Chinese paintingChinese painting -
an important part
traditional
Chinese culture and
priceless treasure
of the Chinese nation, she
has a long history and
glorious traditions in
areas of the world
arts
Chinese
painting is also called
traditional chinese
painting. Traditional
Chinese art
dates back to the Neolithic period,
about eight thousand years
back. Found on
excavated colored ceramics
with drawn
animals, fish,
deer and frogs
shows that during
Neolithic Chinese already
started using brushes
for drawing.
Han is developing
fresco painting. Her
used for burials, and
also in temples and palaces. WITH
development of Buddhism in the period from 3
until the 6th century the temple developed
painting, for example,
Buddha images in the mountains
caves.
Ancient Chinese
painting was very different from
European painting. In Europe
widely used
possibilities of color, shadows, and
In China, painters created
amazing pictures of the game
lines. The main thing that distinguishes
Chinese painting from
European is the desire
convey the “spirit of the picture”, or how
the Chinese say “with the help
forms to express mood.” Ancient Chinese
painting, as in other things
modern, knew two
main style: "gong bi"
(diligent brush) and “se and”
(expression of an idea).
Chinese principles
paintings are
admiring nature as
a perfect creation.
The genres of Chinese painting are quite diverse: - animalistic genres, - everyday genres, - ceremonial portrait, - miniature on fans and others
household items,- Chinese landscape painting.
Didn't exist in China
still life in the usual
for us it means
stationary objects with
Chinese point of view
dead without dynamics
movements of life and
time.
Chinese painting gravitates towards certain stable images: one of the most favorite objects of aesthetic embodiment in painting is
Chinese artgravitates towards certain
sustainable images:
one of the most
favorite objects
aesthetic
embodiments in painting
is bamboo
In Chinese
in pictures bamboo is
not just a plant, but
human symbol
character.
Chinese painting and calligraphy
In China useone tool and
for painting, and for
calligraphy - brushes
- connected these two species
art.
Calligraphy (from the Greek words
κάλλος kallos "beauty" + γραφή
graphẽ "to write") - view
visual arts,
aesthetic design
handwritten font.
The total number of Chinese characters reaches 80,000. But in reality, no more than 10 thousand characters are used in all types of texts. Chinese
hieroglyphs are difficult forspellings: each of them
consists of several
devil (from 1 to 52).
Calligraphy is like
painting and process
creating a hieroglyph
brush and ink akin to
creation process
paintings.
Slide 2
From ancient times until the invasion of colonialists in mid-19th V. In the Far East, one of the brightest and most distinctive civilizations, the Chinese, developed consistently, continuously and almost exclusively on its own basis. The development of this civilization, closed from external influences and influences, is due to the enormous size of the territory and long-term isolation from other ancient societies. The ancient Chinese civilization developed in such isolation as if it were on another planet. Only in the 2nd century. BC. the first contact with another high culture occurred through Zhang Qian's travels to Central Asia. And another 300 years had to pass before the Chinese became seriously interested in the cultural phenomenon that came from abroad - Buddhism.
Slide 3
The stability of ancient Chinese civilization was also given by an ethnically homogeneous population that called itself the Han people. The vitality and development potential of Han society was supported by a strong centralized state, the tendency towards the creation and strengthening of which was leading throughout ancient Chinese civilization. A real eastern despotism was created with exceptionally high centralization of power in the hands of the ruler, with a clear administrative-territorial division and a huge staff of learned officials. This model of statehood, cemented by the ideology of Confucianism, existed in China until the fall of the Manchu dynasty at the beginning of the 20th century. The example of the establishment in China since ancient times of the advantages of state property and its dominant role in the development of civilization is also unique. The private owner was under strict control of the authorities to maintain conservative stability in society.
Slide 4
Ancient China is a unique example of class hierarchy. In Chinese society, there were farmers, artisans, merchants, officials, priests, warriors and slaves. They constituted, as a rule, closed hereditary corporations in which each person knew his place. Vertical corporate connections prevailed over horizontal ones. The basis of Chinese statehood is a large family consisting of several generations of relatives. Society from top to bottom was bound by mutual responsibility. The experience of total control, suspicion and denunciation is also one of the achievements of the civilization of Ancient China.
Slide 5
Ancient Chinese civilization in its breakthrough in the development of man, society and state, in its achievements and influence on the world comparable to antiquity. China's closest neighbors, the countries of East Asia (Korea, Vietnam, Japan) used Chinese hieroglyphic writing, adapting it to the needs of their languages, the ancient Chinese language became the language of diplomats, the government structure and legal system were built on Chinese models, Confucianism had a significant influence on the formation of the official ideology or Buddhism in a sinicized form.
Slide 6
Ancient period
Ancient tribes, who settled the fertile valleys of the large rivers of China in the Neolithic era (V-III millennium BC), created settlements from small adobe huts sunk into the ground. They cultivated fields, raised domestic animals, and knew many crafts. Currently open in China a large number of Neolithic sites. The ceramics of that time discovered at these sites belong to several cultures, the oldest of which is the Yangshao culture, which received its name from the site of the first excavations carried out in the 20s. XX century in Henan province. Yangshao vessels were made from pale yellow or reddish-brown fired clay, first by hand, then using a potter's wheel.
