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The culture of Japan developed as a result of a historical process that began with the resettlement of the ancestors of the Japanese people to the Japanese archipelago from the mainland and the emergence of the culture of the Jomon period. Modern Japanese culture has been strongly influenced by Asian countries (especially China and Korea), Europe and North America. One of the features Japanese culture is its long development during the period of complete isolation of the country (sakoku policy) from the rest of the world during the reign of the Tokugawa shogunate, which lasted until the mid-XΙX century - the beginning of the Meiji period. The culture and mentality of the Japanese was greatly influenced by the isolated territorial position of the country, geographical and climatic features , as well as special natural phenomena(frequent earthquakes and typhoons), which was expressed in the peculiar attitude of the Japanese towards nature as a living creature. The ability to admire the momentary beauty of nature as a feature national character Japanese, found expression in many forms of art in Japan.
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Cultural history of Japan Jomon (10 thousand years BC - 300 BC) - the first examples of ceramics, jewelry and female figurines Dogu Yayoi (300 BC - 300 AD) - transition to agriculture, irrigated rice cultivation, bronze and iron products, dotaku bells Yamato-Kofun (IV centuries AD - 6th century AD) - spread of the mound culture, haniwa sculptures, the emergence of ancient Shintoism and related cults - Asuka (593 -710) - borrowing samples of Chinese culture, Taika reforms, creation of codes of laws Nara (710-794) - penetration of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism into the country, creation of literary works “Kojiki”, “Nihon Shoki”, “Kaifuso” Heian (794-1185 ) - the beginning of the use of hiragana and katakana syllabaries, the construction of the Itsukushima shrine, the creation of “The Tale of Genji”, the emergence of the Yamato-e style of painting.
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Kamakura (1185-1333) - formation of the samurai class Muromachi (1333-1568) - emergence of the theater no Sengoku Jidai (1467-1568) - penetration of Christianity into the country Azuchi-Momoyama (1568-1600) Edo (1600-1868) - establishment of the Tokugawa dictatorship, Sakoku policy, suppression of Christianity and the fall of the shogunate, the emergence of kabuki theater and the ukiyo-e style. Meiji (1868-1912) - the end of the period of self-isolation, the beginning of the capitalist path of development, the emergence of Japanese cinema Taisho (1912-1926) Showa (1926-1989)
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Life and culture The villages have a linear layout. A traditional house is a post-frame house, usually with 1-2 floors. Sliding walls made of frames covered with wax paper or cardboard are typical. The floor is raised on small stilts. It is almost completely covered with mats. Tables, chairs, armchairs are placed only in living rooms. The tables are low, the Japanese usually sit on their knees, on cushions. There are no beds, they sleep on a mat, and they put a board under their heads rather than a pillow. The house is necessarily decorated with original paintings, which may contain an image, a drawing, or an inscription (aphorism, quote). They are called kakemono. Popular crafts include making dolls from wood or paper, weaving baskets, vases, and fans. Characterized by unique types of art: making paper figures (origami), arranging flower bouquets (ikebana).
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Mentality of the nation If we consider the Japanese mentality as a whole, then despite the enormous influence of modern Western culture, he managed to adopt a lot “from the outside” and preserve his essence. Elusive, compromising, sensitive and reflective. Not at all selfish and extremely socially dependent. Absorbing and accepting, but with a rigid “friend/foe” system. In this value system, it is the individual who exists within and for the sake of the group, and not the group for the sake of the individual. At the same time, the individual’s internal “I” is carefully stored and protected within, and its imposition on the outside world is not encouraged. Maximum smoothing of corners and the search for compromises are encouraged (even at the expense of uncertainty), but sticking out and imposing something is not approved and is extremely difficult within this system.
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Thus, the Japanese mentality, being compromise and group in nature, is in its system of values and priorities the complete opposite of the Western mentality. And even the fact that many typically Western external forms were strangely borrowed in the shortest possible time and so effectively transferred, adapted to soil that was completely alien at first glance, is due to the natural development of the same harmonious Japanese system of values and priorities, prone to finding ways, interaction and compromises, with complete unity and integrity, the absence of serious variability between the interests of the group and the individual.
