other in difficult times. THERE WERE SIX MORE CHILDREN IN THE DOSTOEVSKY FAMILY: MICHAEL, VARVARA, ANDREY, VERA, NIKOLAY AND ALEXANDRA. MIKHAIL DOSTOEVSKY, WRITER'S BROTHER. They were united by common interests, both of them became familiar with literature early and often shared their impressions of what they read with each other. The brothers retained the feeling of friendship and affection throughout their lives. Fedor was the second child in the family

AND A YEAR AFTER HE, TOGETHER WITH HIS BROTHER MICHAEL, GOES TO ST. PETERSBURG TO ENTER ENGINEERING SCHOOL. BUT MICHAEL CANNOT BE ENROLLED THERE DUE TO HEALTH STATES. MIKHAIL WAS FORCED TO ENTER THE ENGINEERING JUNKERS IN REVAL. IN THE WINTER OF 1837, FEDOR MIKHAILOVICH'S MOTHER DIED, AND THIS PERIOD IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE END OF THE WRITER'S CHILDHOOD. Engineering School in St. Petersburg

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky's studies at the Engineering School were connected with the death of his father in the early summer of 1839. The future writer suffered this tragedy very hard, especially since rumors persisted that Mikhail Andreevich, who loved to molest village women, was killed by his own peasants. And it was with the death of his father that the first attack of epilepsy was associated, which haunted Fyodor Mikhailovich for the rest of his life. Fyodor Mikhailovich did not feel any attraction to military service, but this was his father’s will. The writer later recalled: “My brother and I then sought to new life, we dreamed about something terribly, about everything “beautiful and lofty”... We believed in something passionately, and although we both knew perfectly well everything that was required for the exam in mathematics, we dreamed about poetry and poets. My brother wrote poetry, three poems every day... and in my mind I was composing a novel from Venetian life.” After graduating from college, Fyodor ended up in the engineering department, and Nicholas I imposed a resolution on his practical work: “What fool drew this?”

1844 - retired and took up literary activity “Rather round, light blond with a rounded face and a slightly upturned nose. The light brown hair was cut short, the floor high forehead and sparse eyebrows hid small, rather deep-lying gray eyes; the cheeks were pale with freckles; complexion is sickly, sallow, lips are thick; He was far more lively, more active, more ardent than his sedate brother... He loved poetry passionately, but wrote only in prose, because he did not have enough patience to process the form; thoughts in his head were born like splashes in a whirlpool,” recalled Doctor Riesenkampf, in the same apartment with whom Dostoevsky lived at that time

After graduating from college in May 1845, Dostoevsky wrote his first work, which he called “Poor People.” But his first attempt at writing was a translation of Balzac's novel "Eugenie Grande", which was published in 1844. The novel "Poor People" was published in the "Petersburg Collection". And it was after this that he became widely known. Nekrasov and many others considered Dostoevsky to continue the traditions of Gogol. But unlike Gogol, Fyodor Mikhailovich describes his heroes more deeply from the psychological side. TITLE PAGE OF THE “PETERSBURG COLLECTION” IN WHICH THE STORY “POOR PEOPLE” WAS PUBLISHED by Fyodor Dostoevsky. 1847

In March 1846, on Nevsky Prospect, a stranger in a black cloak approached the writer and asked: “What is the idea for your future story, may I ask?” - this was an acquaintance with a former employee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky. And starting in the spring of 1847, the writer became a permanent member of the Petrashevtsy circle. At these meetings, political, socio-economic, literary and other problems were discussed. Dostoevsky was a supporter of the abolition of serfdom and the abolition of censorship over literature. But unlike the rest of the Petrashevites, he was an ardent opponent of the violent overthrow of the existing government. M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky. Petrashevsky circle

Dostoevsky was sentenced to hard labor for 4 years, which he served in the Omsk prison in 1850-1854. Omsk is a nasty little town. There are almost no trees. In summer there is heat and wind with sand, in winter there is a storm. I didn't see nature. The town is dirty, military and depraved to the highest degree.” Dostoevsky The fence around the Omsk prison In the Omsk military prison, the writer conceived “Notes from a Dead House,” which would be published only in 1861-1862.

He is humiliated, insulted, but cannot suppress in his soul the passionate interest in the participation of the same people, he could not suppress the voice of doubt, disbelief, protest, rebellion. He writes “Humiliated and Insulted” - the first major work after returning from Siberia.

In February 1854, Dostoevsky, by court decision, was appointed a private in the Semipalatinsk linear battalion. The writer begins to visit high circles, where he meets Ch.Ch. Valikhanov, a prominent Kazakh figure, thanks to whom private Dostoevsky received an officer rank on October 1, 1856, and a little earlier his noble title was returned to him.