Slide 7
Those made on a potter's wheel were distinguished by their extraordinary regularity of shape. The ceramics were fired at a temperature of about one and a half thousand degrees Celsius, and then polished with a boar's tooth, making it smooth and shiny. The upper part of the vessels was covered with complex geometric patterns- triangles, spirals, rhombuses and circles, as well as images of birds and animals. Fish stylized as geometric painting were especially popular. The ornament had a magical meaning and, apparently, was associated with the ancient Chinese ideas about the forces of nature. Thus, zigzag lines and sickle-shaped signs were probably conventional images of lightning and the moon, which later turned into Chinese characters.
Slide 8
Shang-Yin period
The next period in the history of China was called Shang-Yin (XVI-XI centuries BC) after the name of the tribe that settled the Yellow River valley in the 2nd millennium BC. It was then that the first Chinese state was formed, headed by a ruler - Wang, who was also the high priest. At that time, significant changes took place in all spheres of life of the inhabitants of China: silk spinning, bronze casting, hieroglyphic writing were invented, and the foundations of urban planning were born. The capital of the state - the great city of Shan, located near the modern city of Anyang - unlike the most ancient settlements, had a distinct plan.
Slide 9
When the state was formed in China, the idea of Heaven as the powerful supreme deity of the Universe arose. The ancient Chinese believed that their country was located in the center of the Earth, while the latter was square and flat. The sky over China is shaped like a circle. That's why they called their country Zhongguo (Middle Kingdom) or Tianxia (Celestial Empire). IN different times years, abundant sacrifices were made to Heaven and Earth. For this purpose, special altars were erected outside the city: round ones for Heaven, square ones for Earth.
Slide 10
Many artistic crafts have survived to this day, which were intended for ritual ceremonies in honor of the spirits of ancestors and deities who control the forces of nature. Ritual bronze vessels used for sacrifices are distinguished by their craftsmanship. These heavy monolithic products combined all the prevailing ideas about the world at that time. The outer surfaces of the vessels are covered with relief. The main place in it was given to images of birds and dragons, embodying the elements of sky and water, cicadas, foreshadowing a good harvest, bulls and rams, promising people satiety and prosperity.
Slide 11
A very common motif for decorating bronze vessels is the image of a zoomorphic mask of a demon (the so-called Tao Tie).
Slide 12
A tall, slender cup (“gu”), widening at the top and bottom, was intended for sacrificial wine. Typically, a thin spiral “thunder pattern” (“lei wen”) was depicted on the surface of these vessels, against which the main images were made. The voluminous animal faces seem to grow from bronze. The vessels themselves often had the shape of animals and birds (Ritual bronze vessel), for they were supposed to protect people and protect crops from evil forces. The surface of such vessels was completely filled with protrusions and engravings. The bizarre and fantastic shape of ancient Chinese bronze vessels with dragons was arranged by four vertical convex ribs located on the sides. These ribs oriented the vessels to the cardinal points, emphasizing their ritual character.
Slide 13
Slide 14
The underground burials of the nobility in the Shang-Yin era consisted of two deep underground chambers of a cruciform or rectangular shape located one above the other. Their area sometimes reached four hundred square meters, the walls and ceiling were painted with red, black and white paints or inlaid with pieces of stone, metal, etc. The entrances to the burials were guarded by stone figures of fantastic beasts. So that the souls of the ancestors did not need anything, various handicrafts were placed in the graves - weapons, bronze vessels, carved stones, jewelry, as well as magical objects (Bronze figure on a pedestal). All the objects that were placed in the burials, as well as the patterns that decorated the statues and bronze utensils, had a magical meaning and were connected by a single symbolism
Slide 15
Zhou and Zhanguo periods
In the 11th century BC. the state of Shang-Yin was conquered by the Zhou tribe. The winners who founded the Zhou dynasty (XI-III centuries BC) quickly adopted many of the technical and cultural achievements of the vanquished. The Zhou state existed for many centuries, but its prosperity was short-lived. Many new states appeared on the political arena, and China already by the 8th century. BC. entered into a period of internecine wars. Period from V to III centuries. BC. was called Zhanguo (“warring kingdoms”).
Slide 16
The new kingdoms that emerged brought vast areas into the orbit of Chinese civilization. Trade between remote regions of China began to actively develop, which was facilitated by the construction of canals. Iron deposits were discovered, which made it possible to switch to iron tools and improve farming techniques. Round coins of the same shape came into circulation, replacing money made in the shape of a spade (tapered shovel), sword or shell. The range of crafts that came into use expanded significantly. Science developed in cities. Thus, in the capital of the kingdom of Qi, the first higher education institution in China was created. educational institution- Jixia Academy. A huge role in all subsequent artistic life China played arose in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. two teachings - Confucianism and Taoism.