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Japanese language and writing The Japanese language has always been an important component of Japanese culture. The majority of the country's population speaks Japanese. Japanese is an agglutinative language and is characterized by a complex writing system consisting of three different types of characters - Chinese kanji characters, hiragana and katakana syllabaries. The oldest known form of the Japanese language is called Old Japanese, it developed by borrowing Chinese writing and the hieroglyph system and was used until before the beginning of the Heian period. In the process of further development of the Japanese language, then called classical Japanese or late Old Japanese, new writing methods were added - the two syllabic alphabet hiragana and katakana, which led to a significant development of the Japanese literary language and the rapid flowering of Japanese literature. In modern Japanese there is a fairly high percentage occupied by words borrowed from other languages (the so-called gairaigo). Japanese names are written using kanji, consisting of a surname and a given name, with the surname first. Japanese is considered one of the most difficult languages to learn. Various systems are used to transliterate Japanese characters, the most common being Romaji (Latin transliteration) and the Polivanov system (writing Japanese words in Cyrillic). Some words in Russian were borrowed from Japanese, for example, tsunami, sushi, karaoke, samurai, etc.
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Literature For a long time Japanese literature was influenced by China literary works were also created in Chinese. The first written monuments are considered to be the collection of Japanese myths and legends “Kojiki” (“Records of Ancient Deeds”) and the historical chronicle “Nihon Shoki” (“Brush-written Annals of Japan” or “Nihongi” - “Annals of Japan”) created during the Nara period (VII - VII centuries). Both works were written in Chinese, but with modifications to convey Japanese names of gods and other words. During the same period, the poetic anthologies “Man’yoshu” (万葉集) “Collection of Myriad Leaves” and “Kaifuso” (懐風藻) were created. The types of poetic forms haiku (俳句), waka (和歌 “Japanese song”) are also widely known outside Japan. and a variety of the latter tanka (短歌 "short song").
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Fine arts Japanese painting (絵画 kaiga, “painting, drawing”) is one of the most ancient and sophisticated of Japanese arts, characterized by a wide variety of genres and styles. For Japanese painting, as with literature, it is typical to assign a leading place to nature and depict it as the bearer of the divine principle. Starting from the 10th century, the Yamato-e direction has been distinguished in Japanese painting; the paintings are horizontal scrolls that were used to illustrate literary works. In the 14th century, the style of sumi-e (monochrome watercolor) developed, and in the first half of the 17th century, artists began to print ukiyo-e - woodblock prints depicting geishas, popular kabuki actors and landscapes. The influence of the popularity of ukiyo-e prints on european art The 18th century is called Japonism.
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Japanese calligraphy In Japan, calligraphy is considered one of the arts and is called shodo (書道 “way of writing”). Along with drawing, calligraphy is taught in schools. The art of calligraphy was brought to Japan along with Chinese writing. In the old days in Japan a sign cultured person mastery of the art of calligraphy was considered. There are several different styles of writing hieroglyphs. Buddhist monks were involved in improving the styles of writing hieroglyphs.
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Sculpture The oldest form of art in Japan is sculpture. Since the Jomon era, a variety of ceramic products (dishes) have been made, and clay dogu idol figurines are also known. In the Kofun era, haniwa were installed on graves - sculptures made of baked clay, at first simple cylindrical shapes, and then more complex ones - in the form of people, animals or birds .The history of sculpture in Japan is connected with the emergence of Buddhism in the country. Traditional Japanese sculpture is most often statues of Buddhist religious concepts (tathagata, bodhisattva, etc.). One of the most ancient sculptures in Japan is the wooden statue of Amitabha Buddha in the Zenko-ji Temple. During the Nara period, Buddhist statues were created by government specialist sculptors. Wood was used as the main material for sculptures (as in Japanese architecture). Statues were often varnished, gilded, or brightly painted. Bronze or other metals were also used as material for statues.
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Theater One of the earliest types of theater was the no theater (能 no:, “talent, skill”), which developed in the 14th-15th centuries; actors played in masks and luxurious costumes. Theater is considered "masked" drama, but masks (o-mote) are worn only by shite and waki. In the 17th century, one of the most famous types of Japanese traditional theater developed - kabuki (歌舞伎 “song, dance, skill”), the actors of this theater were exclusively men, their faces were made up in a complex way. Bunraku - puppet theater
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Cinema The first Japanese films of the early 20th century had simple plots, the cinema of this period developed under the influence of the theater, the acting was theatrical, female roles were played by male actors, theatrical costumes and scenery were used. Before the advent of sound cinema, the demonstration of films was accompanied by a benshi - a live performer, the Japanese version of a pianist. At first, cinema was considered a low art, and there was a contemptuous attitude towards people involved in cinema. This type of art received recognition and authority only at the end of the 30s of the last century. In the 50s-60s of the last century, there was an active development of Japanese cinema. These years are considered the “golden age” of Japanese cinema. In 1950, 215 films were released, and in 1960, 547 films were released. During this period, the genres of historical, political cinema, action films and science fiction appeared; in terms of the number of films released, Japan occupied one of the first places in the world. Famous film directors of this period are Akira Kurosawa, Kenji Mizoguchi, Shohei Imamura. Actor Toshiro Mifune, who played in almost all of Kurosawa's films, became famous outside the country. During the crisis of the film industry in the 60s, films about the yakuza and inexpensive pornographic films became popular genres. In the 1990s, actor and director Takeshi Kitano became widely known both in Japan and beyond.