Among the stench and dirt of convict life, quarrels, squabbles, deaths, fights surrounding him, Dostoevsky was able to see what no one had seen before him - he “in hard labor between robbers at the age of 4 finally distinguished people.” “Would you believe it: there are deep, strong, beautiful characters, and how fun it was to find gold under the rough bark. And not just one, not two, but several. Some cannot be ignored, others are absolutely beautiful,” he writes to his brother. All the years of hard labor, Dostoevsky kept notes that served as the basis for “Notes from the House of the Dead”: “Alone in spirit, I reviewed my entire past life... I judged myself alone inexorably and strictly... I thought, I decided, I swore to myself that I would no longer be in in my future life, neither those mistakes, nor those falls that happened before... And how much youth was buried in vain within these walls, how many great forces died here in vain! Hard labor becomes for Dostoevsky the most important and decisive period in life, the value of which for his spiritual and creative life the writer will reflect throughout his life. From now on, his heroes will be carriers of his own life and spiritual experience.

In Semipalatinsk, the soldier met the official Alexander Isaev and his wife Maria Dmitrievna. The fragile, sickly woman awakened such tenderness in her tormented heart that it lasted for many years to come. For the first time, an educated woman from society gave Dostoevsky her favor. It seemed to him that only she, with her sensitive soul, saw that a vulnerable and poetic nature was hidden behind the awkward figure. And she spent hours pouring out her grievances and complaints to him. She herself very soon became attached to him, but there was no need to talk about love. Only a year later intimacy happened between them. The lover was in seventh heaven. But - the irony of fate! - a week later, the beloved’s husband was transferred to serve very far away.

The Lepukhins' house, where Dostoevsky lived with his wife after his marriage. Dostoevsky survived three terrible years until he reunited with the woman he loved. Maria Dmitrievna's husband became an alcoholic and died, leaving her in poverty. Dostoevsky (his period of military service had just ended) begged her to agree to the marriage. This union did not bring any joy. Both irritated and exhausted each other. He began to have epileptic seizures. She turned into a complete hysterical woman, who was also being burned by deadly tuberculosis... Both found themselves at the grave of their marriage. Moreover, Fyodor Mikhailovich - by that time a famous writer - once received a letter from a 22-year-old girl, Apollinaria Suslova. The girl declared her love, and he had already forgotten what it was... He began a secret, stormy relationship with this young lady.

SINCE 1861, TOGETHER WITH HIS BROTHER MIKHAIL, DOSTOEVSKY BEGINS TO PUBLISH THE MAGAZINES "TIME" AND "EPOCHA" (1864 - 1865). SUMMER 1862 VISITS PARIS, LONDON, GENEVA. SOON THE TIME MAGAZINE WAS CLOSED FOR AN INNOCENT ARTICLE BY N. STRAKHOV, BUT AT THE BEGINNING OF 64 THE EPOCHA BEGAN TO BE PUBLISHED. We decided to found a magazine completely independent of literary authorities - despite our respect for them...our magazine will not have any non-literary antipathies and passions...We will not shy away from polemics... F.M. Dostoevsky (“Announcement of subscription to the magazine “Vremya” "for 1861") Dostoevsky, together with his brother, propagated the ideology of pochvinism, close to Slavophilism. They published the essays “Winter Notes on Summer Impressions” (1863) and the story “Notes from the Underground” (1864).

ON APRIL 16, 1864, MY WIFE, WHO HAD SICK WITH CONSUMPTION FOR MORE THAN 4 YEARS, DIED, AND ON JUNE 10, FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY'S BROTHER, MIKHAIL, DIES UNEXPECTEDLY. STROKE AFTER STRIKE AND A MASS OF DEBT FINALLY RUINED THE BUSINESS, AND AT THE BEGINNING OF 1865, THE "AGE" WAS CLOSED. DOSTOEVSKY HAD 15,000 RUBLES IN DEBT AND A MORAL DUTY TO SUPPORT THE FAMILY OF HIS LATE BROTHER AND WIFE'S SON FROM HIS FIRST HUSBAND. IN THE SUMMER OF 1866, DOSTOEVSKY WAS IN MOSCOW AND AT A DACHA IN THE VILLAGE OF LUBLINO, WHERE AT NIGHTS WRITTEN THE NOVEL “CRIME AND PUNISHMENT.” ACCORDING TO THE AUTHOR HIMSELF, THE NOVEL “Was EXTREMELY SUCCESSFUL” AND RAISED HIS “REPUTATION AS A WRITER.” My whole heart will pour into this novel, I conceived it in hard labor, in a difficult moment of sadness, lying on a bunk on a bunk... F.M. Dostoevsky