Slide 17
Confucianism and Taoism
Confucianism, which sought to maintain order and balance in the state, turned to the traditions of the past. The founder of the doctrine, Confucius (about 551-479 BC), considered the eternal order of relations established by Heaven in family and society, between the sovereign and his subjects, between father and son. Believing himself to be the custodian and interpreter of the wisdom of the ancients, who served as role models, he developed a whole system of rules and norms of human behavior - Ritual. According to the Ritual, it is necessary to honor ancestors, respect elders, and strive for internal improvement. He also created rules for all spiritual manifestations of life, and established strict laws in music, literature and painting. Unlike Confucianism, Taoism focused on the fundamental laws of the universe. The main place in this teaching was occupied by the theory of Tao - the Way of the Universe, or the eternal variability of the world, subordinate to the natural necessity of nature itself, the balance of which is possible thanks to the interaction of the feminine and masculine- yin and yang. The founder of the teachings, Laozi, believed that human behavior should be guided by the natural laws of the Universe, which cannot be violated - otherwise harmony in the world will be disrupted, chaos and death will ensue. The contemplative, poetic approach to the world inherent in the teachings of Laozi manifested itself in all areas of the artistic life of ancient China.
Slide 18
IN Zhou periods and Zhangguo, many objects of decorative and applied art appeared that served ritual purposes: bronze mirrors, bells, and various objects made from the sacred stone jade. Translucent, always cold jade symbolized purity and was always considered a guardian against poison and damage (Jade figurine).
Slide 19
Painted lacquerware found in the burials - tables, trays, boxes, musical instruments, richly decorated with ornaments, also served ritual purposes. The production of varnish, like silk weaving, was then known only in China. The natural sap of the lacquer tree, painted in different colors, was repeatedly applied to the surface of the product, which gave it shine, strength and protected it from moisture. In the burials of Hunan Province in Central China, archaeologists discovered many items of lacquerware (Wooden figurine of a guardian).
Slide 20
Qin and Han periods
In the 3rd century. BC. after long wars and civil strife, the small kingdoms united into a single, powerful empire, headed by the Qin dynasty (221-207 BC), and then the Han (206 BC - 220 AD). ). The ruler and unlimited ruler of the Qin Empire, Qin Shi-Huangdi (259-210 BC) was the Chinese emperor for a short time, but managed to strengthen the central power. He destroyed the borders of independent kingdoms and divided the country into thirty-six provinces, to each of which he appointed a capital official. Under Shi Huangdi, new well-maintained roads were laid and canals were dug to connect provincial centers with the capital Xianyang (Shaanxi Province). A unified written language was created, which allowed residents of different regions to communicate with each other, despite the difference in local dialects.
Slide 21
To protect the northern borders of the empire from invasions of nomadic tribes, the most powerful fortification of the time, the Great Wall of China, was created from the remains of the defensive fortifications of individual kingdoms.
Slide 22
Its length was seven hundred and fifty kilometers. The thickness of the wall ranged from five to eight meters, the height of the wall reached ten meters. The upper edge was crowned with teeth. Along the entire length of the wall there were numerous signal towers, on which lights were lit in case of the slightest danger. A road was built from the Great Wall of China to the capital itself.
Slide 23
The tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huang was also built on an equally large scale. It was erected (fifty kilometers from Xianyang) within ten years after the emperor’s accession to the throne. More than seven hundred thousand people took part in the construction. The tomb was surrounded by two rows of high walls, forming a square in plan (symbol of the Earth). In the center there was a high cone-shaped burial mound. Round in plan, it symbolized Heaven. The walls of the underground tomb are lined with polished marble slabs and jade, the floor is covered with huge polished stones with a map of nine regions painted on them. Chinese Empire. On the floor there were sculptures of five sacred mountains, and the ceiling looked like a firmament with shining luminaries. After the sarcophagus with the body of Emperor Qin Shi Huang was transferred to the underground palace, a huge number of precious objects that accompanied him during his life were placed around it: vessels, jewelry, musical instruments.
Slide 24
But underground kingdom was not limited to the burial itself. In 1974, at a distance of one and a half kilometers from it, archaeologists discovered eleven deep underground tunnels lined with ceramic tiles. Located parallel to each other, the tunnels served as a shelter for a giant clay army, guarding the peace of their master.
Slide 25
The army, divided into several ranks, is lined up in battle formation. There are also horses and chariots, also sculpted from clay. All figures are life-size and painted; each of the warriors has individual characteristics (Terracotta figure of an archer from the tomb of Qin Shi Huang).
Slide 26
Traces of change in the country were noticeable everywhere, but it should be noted that the power of Qin Shi Huang was based on total control, denunciation and terror. Order and prosperity were achieved through too drastic measures, causing despair among the Qin people. Traditions, morality and virtues were neglected, which forced the bulk of the population to experience spiritual discomfort. In 213 BC. The emperor ordered the expulsion of Songs and Traditions and the burning of all private bamboo books, except for fortune-telling texts, books on medicine, pharmacology, agriculture and mathematics. The monuments located in the archives survived, but most of the ancient sources on the history and literature of China perished in the fire of this madness. A decree was issued banning private teaching, criticism of the government, and the once flourishing philosophies. After the death of Qin Shi Huang in 210 BC. Against the backdrop of general political instability and discontent, uprisings began, which led to the death of the empire.
Slide 27
In 207 BC. Power was seized by the rebel leader Liu Bang, the future founder of the Han dynasty, which ruled for four centuries. In the II century. BC. The Han Empire recognized Confucianism and in its person acquired an official ideology with a distinctly religious overtone. Violation of Confucian precepts was punishable by death as the most serious crime. Based on Confucianism, a comprehensive system of lifestyle and management organization was developed. The emperor in his reign had to rely on the principles of philanthropy and justice, and learned officials had to help him pursue the right policy.