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Anime and manga Anime (or Japanese animation) is highly popular all over the world. Among other animation genres, it stands out for its greater focus on an adult audience. Anime is characterized by an additional division into genres for a specific target group. The separation criteria are gender, age or psychological type viewer. Often anime are film adaptations of Japanese manga comics, which are also very popular. Both anime and manga are designed for different age audiences. Quite a large part of the manga is intended for adults. As of 2002, about 40% of the total publishing market in Japan is occupied by manga magazines.
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Architecture Japanese architecture has as long a history as any other component of Japanese culture. Initially heavily influenced by Chinese architecture, Japanese architecture has developed many differences and approaches unique to Japan. Examples of traditional Japanese architecture include temples, Shinto shrines, and castles in Kyoto and Nara. In general, Japanese architecture is characterized by a desire for simplicity. Traditional wooden residential buildings of ordinary Japanese, called minka (民家), are maximally adapted to the country's climate. The minka has a frame structure with a load-bearing column in the center of the house and sliding doors. Currently, minkas are preserved only in rural areas.
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Clothing In Japan you can find two types of clothing - traditional - wafuku (和服 japanese clothing), and simpler, everyday, European style. Kimono (着物) - literally translated “clothing, outfit” - a general term for any clothing, and in a narrow sense - a type of wafuku. Yukata - light cotton kimono Obi - different kinds belts Geta - wooden sandals Mon - family coat of arms
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National cuisine Japanese cuisine is known for its emphasis on seasonality of food, quality of ingredients and presentation of dishes. The basis of Japanese cuisine is rice. The word gohan (御飯 literally "cooked rice") can also be translated as "food". In addition to its main purpose as a food product, rice also served as a kind of monetary unit; in the old days, taxes and salaries were paid in rice. The Japanese use rice to prepare a wide variety of dishes, sauces and even drinks (sake, shochu, bakushu). [The second most important food product for the Japanese is fish. Japan ranks fourth in the world in per capita consumption of fish and seafood. Fish is often consumed raw or semi-raw, such as sushi. Bean curd (tofu) is also very popular in Japan. To preserve food in high humidity conditions, it is often salted, fermented or pickled, examples of such dishes include natto, umeboshi, tsukemono and soy sauce.In modern Japanese cuisine you can easily find borrowings from Chinese, Korean and Thai cuisine. Some imported dishes, such as ramen (Chinese wheat noodles), are becoming very popular. The Japanese tea ceremony occupies a special place in traditional Japanese cuisine. IN Lately Japanese food Quite popular outside of Japan, it is also considered healthy due to its low calorie content.
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Sports Baseball, football and other ball games are popular in Japan. Some types of martial arts (judo, kendo and karate) are also traditionally popular. Although sumo wrestling is not an official sport in Japan, according to the professional sumo association, it is considered national species sports.Kyudo (“the way of the bow”) - archery Aikido (“the way of the harmonious spirit”)
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Religion At the early stage of development of Japanese society, totemism was widespread. From ancient Japanese religious beliefs ideas about Shinto, the main religion of Japan, were formed. Shintoism (or Shinto) can literally be translated as “the way of many kami (gods)”). The basis of this movement is the worship of the forces of nature. According to Shinto beliefs, the sun, trees, mountains, stones and natural phenomena are kami (or mikoto) and endowed with a soul, they are worshiped in temples specially built for this purpose. [An important feature of Shintoism is the cult of ancestors. The ancient Japanese believed that the Japanese islands and people who inhabited them were created by kami, which is reflected in Japanese mythology. The cult of the emperor is also associated with these ideas - it was believed that the imperial family descended from the creator gods of the Japanese archipelago. Ancient myths and legends of Shintoism about the creation of the Japanese islands by the gods and the transfer of power over the country to the descendants of the gods (Jimmu and Ninigi) are preserved in the Kojiki and Nihongi. Later, from India through Korea and China, Buddhism penetrates into the country, the year 552 is considered official date confessions new religion. Buddhism has had a great influence on the education, literature and art of Japan, although it itself has undergone significant transformation and is very different from Indian and Chinese Buddhism. Under Emperor Shomu (reigned 724-749), Buddhism was recognized as the state religion. In the middle of the 16th century, Christianity came to Japan, supported by Oda Nobunaga and subsequently banned by the Tokugawa shogunate. The ban on Christianity was lifted after the Meiji Restoration. In modern Japan, the proportion of the population that simultaneously professes two religions - Buddhism and Shintoism - is 84%, about 0.7% of the country's population professes Christianity.