Dostoevsky conceived new novel"Player". An excellent stenographer was needed, and friends recommended twenty-year-old Anya Snitkina. She did not immediately realize that she had fallen in love with famous writer. She was horrified by his life - he eats with a wooden spoon, does not know how to save money, there is no one to clean his coat... And Dostoevsky got used to peace of mind Anechka, her prudence. For the first time in my life, there was not a predator, not a tormentor, but loving soul, assistant. When asked to become his wife, Anya Snitkina replied: “I will love you all my life,” and kept her word. Well, one can imagine the heights at which a man in his sixth decade soared with his young beloved for another fourteen years that he was destined to live... Some of her features are recognizable in Dunechka Raskolnikova ("Crime and Punishment"). 1867 - marriage to stenographer Anna Grigorievna Snitkina. A.G. Dostoevskaya. Photo 1863

“My stenographer, Anna Grigorievna Snitkina, was a young and rather pretty girl, 20 years old, of good family, an excellent graduate of the gymnasium course, with an extremely kind and clear character... At the end of the novel “The Player” I noticed that she sincerely loved me, although she never She didn’t say a word to me about it, but I liked her more and more... I asked her to marry me. She agreed, and now we are married...I am more and more convinced that she will be happy. She has a heart, and she knows how to love” F.M. Dostoevsky - A.P. Suslova. April 23, 1867 A.G. Dostoevskaya. Dresden. Photo 1867–1871.

Anna Grigorievna Snitkina gave birth to children for the great writer and outlived Dostoevsky for many years - when he died, she was only 35. In 1868, a daughter, Sophia, was born, whose sudden death (May of the same year) Dostoevsky took seriously. In September 1869, daughter Lyubov was born; later son Fedor; in 1875 - son Alexei, who died at the age of three from an epileptic fit. SON FEDOR AND DAUGHTER LYUBOV A. G. Dostoevskaya and the writer’s children: Fedya and Lyuba

Dresden Trip abroad - 1867-1871 Isolation from Russia increasingly torments the writer. “Abroad, I will really fall behind - not from the century, not from the knowledge of what is happening here... - but from the living stream of life I will fall behind; not from the idea, but from its flesh - and wow, how it influences artistic work,” - this is how Dostoevsky wrote to A. Maikov

In Staraya Russa, in an old Russian house, Dostoevsky lived in the summer of 1872. In the summer of 1875, he worked here on the novel “The Teenager.” In the office on the second floor they created best chapters“The Brothers Karamazov”, “Speech about Pushkin”. The house is described in the novel The Brothers Karamazov as the house of Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov.

Fyodor Mikhailovich knew St. Petersburg well. He lived in it for many years, changing 20 apartments between 1842 and 1881. House on Vladimirskaya street

Main works 1845 - the story "Poor People" 1861 - "Notes from the House of the Dead" 1861 - the novel "The Humiliated and Insulted" 1866 - the novel "Crime and Punishment" 1868 - the novel "The Idiot" 1872 - the novel "Demons" 1875 - the novel " Teenager" 1876 - "A Writer's Diary" 1878-1880 - novel "The Brothers Karamazov"

IN THE LAST YEARS OF DOSTOEVSKY'S LIFE, DOSTOEVSKY'S POPULARITY INCREASED. IN 1877 HE WAS ELECTED A CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE PETERSBURG AN. IN MAY 1879, THE WRITER WAS INVITED TO THE INTERNATIONAL LITERARY CONGRESS IN LONDON, AT WHICH SESSION HE WAS ELECTED A MEMBER OF THE HONORABLE COMMITTEE OF THE INTERNATIONAL LITERARY ASSOCIATION. DOSTOEVSKY ACTIVELY PARTICIPATES IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE ST. PETERSBURG FROEBELS SOCIETY. HE OFTEN PERFORMS AT LITERARY AND MUSICAL EVENINGS AND MAINTENEES, READING EXTRACTS FROM HIS WORKS AND POEMS OF PUSHKIN.

THE LAST MAJOR EVENT IN DOSTOEVSKY'S LIFE AND WORK WAS HIS FAMOUS SPEECH AT THE OPENING OF THE MONUMENT TO A.S. PUSHKIN IN MOSCOW. THIS PERFORMANCE PRODUCED A REAL FUROR; THIS WAS BY FAR THE BEST PERFORMANCE OF THE NIGHT.

At the end of 1879, doctors who examined Dostoevsky noted that he had a progressive lung disease. He was advised to avoid physical activity and fear emotional unrest. But the writer, trying to pick up a fallen pen, touched a heavy bookcase, which caused bleeding from his throat. This led to a sharp exacerbation of the disease. On the morning of January 28, Dostoevsky said to his wife: “...I know, I must die today!” At 20:38 the same day, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky died. Thousands of people came to say goodbye to the great writer. At the funeral, young people tried to carry shackles to Dostoevsky’s grave, as if he had suffered for his political beliefs.