Slide 28
Relations in society were regulated on the basis of Ritual, which determined the responsibilities and rights of each group of the population. All people were to build family relationships based on the principles of filial piety and brotherly love. This meant that each person had to unquestioningly carry out the will of his father, obey his older brothers, and take care of his parents in old age. Thus, Chinese society became class-based not only in the state, but also in the moral sense of this concept. The obedience of the younger to the elder, the lower to the higher, and all together to the emperor is the basis for the development of Chinese civilization with its universal strict regulation of life down to the smallest detail.
Slide 29
The Han era in Chinese history was marked by a new flowering of culture and art, and the development of science. Emerges historical science. Its founder, Sima Qian, created a five-volume treatise in which he outlined in detail the history of China since ancient times. Chinese scholars put a lot of effort into copying ancient writings from worn-out bamboo slips that served as books onto silk scrolls. The most important discovery was the invention in the 1st century. AD paper Caravan routes connected China with other countries. For example, along the Great Silk Road, the Chinese brought silk and the finest hand embroidery to the west, which were famous throughout the world. Written sources preserve information about the brisk trade of the Han Empire with India and distant Rome, in which China has long been called the Land of Silk.
Slide 30
The main centers of the Han Empire - Luoyang and Chang'an - were built according to the rules set out in ancient treatises - according to a plan with a clear division into quarters. The palaces of the rulers were located on the main thoroughfare of the city and consisted of residential and state rooms, gardens and parks. Noble people were buried in spacious tombs, the walls of which were lined with ceramic or stone slabs, and the ceilings were supported by stone columns, which usually ended with a pair of dragons. Outside, the Alley of Spirits - guardians of the graves, framed by statues of animals, led to the funeral hill.
Slide 31
Objects were found in the burials that give an idea of Everyday life Han era - painted ceramic models of houses, painted clay jugs, bronze mirrors, painted figurines of dancers, musicians, and domestic animals.
Slide 36
The presentation was created based on materials from the electronic editions of the Schoolchild's Encyclopedia - “Riddles and secrets of architecture”, “Wonders of the world. Ancient World", and World Collections artistic culture Russian general education portal (www. school. edu. ru). And also: N.A. Dmitrieva, N.A. Vinogradova “Art ancient world", M.; "Children's Literature", 1986 Encyclopedia for Children. (Vol. 7) Art. Part 1, "The World of Avanta+ Encyclopedias", Astrel, 2007; “Large Illustrated Encyclopedia of Art History”, Moscow, “Swallowtail”, 2008 Bronze lamp in the shape of a tapir, 4th century. BC.
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Music of Ancient ChinaIn Chinese music
was accepted
Lü-Lü system
(literally "build"
"measure"), based
which they lay
twelve sounds.
Everyone had
magical meaning:
odd sounds
embodied the bright ones,
active forces of Heaven,
even - dark,
passive forces
Earth.
five scales were identified
the most important sounds that received
titles:
the first one is a “palace”,
the second is “conversation”,
third - "horn",
fourth - "meeting",
the fifth is “wings”.
These five sounds were identified with
five primary elements (fire, water,
earth, air, tree) and five
primary colors (white, black,
red, blue, yellow). They had and
social meaning (“ruler”,
"officials", "people", "deeds",
"things").
Musical Instruments of Ancient China
In ancient times they stood outseparate classes
musical instruments:
ringing (bells and
stone plates),
strings, winds and percussion
(drums).
Eight types
“sound sources” stone, metal, silk,
bamboo, wood, leather,
clay and pumpkin. One of the most
original
musical
Ancient tools
China - stone
plates (lithophones),
which are called "qing".
Mu-yu (translated
"wooden fish")
– exotic
percussion instrument
in the shape of a fish.
Chinese art
Ancient Chinesepainting, as in other things
modern, knew two
main style: "gong bi"
(diligent brush) and “se and”
(expression of an idea).
Chinese principles
paintings are
admiring nature as
a perfect creation. Genres of Chinese painting
quite varied:
- animal genres,
- everyday genres,
- ceremonial portrait,
- miniature on fans and others
household items,
- Chinese landscape painting.
There was no still life in China
in our usual sense,
stationary objects from the point of view
Chinese are dead without dynamics
movements of life and time. Chinese art
gravitates towards certain
sustainable images: one
one of my favorites
aesthetic objects
embodiments in painting
is bamboo.
In Chinese paintings
bamboo is not easy
plant, and symbol
human
character.
Chinese painting and calligraphy
In China useone tool and
for painting, and for
calligraphy - brushes
- connected these two species
art.
Calligraphy (from the Greek words
κάλλος kallos "beauty" + γραφή
graphẽ "to write") - view
visual arts,
aesthetic design
handwritten font. Total
Chinese characters
reaches 80,000. But
really in all forms
no texts are used
more than 10 thousand hieroglyphs.
Chinese characters
difficult to write:
each of them consists of
several traits (from 1 to 52).
Calligraphy is like
painting and process
creating a hieroglyph
brush and ink akin to
creation process
paintings.