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Traditions, customs, etiquette Wabi-sabi Matsuri (holiday, worship) Japanese holidays Hanami Sakura Japanese tea ceremony SentoMono no aware Japanese society is characterized by a clearly expressed sense of belonging to a certain social group (work collective, family, student group), which is also expressed in special relations within the group. In Japan great importance attached to the concepts of "duty" and "obligation", usually called giri (義理). Although giri is a general social norm for Japanese behavior, in some cases, for example in relationships among young people, this concept is treated more simply. You should know that in Japan there are certain rules of gestures, and the more restrained a person is, the more respect he commands, so a familiar pat hitting the shoulder and grabbing the hand will not cause joy in Japan.
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History of the tea ceremony According to various sources, the beginning of drinking tea in Japan dates back to the 7th-8th centuries AD. Tea was brought to Japan from the mainland. It is believed that it was brought by Buddhist monks, for whom tea was a special drink - they drank it during meditation and offered it to Buddha. As Zen Buddhism spread in Japan and priests began to exert increasing influence on the cultural and political life countries, tea consumption also spread. In the 12th century, the monk Eisai contributed to the introduction of tea drinking at court by presenting to the shogun Minamoto no Sanetomo the book Kissa Yojoki about maintaining health through tea. TO XIII century Drinking tea became common among the samurai class. Over time, the practice of “tea tournaments” - meetings at which tea was tasted - penetrated from the monasteries into the aristocratic environment. a large number of varieties of tea and the participants were required to determine its type and origin by tasting the tea. Tea drinking also became a tradition among the common people, among peasants and townspeople, but it was much more modest than among the nobility, and was simply a meeting for sharing a drink over a leisurely conversation.
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Modeled after the Chinese Song tea ceremony, Japanese monks formed their own ritual of sharing tea. The original form of the ritual was developed and introduced by the monk Dayo (1236-1308). The first tea masters, also monks, studied with Dayo. A century later, the priest Ikkyu (1394-1481), abbot of the Daitokuji temple complex in Kyoto, taught the tea ceremony to his student Murata Juko (Shuko). The latter developed and transformed the tea ceremony, and taught it to the shogun Ashikagu Psimatsu, thus giving the tradition a “start in life” - as in most countries, in Japan everything that was accepted into custom by the ruler immediately became fashionable among subjects. Murata followed the idea of “wabi” that was the basis of the ceremony - the desire for simplicity and naturalness, partly in contrast to the pomp and luxury of samurai “tea tournaments”. He combined the four main principles of the tea ceremony: harmony (“wa”), respect (“kei”), purity (“sei”) and silence and peace (“seki”). Further development The tea ceremony was provided by Joo Takeno (1502-1555). He began to use a special building for the ceremony - a tea house (chashitsu), which, in accordance with the “wabi” principle, was given the appearance of a peasant house with a thatched roof. He also introduced rough-made ceramic utensils into use in the ceremony. A student of Joo Takeno, an outstanding master of the tea ceremony Sen no Rikyu (1522-1591), modified the tea house and introduced the practice of creating a garden (chaniwa) and a stone path (roji) leading through the garden to the house.