25 thousand people accompanied the coffin. Dostoevsky was buried in the cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg

Slide 1

Lesson - lecture on literature, dedicated to biography F.M. Dostoevsky, his creative path.

The presentation was prepared by Natalya Yuryevna Shurygina, teacher of the Central Educational Center 1927 in Moscow, 2009-2010 academic year

Slide 2

Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky

Slide 3

Pedigree

Old noble family by the 18th century it had lost its privileges. Grandfather and uncle are Orthodox priests.

1821 Doctor at the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor, 1827. Collegiate assessor (right to hereditary nobility) 1839. Died at mysterious circumstances(the news of death provoked an epileptic fit in F.M.)

Daughter of the merchant of the third guild F. Nechaev. (Donated in 1812 large sum for the militia - the name is carved on the marble boards of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior) 1837. Died of consumption

Slide 4

They live in Moscow on Bozhedomka (a cemetery where tramps, beggars and suicides were buried, a hospital for the insane, a hospital for the poor).

“I came from a Russian and pious family. Ever since I can remember, I remember my parents’ love for me. In our family, we knew the Gospel almost from early childhood.”

Slide 5

Study and service

1834-1837. Private boarding house L.I. Chermak in Moscow. 1838 At the request of his father, he entered the Main Engineering School in St. Petersburg. Cold, gloomy capital. Studying is hard. 1840 Non-commissioned officer. 1841 Warrant officer engineer. Second lieutenant.

1843 Service in the Corps of Engineers. 1844 Resignation.

Slide 6

Petersburg

“What, didn’t it occur to you that the streets in St. Petersburg are gloomy? It seems to me that this is the most gloomy city there can be in the world!” (“A Writer’s Diary for 1873”, “Little Pictures”, Ch. 3)

Slide 7

Creativity of the 40s

1845 Novel "Poor People". Features of a physiological essay: a detailed description of the life of the St. Petersburg lower classes.

He entered literature as a writer of the natural school.

Slide 8

The "little man" type.

F.M. Dostoevsky draws attention to the complex psychology of the hero, deepens inner world. His " small man“Vulnerable, ambitious, able to empathize, reflects on social life, injustice, lives by the idea of ​​awareness and affirmation of one’s own personality.

P.M. Boklevsky. Gorshkov

Some official without a job, without service for seven years ago, was expelled for something. His last name is Gorshkov, so gray and small; walks around in such a greasy, worn-out dress that it hurts to look...

P.M. Boklevsky. Makar Devushkin

“And everyone knows /.../ that a poor person is worse than a rag and cannot receive any respect from anyone, no matter what you write.” “and I am no worse than others.../.../ in heart and thoughts I am a man”

Slide 9

1845 "White Nights"

“Look at these magical ghosts, which are so charmingly, so whimsically, so vastly and widely formed before him in such a magical, animated picture, where in the foreground, the first person, of course, is himself, our dreamer, with his dear person. Look, what a variety of adventures, what an endless swarm of enthusiastic dreams."

Illustrations by Yuri Chistyakov

Slide 10

1846 Meeting former Foreign Ministry employee M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky (“Fridays”). Attracted by the ideas of utopian socialism. 1849 All members of the Petrashchevo circle were arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. The military court sentenced him to death: “... for failure to report the dissemination of a criminal letter about religion and government by the writer Belinsky and a malicious essay by Lieutenant Grigoriev, - to deprive... ranks, all rights of the state and subject to the death penalty by shooting.”

Petrashevets

Slide 11

Mock execution

December 22, 1849. At the last minute, the real sentence was announced: hard labor and soldiering (4 years of hard labor and settlement). Grigoriev has gone crazy.

Slide 12

1850s “Notes from a Dead House”

A convict's story about the real world of hard labor. Subject strong personality: “The psychology of crime is somewhat more complex than is believed.” Reflections on the Psychology of Crime

I.Glazunov. Alms

Slide 13

Return

1861 Together with his brother, he publishes the magazines “Time” and “Epoch”, in which they set out a program for a new direction in Russian social life: SOIL-CENTRY - a call to return to “one’s own soil”, people’s, national principles; against serfdom, bureaucracy, for the development of industry, trade, for freedom of the press and the individual. taking " Western culture", they denounced the bourgeois and lack of spirituality of the West, rejected revolutionary ideas, and contrasted Christian ideals with them.

Slide 14

1860-61. Novel "Humiliated and Insulted"

Two storylines, based on the image of Prince Valkovsky. (“I agree to everything, it would be good for me”) A strong hero who determines the fate of other people. Violates all moral norms, a person is beyond the bounds of good. F.M. Dostoevsky is interested in the process of destruction of the hero's personality, the emergence of split consciousness (the theme of duality). The problem of criminal evil.