Traditions of Chinese tea drinking
In ancient China, a teahousethe ceremony began with
what a person should have
internally psychologically
prepare: free yourself
from everything unpleasant,
annoying, painful
and secondary.
Once upon a time tea, as already
as stated above, they drank only in
imperial palaces and
houses of aristocrats, then
The poor also loved him. A little later especially for
holding tea ceremonies
began to build teahouses
pavilions: extraordinary
beautiful, light, full of light
and air refined
structures.
External splendor and
emphasized beauty
simplicity of internal
decorations - in pavilions
stood small
sofas, chairs,
tables, separately
there were tea shops
accessories. In the evenings, colorful lights were lit here
paper lanterns, invited musicians
- everything should have been set up to be enthusiastic
perception of the surrounding world.
Chinese way of making tea
First of all it was necessarychoose the right tea,
corresponding to desire and
mood. It could be
black, green, red or
very rare and expensive
"Imperial" yellow tea
Second, no less important, -
water that is used
for making tea. She
must be fresh, taken
from a spring, stream or river. Third - dishes for
preparation and consumption
tea drink. In ancient times
emperors used
utensils made of gold and silver.
Later the Chinese abandoned
metal utensils and
switched to porcelain and
ceramic.
Gaiwan - special
bowl type cups
200-250 ml with cap,
whose diameter is smaller
top edge diameter
cups. Chinese artistic culture has absorbed
basic spiritual values that
developed in the teachings of Taoism and
Confucianism.. The idea of harmonious
connections between man and nature permeate
Chinese art, starting from calligraphy
before painting. Even writing in
traditional chinese culture
is considered as a special area of ethics and
aesthetics. All genres of ancient Chinese
the arts carried a deep moral
the meaning and idea of human improvement,
tuned to a special perception:
admiration for nature, its beauty and work
masters
From ancient times until the invasion of colonialists in the mid-19th century. In the Far East, one of the brightest and most distinctive civilizations, Chinese, developed consistently, continuously and almost exclusively on its own basis. The development of this civilization, closed from external influences and influences, is due to the enormous size of the territory and long-term isolation from other ancient societies. The ancient Chinese civilization developed in such isolation as if it were on another planet. Only in the 2nd century. BC. the first contact with another high culture occurred through Zhang Qian's travels to Central Asia. And another 300 years had to pass before the Chinese became seriously interested in the cultural phenomenon of Buddhism that came from abroad.
The stability of ancient Chinese civilization was also given by an ethnically homogeneous population that called itself the Han people. The vitality and development potential of Han society was supported by a strong centralized state, the tendency towards the creation and strengthening of which was leading throughout ancient Chinese civilization. A real eastern despotism was created with exceptionally high centralization of power in the hands of the ruler, with a clear administrative-territorial division and a huge staff of learned officials. This model of statehood, cemented by the ideology of Confucianism, existed in China until the fall of the Manchu dynasty at the beginning of the 20th century. The example of the establishment in China since ancient times of the advantages of state property and its dominant role in the development of civilization is also unique. The private owner was under strict control of the authorities to maintain conservative stability in society.
Ancient China is a unique example of class hierarchy. In Chinese society, there were farmers, artisans, merchants, officials, priests, warriors and slaves. They constituted, as a rule, closed hereditary corporations in which each person knew his place. Vertical corporate connections prevailed over horizontal ones. The basis of Chinese statehood is a large family, consisting of several generations of relatives. Society from top to bottom was bound by mutual responsibility. The experience of total control, suspicion and denunciation is also one of the achievements of the civilization of Ancient China.
Ancient Chinese civilization is comparable to antiquity in its breakthrough in the development of man, society and the state, in its achievements and influence on the surrounding world. China's closest neighbors, the countries of East Asia (Korea, Vietnam, Japan) used Chinese hieroglyphic writing, adapting it to the needs of their languages, the ancient Chinese language became the language of diplomats, the government structure and legal system were built on Chinese models, Confucianism had a significant influence on the formation of the official ideology or Buddhism in a sinicized form.
The most ancient tribes that settled the fertile valleys of the large rivers of China in the Neolithic era (8th millennium BC) created settlements from small adobe huts sunk into the ground. They cultivated fields, raised domestic animals, and knew many crafts. Currently, a large number of Neolithic sites have been discovered in China. The ceramics of that time discovered at these sites belong to several cultures, the oldest of which is the Yangshao culture, which received its name from the site of the first excavations carried out in the 20s. XX century in Henan province. Yangshao vessels were made from pale yellow or reddish-brown fired clay, first by hand, then using a potter's wheel.
Those made on a potter's wheel were distinguished by their extraordinary regularity of shape. The ceramics were fired at a temperature of about one and a half thousand degrees Celsius, and then polished with a boar's tooth, making it smooth and shiny. The upper part of the vessels was covered with complex geometric patterns of triangles, spirals, rhombuses and circles, as well as images of birds and animals. Fish stylized as geometric painting were especially popular. The ornament had a magical meaning and, apparently, was associated with the ancient Chinese ideas about the forces of nature. Thus, zigzag lines and sickle-shaped signs were probably conventional images of lightning and the moon, which later turned into Chinese characters.