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Sen no Rikyu formalized the etiquette of the ceremony, the sequence of actions of the participants, and even determined what conversations should be held at what point in the ceremony in order to create a mood of calm, withdrawal from worries and the pursuit of truth and beauty. Rikyu's innovations gave new meaning to sabi, the principle of delicacy and beauty also embodied in the tea ceremony. The atmosphere of the ceremony was aimed at showing not the obvious, bright, conspicuous beauty, but the hidden beauty hidden in simple things, dim colors and quiet sounds. Thus, to XVI century the tea ceremony from a simple collective tea drinking turned into a mini-performance, which was generally considered as one of the forms of spiritual practice and in which every detail, every object, every action had symbolic meaning. The Japanese say that “the tea ceremony is the art of embodying the grace of Emptiness and the goodness of Peace.” In general, the action of the tea ceremony is a specially organized and orderly meeting of the owner - the tea master - and his guests for joint relaxation, enjoying beauty, conversation, accompanied by drinking tea. The ceremony is held in a specially equipped place and consists of several actions performed in a strict order.
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Traditional types of ceremony There are many types of tea ceremony, of which six traditional ones stand out: night, at sunrise, morning, afternoon, evening, special. Night ceremony. Usually held under the moon. The gathering of guests takes place shortly before midnight, the ceremony ends no later than four o'clock in the morning. A special feature of the night ceremony is that powdered tea is prepared directly during the ceremony by grinding tea leaves in a mortar and brewed very strongly. -At sunrise. The ceremony begins at three or four in the morning and continues until six in the morning. -Morning. It is usually carried out in hot weather (when the morning is the coolest time), starting around six in the morning. -Afternoon. It starts around one o'clock in the afternoon and only cakes are served. -Evening. Starts around six o'clock in the afternoon. -A special (rinjityanoy) ceremony is held on special occasions: a holiday, a specially organized meeting of friends, the celebration of an event
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Ceremony location The classic tea ceremony is held in a specially equipped place. This is usually a fenced area, which can be entered through a massive wooden gate. Before the ceremony, during the gathering of guests, the gates are opened, giving the guest the opportunity to enter without disturbing the owner, who is busy with preparations. On the territory of the “tea complex” there are several buildings and a garden. The details of their location are not standardized - in each specific case they try to create the most aesthetic ensemble that naturally fits into the area and creates the impression of a “continuation of nature.” Directly behind the gate there are auxiliary buildings: a “hallway” where the guest can leave things and change shoes, as well as a pavilion where guests gather before the ceremony begins. The main building - the tea house (chashitsu) - is located in the depths of the tea garden (chaniwa). To get there, you need to walk through the garden along a stone-lined path (roji). It is possible to confine yourself to a special pavilion, a separate tea room, or even just a separate table for the ceremony.
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Utensils and accessories The utensils used during the tea ceremony must form a single artistic ensemble, which does not necessarily mean monotony, but requires that the objects fit together and none of them stands out sharply from the general set. The ceremony requires a box for storing tea, a cauldron or kettle in which water is boiled, a common bowl for drinking tea together, bowls for each of the guests, a spoon for pouring tea and a stirrer with which the host stirs the tea during preparation. All items should be simple, modest in appearance and venerable age reflected in their appearance. As a rule, tea is stored in a simple wooden box, the cauldron or teapot is quite ordinary, copper, the tea spoon and stirrer are bamboo. The bowls used are simple, ceramic, fairly rough workmanship, without any deliberate decoration. All utensils are immaculately clean, but never polished. Unlike Europeans, who polish metal utensils to a mirror shine, giving the items the appearance of new, just made, the Japanese prefer that items retain a “memory of their past” - darkening over time, traces of long-term use. The “old” type of utensils is one of the elements of the aesthetics of the tea ceremony.
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Procedure for the ceremony Before the ceremony, guests gather together in one room. Here they are served hot water in small cups. The purpose of this stage is to create a general mood among the guests associated with the anticipation of the upcoming ceremony as an important and pleasant action, a meeting with the beautiful. Then the guests go through the garden to the tea house. Walking through the tea garden along a path lined with stones is considered very important - it symbolizes moving away from the hustle and bustle, moving away from everyday life, detachment from everyday worries, anxieties and troubles. Contemplating the plants and stones of the garden, guests tune in to concentration and free their minds from everything vain. At the end of the path, in front of the tea house, the owner meets the guests. After a discreet mutual greeting, the guests approach the stone well located right there and perform the ritual of ablution. Water is scooped up with a small ladle lying right there on a long wooden handle, the guest washes his hands, face, rinses his mouth, and then washes the handle of the ladle after himself. The ritual of ablution symbolizes bodily and spiritual purity.