V. Reinecke. Nellie and grandfather. 1885

Slide 15

1862-1863. Travel abroad

“Europe has no future, since people are deprived of the desire for brotherhood, and therefore Russia must follow a special, original path.” 1863 “Winter notes about summer impressions”

House in Geneva

Roulette at the Wiesbaden casino

Novels that brought world fame: 1866. "Crime and Punishment" 1868. "Idiot" 1871-1872. "Demons" 1875. “Teenager” 1879 – 1880. "The Brothers Karamazov"

D. Shmarinov. Raskolnikov.

Slide 18

Pushkin was the first, with his deeply insightful and brilliant mind and his purely Russian heart, to find and note the most important and painful phenomenon of our intelligent society, historically cut off from the soil, which has risen above the people. He was the first to give us art types Russian beauty, which came directly from the Russian spirit, found in folk truth, in our soil, and found by him in it. A trait of artistic genius is the ability to be universally responsive and completely transform into the genius of foreign nations,

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Presentation on the topic: “Life and creative path F.M. Dostoevsky" Completed by: student of group 102 Kitsaeva Irina GBPOU of the Republic of Mordovia "Temnikov Medical College

Birth and first years of life On October 30, old style, November 11, new style, 1821, one of the greatest Russian writers, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, was born. Dostoevsky was the second child in big family(six children). His father, the son of a Uniate priest, a doctor at the Moscow Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor (where the future writer was born), in 1828 received the title of hereditary nobleman. The mother from a merchant family, a religious woman, took her children to the Trinity-Sergius Lavra every year. Parents: Dostoevsky Mikhail Andreevich and Maria Fedorovna

Study Since 1834, young Fyodor and Mikhail were assigned to the boarding school of L.I. Chermak, which was located on Basmannaya Street, where they studied until 1837. And exactly a year later, after the death of his mother, he and his brother Mikhail went to St. Petersburg to enter the Engineering School. But Mikhail could not be enrolled there due to health reasons and he was forced to enroll as an engineering cadet in Revel. Engineering School in St. Petersburg

Start literary activity After graduating from college, in 1843, Dostoevsky was enlisted in the drafting department of the engineering department, but in the summer of 1844 Dostoevsky resigned with the rank of lieutenant, deciding to devote himself completely to literary creativity. Portrait of F.M. Dostoevsky

Triumphant debut In the winter of 1844, Dostoevsky conceived the novel “Poor People,” work on which he began, in his words, “suddenly,” unexpectedly, but devoted himself to it completely. While still in manuscript, D. V. Grigorovich, with whom he shared an apartment at that time, delivered the novel to N. A. Nekrasov, and together, without stopping, they read “Poor People” all night long. In the morning they came to Dostoevsky to express their admiration for him. With the words “The New Gogol has appeared!” Nekrasov handed over the manuscript to V. G. Belinsky, who told P. V. Annenkov: “... the novel reveals such secrets of life and characters in Rus' that no one had ever dreamed of before.” Title page of the “Petersburg Collection”, in which the story “Poor People” was published

Dostoevsky and Petrashevsky M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky. In 1848 he joined a special secret society organized by the radical Petrashevite N.A. Speshnev; The society set as its goal “to carry out a revolution in Russia.” On the morning of April 23, 1849, along with other Petrashevites, the writer was arrested and sentenced to death, which was then replaced by 4 years of hard labor and imprisoned in the Alekseevsky Ravelin Peter and Paul Fortress. And two days later, Dostoevsky was shackled and sent to the Omsk prison, where he was kept until February 1854. Execution of Petrashevites

Return to literature From January 1854 Dostoevsky served as a private in Semipalatinsk, and in 1855 F. Dostoevsky was promoted to non-commissioned officer, and in 1856 to ensign. The following year, his nobility and the right to publish were returned to him. At the same time, he married M.D. Isaeva, who took an active part in his fate even before marriage. In Siberia, Dostoevsky wrote the stories "Uncle's Dream" and "The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants." In 1859, he sought to move to St. Petersburg. In 1861, together with his brother Mikhail, Dostoevsky began publishing the magazine “Time”. In the summer of 1862 he visited Paris, London, and Geneva. Soon the magazine “Time” was closed for an innocent article by N. Stakhov, but at the beginning of 1864 the magazine “Epoch” began to be published.