The next period in the history of China was called Shang-Yin (XVIXI centuries BC) after the name of the tribe that settled the Yellow River valley in the 2nd millennium BC. It was then that the first Chinese state was formed, headed by the ruler Wang, who was also the high priest. At that time, significant changes took place in all spheres of life of the inhabitants of China: silk spinning, bronze casting, hieroglyphic writing were invented, and the foundations of urban planning were born. The capital of the state, the great city of Shan, located near the modern city of Anyang, unlike the most ancient settlements, had a distinct plan.
When the state was formed in China, the idea of Heaven as the powerful supreme deity of the Universe arose. The ancient Chinese believed that their country was located in the center of the Earth, while the latter was square and flat. The sky over China is shaped like a circle. That's why they called their country Zhongguo (Middle Kingdom) or Tianxia (Celestial Empire). At different times of the year, abundant sacrifices were made to Heaven and Earth. For this purpose, special altars were erected outside the city: round for Heaven, square for Earth.
Many artistic crafts have survived to this day, which were intended for ritual ceremonies in honor of the spirits of ancestors and deities who control the forces of nature. Ritual bronze vessels used for sacrifices are distinguished by their craftsmanship. These heavy monolithic products combined all the prevailing ideas about the world at that time. The outer surfaces of the vessels are covered with relief. The main place in it was given to images of birds and dragons, embodying the elements of sky and water, cicadas, foreshadowing a good harvest, bulls and rams, promising people satiety and prosperity. ritual bronze vessels
A tall, slender cup (“gu”), widening at the top and bottom, was intended for sacrificial wine. Typically, a thin spiral “thunder pattern” (“lei wen”) was depicted on the surface of these vessels, against which the main images were made. The voluminous animal faces seem to grow from bronze. The vessels themselves often had the shape of animals and birds (Ritual bronze vessel), for they were supposed to protect people and protect crops from evil forces. The surface of such vessels was completely filled with protrusions and engravings. The bizarre and fantastic shape of ancient Chinese bronze vessels with dragons was arranged by four vertical convex ribs located on the sides. These ribs oriented the vessels to the cardinal points, emphasizing their ritual character. Ritual bronze vessel
The underground burials of the nobility in the Shang-Yin era consisted of two deep underground chambers of a cruciform or rectangular shape located one above the other. Their area sometimes reached four hundred square meters, the walls and ceiling were painted with red, black and white paints or inlaid with pieces of stone, metal, etc. The entrances to the burials were guarded by stone figures of fantastic beasts. So that the souls of the ancestors did not need anything, various handicrafts, weapons, bronze vessels, carved stones, jewelry, as well as magical objects (a bronze figure on a pedestal) were placed in the graves. All the objects that were placed in the burials, as well as the patterns that decorated the statues and bronze utensils, had a magical meaning and were connected by a single symbolism: a bronze figure on a pedestal
In the 11th century BC. the state of Shang-Yin was conquered by the Zhou tribe. The winners, who founded the Zhou Dynasty (13th centuries BC), quickly adopted many of the technical and cultural achievements of the vanquished. The Zhou state existed for many centuries, but its prosperity was short-lived. Many new states appeared on the political arena, and China already by the 8th century. BC. entered into a period of internecine wars. Period from V to III centuries. BC. was called Zhanguo (“warring kingdoms”).
The new kingdoms that emerged brought vast areas into the orbit of Chinese civilization. Trade between remote regions of China began to actively develop, which was facilitated by the construction of canals. Iron deposits were discovered, which made it possible to switch to iron tools and improve farming techniques. Round coins of the same shape came into circulation, replacing money made in the shape of a spade (tapered shovel), sword or shell. The range of crafts that came into use expanded significantly. Science developed in cities. Thus, in the capital of the kingdom of Qi, the first higher educational institution in China, the Jixia Academy, was created. A huge role in the entire subsequent artistic life of China was played by those that arose in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. two teachings: Confucianism and Taoism.
Confucianism, which sought to maintain order and balance in the state, turned to the traditions of the past. The founder of the teaching, Confucius (circa BC), considered the eternal order of relations established by Heaven in family and society, between the sovereign and his subjects, between father and son. Believing himself to be the custodian and interpreter of the wisdom of the ancients, who served as role models, he developed a whole system of rules and norms of human behavior - Ritual. According to the Ritual, it is necessary to honor ancestors, respect elders, and strive for internal improvement. He also created rules for all spiritual manifestations of life, and established strict laws in music, literature and painting. Unlike Confucianism, Taoism focused on the fundamental laws of the universe. The main place in this teaching was occupied by the theory of the Tao of the Way of the Universe, or the eternal variability of the world, subordinate to the natural necessity of nature itself, the balance of which is possible due to the interaction of the feminine and masculine principles of yin and yang. The founder of the teachings, Laozi, believed that human behavior should be guided by the natural laws of the Universe, which cannot be violated, otherwise harmony in the world will be disrupted, chaos and death will ensue. The contemplative, poetic approach to the world inherent in the teachings of Laozi manifested itself in all areas of the artistic life of ancient China.