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After bathing, guests go to the tea house and settle down there. Passing through a low and narrow entrance symbolizes the final exit beyond the boundaries of the ordinary world, shelter from everything that is happening outside. The inconvenience of entry and the need to bend low when entering a tea house symbolize the equality of participants in the ceremony - everyone is forced to bow, regardless of nobility, wealth, fame and social status. In accordance with the custom of a traditional Japanese house, when entering a tea house, guests leave their shoes at the doorstep. When guests arrive, the fire in the hearth is already burning, a cauldron of water is standing over the fire. Upon entering the house, the guest should first of all pay attention to the niche opposite the entrance - the tokonoma. Before guests arrive, the owner hangs a scroll with a saying there, and also places a bouquet of flowers and an incense burner. The saying defines the theme to which the ceremony is dedicated and conveys state of mind owner. The owner enters the tea house last, and not immediately after the guests, but a little later, to give the guests the opportunity to examine and evaluate the items in the tokonoma without haste.
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Upon entering the house, the owner bows to the guests and takes his place - opposite the guests, near the hearth. Next to the owner’s seat are the necessary items for making tea: a wooden box with tea, a bowl and a bamboo stirrer. While the water in the cauldron is heating up, guests are served kaiseki - a light meal consisting of simple, not filling, but delicious dishes designed not to fill you up, but to relieve the discomfort caused by hunger. The Japanese believe that food served with tea should, first of all, be pleasing to the eye, and only secondarily satiating. The name "kaiseki" comes from a hot stone that in the past, Zen monks kept in their bosoms to quell hunger. Lastly, "omogashi" - sweets for tea - are served. After the kaiseki, guests leave the tea house for a while to stretch their legs and prepare for the main part of the ceremony - drinking thick tea together. At this time, the owner exchanges the scroll in the tokonoma for a composition of flowers and/or branches. The composition is compiled according to the principle of unity of contrasts, for example, it can be a pine branch, as a symbol of strength and durability, with a camellia flower, symbolizing tenderness in a flower bouquet.
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The most important part of the ceremony is preparing and drinking thick powdered green tea. The guests gather again in the tea house, where the owner begins to prepare tea. The entire process takes place in complete silence. Everyone carefully watches the actions of the owner and listens to the sounds of fire, boiling water, streams of steam from the boiler, to which are later added the quiet sounds produced by the owner’s manipulations with the bowl, tea and utensils. The owner first carries out a symbolic cleansing of all used utensils, then begins to prepare tea. All movements in this process are strictly verified and practiced, the owner moves in time with his breathing, the guests carefully watch all his actions. This is the most meditative part of the ceremony. The tea is poured into a rough ceramic bowl, a small amount of boiling water is poured into it, the contents of the bowl are stirred with a bamboo stirrer until it turns into a homogeneous mass and a green matte foam appears. Then more boiling water is added to the bowl to bring the tea to the desired consistency. The host bows to serve the bowl of prepared tea to the guests (traditionally, by seniority, starting with the eldest or most honored guest). The guest places a silk scarf (fukusa) on his left palm, accepts the cup with his right hand, places it on his left palm and, nodding to the next guest in order, drinks from the cup. Then he places the fucus on the mat, wipes the edge of the bowl with a paper napkin and passes the bowl to the next one. Each guest repeats the same procedure, after which the bowl is returned to the owner.
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Drinking tea from a common cup symbolizes the unity of those gathered. After the bowl has passed around all the guests, the host again hands it over to the guests, now empty, so that everyone can carefully examine the bowl, evaluate its shape, and feel it in their hand again. From this moment, the next stage of the ceremony begins - the host prepares light tea in a separate cup for each of the guests. The conversation begins. This part of the ceremony is rest; during it they do not talk about business or everyday worries. The subject of discussion is the scroll in the tokonoma, the saying written on it, the beauty of the flower arrangement, the bowl, other utensils, and the tea itself. Immediately before tea is served, guests are served sweets. At the end of this part of the ceremony, guests are again invited to examine the utensils used to prepare tea this time. At the end of the conversation, the owner, having answered all the guests’ questions, apologetically leaves the tea house, thereby indicating that the ceremony has come to an end. In the absence of the host, the guests examine the hearth on which the tea was prepared and once again pay attention to the flowers in the tokonoma, which should open by the time the ceremony is completed. The opened flowers serve as a reminder of the time spent together by the ceremony participants.