In 1863, Dostoevsky made a second trip abroad, where he met A.P. Suslova; their complex relationships, as well as gambling Roulette in Baden-Baden provided material for the novel “The Gambler” (1866). In 1864, Dostoevsky's wife died and, although they were not happy in their marriage, he took the loss hard. Following her, brother Mikhail suddenly died. Dostoevsky took upon himself all the debts for the publication of the magazine "Epoch" by A. P. Suslov

Dostoevsky was left without a livelihood and entered into an enslaving agreement with the book publisher Stellovsky, according to which Dostoevsky was obliged to write a new novel by November 1, 1866 for the collected works of his works that were being prepared for publication. But he could not write anything. And when there was a month left, he, on the advice of friends, hired a stenographer and dictated the novel “The Player” to her in 28 days. And after a short time, Fyodor Mikhailovich made an offer to that same stenographer. A.G. Snitkina Anna Grigorievna Snitkina gave birth to children for the great writer and outlived Dostoevsky for many years - when he died, she was only 35.

The writer, together with his new wife, spent 1867 to 1871 abroad, escaping from creditors, only occasionally coming to Russia. They lived alternately in Dresden, Berlin, Basel, Geneva and Florence. Dresden And only at the end of 1871, after the writer managed to partially pay off his debts (some of which he incurred while playing in a casino, some left over from his brother, which he took on himself), he was able to return to St. Petersburg. House on Vladimirskaya street

"The Great Pentateuch"

"Crime and Punishment" "Crime and Punishment" became the first thriller in the world and the first domestic detective story, main meaning which lies in the fact that the most terrible punishment after a crime is committed is in the soul of a person, and not in hard labor or anywhere else.

"Idiot" In 1867-68. the novel “The Idiot” was written, the task of which Dostoevsky saw in “depicting positively wonderful person". The ideal hero Prince Myshkin, "Prince Christ", the "good shepherd", personifying forgiveness and mercy, with his theory of "practical Christianity", cannot withstand the clash with hatred, anger, sin and plunges into madness. His death is the verdict of the world However, as Dostoevsky noted, “wherever he touched, he left an unexplored line.”

“Demons” In 1871, Dostoevsky wrote the novel “Demons”, in which the “demons” are anarchists, whose ideas increasingly began to penetrate Russian reality.

"Teenager" "Teenager", the main character of which is Arkady Dolgoruky, the illegitimate son of a landowner and a peasant woman, who dreams of getting rich, but then, with the help of Makar Dolgoruky (his father's servant, living according to the Christian law), he realizes a lot.

"The Brothers Karamazov". This is the result of the author's long reflection on many problems, and many ideas, characters, episodes of the novel were either prepared by the writer's previous works, or arose in his creative imagination long before he began writing The Brothers Karamazov.

Completion of the journey At the end of 1879, doctors examining Dostoevsky noted his progressive lung disease. He was advised to avoid physical exertion and be wary of mental unrest. But the writer, trying to pick up a fallen pen, touched a heavy bookcase, which caused bleeding from his throat. This led to a sharp exacerbation of the disease. On the morning of January 28, Dostoevsky said to his wife: “...I know, I must die today!” At 20:38 the same day, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky died.

Thousands of people came to say goodbye to the great writer. At the funeral, young people tried to carry shackles to Dostoevsky’s grave, as if he had suffered for his political beliefs. Dostoevsky was buried in the cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.

Test yourself 1. In what city was Dostoevsky born? (in Moscow) 2. What tragic event coincided with the death of the mother of the future writer? (death of Pushkin) 3. What educational institution graduated from Dostoevsky? (Main Engineering School) 4. Name the first published work of Dostoevsky. (translation of “Eugenie Grande” by Honoré de Balzac) 5. Name Dostoevsky’s first published novel. (“Poor People”) 6. What was the name of the journal of Fyodor and Mikhail Dostoevsky? (“Time”) 7. Why was Dostoevsky sentenced to death? What was the death sentence commuted to? (for participation in Petrashevsky’s revolutionary circle; the death penalty was commuted to four years of hard labor)

8. Remember the main events that happened in Dostoevsky’s life after the end of hard labor. (Dostoevsky was returned to the title of nobility; he got married) 9. To what city do Dostoevsky and his family move from Semipalatinsk? (first to Tver, then to St. Petersburg) 10. Name the first novel published after hard labor. (“Humiliated and Insulted”) 11. What kind of meeting awaited F. M. Dostoevsky during his first trip abroad? (meeting with his beloved A. Suslova) 12. What role did the stenographer Snitkina play in Dostoevsky’s life? (she became his second wife) 13. What publications in different time collaborated with F. M. Dostoevsky? (“Contemporary”, “Notes of the Fatherland”, Time”, “Epoch”, “Russian Messenger”, “Citizen”) 14. Name Dostoevsky’s last novel. (“The Brothers Karamazov”) 15. In what city did Dostoevsky die? (In Petersburg)

Thank you for your attention!

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Russian writer, philosopher, thinker FEDOR MIKHAILOVICH DOSTOEVSKY Dostoevsky's work constitutes the glory of Russian literature.