Many items appeared during the Zhou and Zhanguo periods decorative and applied art that served ritual purposes: bronze mirrors, bells, various objects made from the sacred stone jade. Translucent, always cold jade symbolized purity and was always considered a guardian against poison and damage (Jade figurine). bellsJade figurine
Painted lacquer utensils, tables, trays, boxes, musical instruments, richly decorated with ornaments, discovered in the burials, also served ritual purposes. The production of varnish, like silk weaving, was then known only in China. The natural sap of the lacquer tree, painted in different colors, was repeatedly applied to the surface of the product, which gave it shine, strength and protected it from moisture. In the burials of Hunan Province in Central China, archaeologists discovered many objects of lacquerware (Wooden figurine of a guardian).Wooden figurine of a guardian
In the 3rd century. BC. after long wars and civil strife, the small kingdoms united into a single, powerful empire, headed by the Qin dynasty (BC) and then the Han (206 BC - 220 AD) . The ruler and unlimited ruler of the Qin Empire, Qin Shi-Huangdi (BC) was the Chinese emperor for a short time, but managed to strengthen the central power. He destroyed the borders of independent kingdoms and divided the country into thirty-six provinces, to each of which he appointed a capital official. Under Shi Huangdi, new well-maintained roads were laid and canals were dug to connect provincial centers with the capital Xianyang (Shaanxi Province). A unified written language was created, which allowed residents of different regions to communicate with each other, despite the difference in local dialects.
Its length was seven hundred and fifty kilometers. The thickness of the wall ranged from five to eight meters, the height of the wall reached ten meters. The upper edge was crowned with teeth. Along the entire length of the wall there were numerous signal towers, on which lights were lit in case of the slightest danger. A road was built from the Great Wall of China to the capital itself.
The tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi was also built on an equally large scale. It was erected (fifty kilometers from Xianyang) within ten years after the emperor’s accession to the throne. More than seven hundred thousand people took part in the construction. The tomb was surrounded by two rows of high walls, forming a square in plan (symbol of the Earth). In the center there was a high cone-shaped burial mound. Round in plan, it symbolized Heaven. The walls of the underground tomb are lined with polished marble slabs and jade, the floor is covered with huge polished stones with a map of the nine regions of the Chinese Empire drawn on them. On the floor there were sculptures of five sacred mountains, and the ceiling looked like a firmament with shining luminaries. After the sarcophagus with the body of Emperor Qin Shi Huang was transferred to the underground palace, a huge number of precious objects that accompanied him during his life were placed around it: vessels, jewelry, musical instruments.
But the underground kingdom was not limited to the burial itself. In 1974, at a distance of one and a half kilometers from it, archaeologists discovered eleven deep underground tunnels lined with ceramic tiles. Located parallel to each other, the tunnels served as a shelter for a giant clay army, guarding the peace of their master. Clay army
The army, divided into several ranks, is lined up in battle formation. There are also horses and chariots, also sculpted from clay. All figures are life-size and painted; each of the warriors has individual features (Terracotta figure of an archer from the tomb of Qin Shi Huang).Terracotta figure of an archer from the tomb of Qin Shi Huang
Traces of change in the country were noticeable everywhere, but it should be noted that the power of Qin Shi Huang was based on total control, denunciation and terror. Order and prosperity were achieved through too drastic measures, causing despair among the Qin people. Traditions, morality and virtues were neglected, which forced the bulk of the population to experience spiritual discomfort. In 213 BC. The emperor ordered the expulsion of Songs and Traditions and the burning of all private bamboo books, except for fortune-telling texts, books on medicine, pharmacology, agriculture and mathematics. The monuments located in the archives survived, but most of the ancient sources on the history and literature of China perished in the fire of this madness. A decree was issued banning private teaching, criticism of the government, and the once flourishing philosophies. After the death of Qin Shi Huang in 210 BC. Against the backdrop of general political instability and discontent, uprisings began, which led to the death of the empire.
In 207 BC. Power was seized by the rebel leader Liu Bang, the future founder of the Han dynasty, which ruled for four centuries. In the II century. BC. The Han Empire recognized Confucianism and in its person acquired an official ideology with a distinctly religious overtone. Violation of Confucian precepts was punishable by death as the most serious crime. Based on Confucianism, a comprehensive system of lifestyle and management organization was developed. The emperor in his reign had to rely on the principles of philanthropy and justice, and learned officials had to help him pursue the right policy.
Relations in society were regulated on the basis of Ritual, which determined the responsibilities and rights of each group of the population. All people were to build family relationships based on the principles of filial piety and brotherly love. This meant that each person had to unquestioningly carry out the will of his father, obey his older brothers, and take care of his parents in old age. Thus, Chinese society became class-based not only in the state, but also in the moral sense of this concept. The obedience of the younger to the elder, the lower to the higher, and all together to the emperor is the basis for the development of Chinese civilization with its universal strict regulation of life down to the smallest detail.
The Han era in Chinese history was marked by a new flowering of culture and art, and the development of science. Historical science is born. Its founder, Sima Qian, created a five-volume treatise in which he outlined in detail the history of China since ancient times. Chinese scholars put a lot of effort into copying ancient writings from worn-out bamboo slips that served as books onto silk scrolls. The most important discovery was the invention in the 1st century. AD paper Caravan routes connected China with other countries. For example, along the Great Silk Road, the Chinese brought silk and the finest hand embroidery to the west, which were famous throughout the world. Written sources preserve information about the brisk trade of the Han Empire with India and distant Rome, in which China has long been called the Land of Silk.