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While the guests are leaving the tea house, the owner is close to its entrance, silently bowing to those leaving. After the guests leave, the owner sits for some time in the tea house, remembering the past ceremony and recalling the remaining sensations from it. Then he takes away all the utensils, removes the flowers, wipes the tatami in the house and leaves. Cleaning symbolizes summing up the final outcome of what happened. The tea house is returned to the same state it was in before the ceremony. It is considered important that the action, without leaving any external traces, was preserved only as a trace in the minds of the people who participated in it.
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Japanese culture is a unique, original phenomenon not only in the context of global culture, but also among other eastern cultures. Japanese culture is unique
a unique phenomenon not only in the context
global culture, but also among other eastern
crops It has continuously developed since the 10th-11th centuries. From XVII to mid-19th century Japan
was practically closed to foreigners (connections
remained only with the Netherlands and China). IN
the period of this isolation in Japan received creative
development of national identity. And when
after several centuries before the world finally
the richest traditional culture was discovered
Japan, it had a strong influence on subsequent
development European painting, theater and literature.
Japanese civilization was formed as a result
complex and multi-temporal ethnic contacts.
Japanese culture as opposed to Indian and
Chinese was just being born at the turn of the Middle Ages,
therefore, it was characterized by increased dynamism and
special sensitivity to the perception of foreigners
influences
As the Kojiki, the oldest monument of Japanese language and literature, tells, the sun goddess Amaterasu gave her grandson, Prince Ninigi, adored
As narrated by the Kojiki, the oldest monument of Japanese language and literature, the goddesssun Amaterasu gave to her grandson Prince Ninigi, the deified ancestor of the Japanese,
sacred mirror Yata and said: “Look at this mirror the way you look at me.”
She gave him this mirror along with the sacred sword Murakumo and the sacred jasper
Yasakani necklace. These three symbols of the Japanese people, Japanese culture, Japanese
statehood has been passed down from time immemorial from generation to generation as
sacred relay race of valor, knowledge, art.
In the history of Japanese culture and art, three deep ones can be distinguished, to this day
living currents, three dimensions of Japanese spirituality, interpenetrating and
enriching each other: Shinto (“the way of heavenly deities”) - folk pagan
Japanese religion; Zen is the most influential movement of Buddhism in Japan (Zen is
both a doctrine and a lifestyle, similar to medieval Christianity,
Islam); Bushido (“the way of the warrior”) - the aesthetics of samurai, the art of the sword and death.
Japanese language and writing.
The Japanese language has always been an important part of Japanese culture. Japaneseis an agglutinative language and has a difficult writing concept,
which is formed from three different types hieroglyphs - Chinese kanji characters, alphabet
katakana and hiragana syllables.
Katakana
Hiragana
Painting
Japanese painting (Japanese 絵画 kaiga, “picture, drawing”) is one of the mostancient and refined of Japanese arts, characterized by a wide
variety of genres and styles.
For Japanese painting, as for literature, it is typical to assign a leading place
nature and its depiction as a bearer of the divine principle.
Since the 10th century, the Yamato-e direction has been distinguished in Japanese painting, paintings
are horizontal scrolls used to illustrate literary
works. In the 14th century, the style of sumi-e (monochrome watercolor) developed, and in
In the first half of the 17th century, artists began to print ukiyo-e - engravings on
trees depicting geishas, popular kabuki actors and landscapes. Influence
popularity of ukiyo-e prints in European art XVIII
century is called Japaneseism.
Painting examples:
Japanese calligraphy
Calligraphy came to Japan from China. From the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. e. Vancient Chinese pictograms were gradually simplified and adapted to
faster writing. By the beginning of our era, pictographic motifs
turned into actual hieroglyphs with a square shape. They
was made up of combinations of lines, strokes and dots and over time took shape
several style directions: charter (full image of hieroglyphs),
semi-cursive and cursive. Far Eastern calligraphy is one of the
leading forms of art. Ideograms denote entire concepts and have
deep philosophical meaning. This form of recording information
contributes to the formation of structural-figurative perception of people. It is important not
just to understand what is written, but also to see and feel how it is written.
Calligraphic writing appeared in Japan in the 7th century. Based on Chinese
styles, Japanese calligraphers created several new styles that
They are much more simple and emotional. During the Edo era (1600
-1868) decorative styles such as kabuki-moji and jo-rurimoji appeared. These styles were used to create posters and theater programs
Kabuki and Joruri.
Calligraphy examples:
Culture and customs of Japan.
Many customs and traditions of Japan set the rhythmlife and behavior of the Japanese. This is especially noticeable
in communication. For example, it is not customary for the Japanese
shake hands. Handshakes are being replaced
bows - arms at your sides, body bends in the area
lower back. Moreover, you need to respond to bows with that
the same frequency with which you were greeted.