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Dostoevsky's work preaches two ideas: rebellion and humility, both require heroism. This name has caused so much controversy, mutually exclusive judgments: “cruel talent”, “prophet of the Russian revolution” “Servant of God and the devil at the same time” Describing human weaknesses is not immoral, just as anatomy is not murder A. Pushkin Man is a mystery. You need to read it, and if you spend your whole life unraveling it, don’t say you wasted your time; I deal with this mystery because I want to be a man. F. Dostoevsky

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ORIGIN OF THE WRITER 1821 - BORN IN MOSCOW, INTO A PROSPEROUS FAMILY. Father - Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky was a wealthy nobleman and landowner, he was a doctor, graduated from the Moscow Medical-Surgical Academy, worked at the Mariinsky Hospital. This brought in a good income; he bought the village of Darovoye in the Tula province. Mother - Maria Feodorovna Dostoevskaya was from a merchant family. After the war they became poor and lost their fortune. At the age of 19, the girl was married off. The writer remembers her warmly; she was a good housewife and mother. There are 8 children in the family - 4 boys and 4 girls. Fedor was the second child. The older brother, Mikhail, also became a writer. He developed warm relationships with his sisters and brothers. The mother died early, when the boy was only 16 years old. .

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1834 – studies at the private boarding school of L.I. Chermak. 1838 - After the death of their mother, the father sent his two eldest sons (Mikhail and Fedor) to one of the boarding houses in St. Petersburg. There he studied at the Main Engineering School. 1842 - graduated from college, received the rank of engineer-second lieutenant, and was sent to serve. 1844 - retired. Fedor was interested in literature, history and philosophy. He, like his older brother, respected the work of the great Russian writer A.S. Pushkin, regularly attended Belinsky’s literary circle, where he communicated with writers and poets of his time. EDUCATION OF A WRITER

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1844 - wrote his first story, “Poor People.” This work received the highest praise in domestic and world literature. Even critics of Russian society reacted favorably to this story. 1849 - he was arrested for participating in a socialist conspiracy against the government (the “Petrashevsky case”), he was under investigation for a long time (8 months), after which he was convicted by a military court and sentenced to execution. The sentence was not carried out and the writer remained alive. As punishment, he was deprived of his nobility, all existing ranks and fortune, and exiled to Siberia to do hard labor for 4 years. It was a difficult time, at the end of which Dostoevsky was to be enlisted as an ordinary soldier. PERSONALITY, CREATIVITY, ACTIVITY

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LINK TO CATORGA Dostoevsky served his term in Siberia (Omsk), in 1854 he was sent as an ordinary soldier to serve in Semipalatinsk. A year later he was promoted to non-commissioned officer, 1856 - he again became an officer, this was the time of the reign of Emperor Alexander II. Dostoevsky was not a completely healthy person; all his life he suffered from epilepsy, which in the old days was called epilepsy. The disease first appeared in the writer when he was working in hard labor. For this reason, he was dismissed and returned to St. Petersburg. Now he has enough time to study literature.

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1860 - magazine "Time". The older brother, Mikhail, began publishing his own literary magazine, Vremya. In it, the writer publishes for the first time his novel “The Humiliated and Insulted,” which society accepted with understanding and sympathy. Later, another work of the author was published - “Notes from the House of the Dead”, in which the writer, under an assumed name, told readers about his life and the lives of other people serving time at hard labor. The whole of Russia read this work and appreciated what was hidden between the lines. 1863 - the magazine "Time" was closed. 1864 - the brothers released a new magazine, "Epoch". On the pages of these magazines, the world first saw such wonderful works of the author as: “Notes from the Underground”, “Winter Notes on Summer Impressions”, etc. In 1866, his brother Mikhail died. It was a hard blow.

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The author's most fruitful period begins. He gained great popularity during these years. 1866 – novel “Crimes and Punishments”. 1868 - the novel "The Idiot" 1870 - the novel "Demons". 1875 - the novel "The Teenager" was written. 1880 - the novel "The Brothers Karamazov" was completed. 1876 ​​- Dostoevsky had his own publication - “The Diary of a Writer”, which literally gained great popularity within a year (the publication was represented by multiple essays, feuilletons and notes and was produced in a small circulation - only 8 thousand copies). LAST 10 YEARS OF LIFE

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Dostoevsky did not immediately find his happiness in his personal life. He was first married to Maria Isaeva, married in 1957. Maria used to be the wife of an acquaintance of Dostoevsky. When her husband died, in 1855, she married a second time. The couple was married in a church, since Dostoevsky was a deeply religious person. She had a son, Pavel, who became the writer’s adopted son. She did not like her new young husband, there were quarrels, she reproached him and regretted that she had married him. THE THREE LOVES OF DOSTOEVSKY

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V.G.Perov. Portrait of F.M. Dostoevsky, 1872

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One of the most significant and famous Russian writers and thinkers in the world.