The main centers of the Han Empire, Luoyang and Chang'an, were built according to the rules set out in ancient treatises according to a plan with a clear division into quarters. The palaces of the rulers were located on the main thoroughfare of the city and consisted of residential and state rooms, gardens and parks. Noble people were buried in spacious tombs, the walls of which were lined with ceramic or stone slabs, and the ceilings were supported by stone columns, which usually ended with a pair of dragons. Outside, the Alley of Spirits of the Guardians of the Grave, framed by statues of animals, led to the funeral hill.
Objects were found in the burials that give an idea of the daily life of the Han era: ceramic painted models of houses, painted clay jugs, bronze mirrors, painted figurines of dancers, musicians, domestic animals. bronze mirrors of musicians
In funeral arrangements main role reliefs played. The richest in content are the reliefs in the burials of the provinces of Shandong and Sichuan. The reliefs depict scenes of the harvest, wild duck hunting, and racing light chariots harnessed to thin-legged hot horses (“Procession with Chariot and Riders”). All images are very realistic. Procession with chariot and horsemen
The presentation was created based on materials from the electronic editions of the Schoolchild's Encyclopedia - “Riddles and secrets of architecture”, “Wonders of the world. Ancient World”, and the Collections of World Artistic Culture of the Russian General Education Portal (www. school. edu. ru). And also: N.A. Dmitrieva, N.A. Vinogradova “The Art of the Ancient World”, M.; "Children's Literature", 1986 Encyclopedia for Children. (Vol. 7) Art. Part 1, "The World of Avanta+ Encyclopedias", Astrel, 2007; “Large Illustrated Encyclopedia of Art History”, Moscow, “Swallowtail”, 2008 Bronze lamp in the shape of a tapir, 4th century. BC.
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Presentation on the topic: History of Chinese painting
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The history of Chinese painting dates back more than six thousand years and dates back to the period when the ancestors of modern Chinese decorated ceramic products. They depicted people, fish, animals and plants as ornaments. We can only learn about ancient examples of Chinese painting from archaeological excavations. TO fine arts of later times include various funerary vessels and items. The next stage in the development of Chinese painting was drawings made on silk and paper. Several examples of such drawings have survived to this day.
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During the Qin and Han dynasties, fresco painting developed. It was used for burials, as well as in temples and palaces. With the development of Buddhism, temple painting developed between the 3rd and 6th centuries, such as images of Buddha in mountain caves. Perhaps the most famous caves are still the Dunhuang Mogao Caves (敦煌莫高窟). One of the most prominent artists of the Six Dynasties was Gu Kaizhi - 顾恺之 (344-406). He painted secular painting. Two of him famous paintings"Fairy of the Luo River" and "Illustrious Women of Antiquity" are long horizontal scrolls divided into several fragments.
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It was assumed that the picture had to be viewed while walking, that is, to go from its beginning to the end and slowly examine the plot depicted on the scroll. Gu Kaizhi is also considered the founder of “guohua” (literally “national painting”). It was he who put forward the principle of “mood through form”, the meaning of which is that a good picture is the one that conveys the “soul”. And in order to accurately convey the “soul”, you need to draw the eyes very clearly. The next important stage in the development of painting in China at that time was the Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties and Song eras.
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At this time, the formation of the main schools of painting took place. Famous artists include Zhang Ziqian - 展子虔 (Sui era), Li Sixun (李思训)，Wu Daozi (吴道子). In the Tang era, portraiture became a separate genre. There is a well-known painting by Yan Liben (7th century) “Lords of Ancient Dynasties”, in which he depicted on a long horizontal scroll the 13 rulers who led China from the beginning of the Han Dynasty to the end of the 6th century. At the same time, images of court scenes appear. During the Five Dynasties it is worth noting outstanding artist landscape painting – Fan Kuan 范宽. By the way, his works “Mountains Covered with Snow” and “Traveling Along a Mountain Stream” have survived to this day.
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Famous artist The Song era is Gu Hongzhong 顾闳中. In the Yuan dynasty, artists Wang Meng 王蒙, Huang Gongwang 黄公望 and Ni Zang 倪瓒 can be distinguished. In the era of the Ming and Qing dynasties, a large number of art schools and genres appeared. Thematically, Chinese painting can be divided into three types: portraits, landscapes and images of flowers and birds. Portraits appeared first, but then landscapes (山水画) became increasingly popular.
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Ancient Chinese painting was very different from European painting. In Europe, the possibilities of color and shadows were widely used, and in China, painters created amazing paintings using the play of lines. The main thing that distinguishes Chinese painting from European painting is the desire to convey the “spirit of the picture,” or, as the Chinese say, “to express the mood using form.” Of the artists of the 19th and 20th centuries, Qi Baishi (齐白石) should be especially highlighted. One of his most famous paintings is “Shrimp”, also by artist Xu Beihong 徐悲鸿. Xu Beihong created according to the principles of Gu Kaizhi, so people believe that the horses in his painting "奔马" look more realistic than real horses.
Conclusion: The history of Chinese painting dates back to ancient times and they depicted people, fish, animals and plants as ornaments. Later they began to depict drawings made on silk and paper. Then fresco painting and temple painting developed. Then they began to build painting schools.
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