Dostoevsky focused on the theme of the struggle between “God and the Devil” in human soul, for the artistic recreation of which he developed new methods psychological analysis. The writer himself called his creative manner"fantastic realism".

Russian prose writer, thinker and publicist, who in his work raised the most important problems of spiritual life and expanded the boundaries of a realistic depiction of man.

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Biography in dates

1837 - entered the St. Petersburg Engineering School. That same year, the writer’s mother died, and two years later, his father passed away under mysterious circumstances. After their death, Dostoevsky renounced the right to inherit land and serfs.

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Biography

• 1843 - completed the full course of training in the highest officer class and was enrolled in the engineering corps at the St. Petersburg engineering team, but the following year he left military service and devoted himself to literary creativity.
• 1845 - debuted with the novel “Poor People,” which was highly praised in literary circles.

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• 1846 - met M. Petrashevsky, a follower of the teachings of the French utopian philosopher C. Fourier, and became part of a secret political circle, whose members set themselves the goal of carrying out a “coup in Russia” and were engaged in the distribution of illegal propaganda literature.
• April 23, 1849 - for participation in the activities of this circle, Dostoevsky was arrested and sentenced to death as “one of the most important” conspirators.

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• 1857 - the wedding of F. Dostoevsky and M. Isaeva took place. This marriage turned out to be unhappy and ended with the death of Isaeva in 1864.
• 1859 - thanks to the efforts of friends, the writer got the opportunity to return to St. Petersburg and again engage in literary activity.
• December 22, 1849 - in St. Petersburg, a staged procedure was held to replace the execution of the “rebels” with a less severe sentence: a minute before the execution, the writer and his comrades were announced that they were sentenced to four years of hard labor with further military service. The period of punishment, which lasted ten years, enriched Dostoevsky with invaluable spiritual and life experience, which subsequently fed all his work. His immediate impressions of his time in hard labor were reflected in his famous “Notes from the House of the Dead” (1862).

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Dostoevsky's first wife

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Biography

The first half of the 1860s - together with his brother Mikhail, he published the magazines “Time” (1861–1863) and “Epoch” (1864–1865). Journalistic work not only gave impetus to the development of the writer’s journalistic talent, but also inspired him to create “continued” novels that could be published in parts in periodicals. The first such work was the novel “The Humiliated and Insulted” (1861).

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• 1866 - Dostoevsky married his secretary-stenographer A. Snitkina, who became a faithful companion until the end of his life
• 1864 - the “paradox story” “Notes from the Underground” appeared, in which the type of “underground man”, iconic for Dostoevsky’s work, appeared for the first time. In the same year, the writer’s elder brother, whose debts he took upon himself, died.

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Dostoevsky's second wife

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Biography

• During 1876 -1878. 
• - published monthly his “Diary of a Writer”, in which he acted as a philosopher, moralist and preacher.
• “Crime and Punishment” is dated the same year - the first in his five pinnacle novels, which also includes the novels “The Idiot” (1868), “Demons” (1872), “Teenager” (1875) and “The Brothers Karamazov” (1879– 1880).

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Death

Last minutes of life.

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Creation

The great Russian writer F. M. Dostoevsky expressed through his creativity the immensity of the suffering of humiliated and insulted humanity in an exploitative society and the immeasurable pain for this suffering. And at the same time, he fiercely fought against any search for real ways to fight for the liberation of humanity from humiliation and insult.

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Creation

The impressions from his stay in hard labor were later reflected in the story “Notes from the House of the Dead.”

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From the beginning of 1861, Fyodor Mikhailovich helped his brother Mikhail publish his own magazine “Time”, after the closure of which in 1863 the brothers began publishing the magazine “Epoch”. On the pages of these magazines appeared such works by Dostoevsky as “The Humiliated and Insulted,” “Notes from the House of the Dead,” “Winter Notes on Summer Impressions,” and “Notes from the Underground.”

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Six months after his brother’s death, publication of The Epoch ceased (February 1865). In a hopeless situation financial situation Dostoevsky wrote the chapters of “Crime and Punishment,” sending them to M. N. Katkov directly into the magazine set of the conservative “Russian Messenger,” where they were published from issue to issue. At the same time, under the threat of losing the rights to his publications for 9 years in favor of the publisher F. T. Stellovsky, he undertook to write him a novel, for which he did not have enough physical strength. On the advice of friends, Dostoevsky hired a young stenographer, Anna Snitkina, who helped him cope with this task. In October 1866, the novel “The Gambler” was written in twenty-six days and completed on the 25th.