Another interesting point, which is often
confuses foreigners. For any
circumstances during communication Japanese
(especially women) should smile even if
the topic of conversation is serious or sad. Also not
It is recommended to look the Japanese person directly in the eyes or
gesticulating excessively when speaking is
may be perceived as aggression. The Japanese are very
friendly and hospitable. They always
They will come to help at the first request. Is it true,
as for treatment on the street, old people and
teenagers are embarrassed to answer questions. Better
reach out to the older generation.
Tea ceremony
There are many types of tea in Japan, and it is not only prepared directly from the tea leaf.Once upon a time in Japan, tea was viewed as something precious, an elixir of life.
Now it is available to everyone, and yet a reverent attitude towards it has been preserved. Tea in
Japan is a symbol.
“O-cha” is how the Japanese respectfully call their favorite drink. Extremely difficult
list all its varieties, because there are dozens of green tea alone
varieties. Some of them are included in the highest category - "sencha". Price of individual varieties
Sencha tea, in terms of American currency, may well reach $500 per
100 grams.
It's interesting that the Japanese brew tea
water that is not boiling, but warmed up to about
up to 90 degrees. And they drink it without any
there were no additives - milk, sugar or
lemon.
The Japanese also have a lot of rules at the table, which are very difficult to remember at once. When using hashi chopsticks, do not cross or stick them
The Japanese also have a lot of rules at the table, which are very difficult to remember at once. Using“Hashi” chopsticks, you cannot cross them or stick them into rice - the Japanese associate this with death,
because in this form they usually bring offerings to the spirits of their ancestors. It is also forbidden to transfer food from
sticks into sticks - according to Buddhist custom, remains are transferred in this way during burial.
Soups should be drunk, not eaten. Exceptions are noodle soups or New Year's o-zoni soup,
Moreover, you need to eat the noodles with chopsticks and drink the broth. By the way, dishes and table setting too
are of considerable importance. Each dish is served in a separate bowl and occupies a specific place
on the table. In Japan there is no such thing as changing dishes (first, second, third...), all dishes are served at once,
In this case, heating devices are required - braziers, alcohol lamps, etc. Any utensils and
Serving is divided into men's and women's. Don't be alarmed by such a large number
rules of decency and customs. Despite the fact that the customs and traditions of Japan are somewhat unusual,
Japan is a beautiful country full of mysteries. It's always interesting to meet someone else
culture, the main thing is desire.
Love and respect for traditions in Japanese culture are so deeply rooted that it is difficult to imagine any branch of art
Love and respect for traditions are so deeply rooted in Japanese culture thatit is difficult to imagine at least some branch of art that is not rooted in the depths
centuries and not overgrown with traditions and legends.
Some historians and Japanese experts claim that the Japanese theater has preserved
elements ancient drama, and also enriched with the traditions of Asia, India and China.
It is impossible to imagine a theater without Gigaku pantomime masks and Bugaku dances. But not
one should think that Japanese theater consists only of them. It's very complex and
a multifaceted world in which every shadow carries its own secret and obvious meaning, sometimes even
contradictory to each other. Each of its components deserves its own chapter.
acting, traditional dances, music, set design, costume and masks,
scenery, makeup, dolls, etc.
Cinema
At first, cinema in Japanwas considered unworthy art,
there was disdain
attitude towards the people who filmed
movies. Popular cinema
became only in the late 30s of the 20th
centuries.
In the 50s and 60s of the 20th century, Japanese cinema began to actively develop. This period
called the "golden age" of Japanese cinema. In 1950, 215 films were produced, and
in 1960 - their number reached 547. At the same time, genres were spreading
political, historical cinema, science fiction and action films, Japanese cinema
becomes famous all over the world. Famous directors of that time - Akira
Kurosawa, Shohei Imamura, Kenji Mizoguchi. Great popularity outside
Japan acquires actor Toshiro Mifune, who played in almost all films
Kurosawa.
In the 90s of the last century, director and actor Takeshi became famous all over the world.
Kitano.
Anime and manga.
Anime (Japanese アニメ [anime], from English animation [animation] - animation) -Japanese animation. The main difference from animation in other countries is the greater
Some of the products are designed for teenage and adult audiences, and for
Due to this, it is highly popular in the world. Most anime series are
film adaptation of Japanese comics - manga, usually preserving the graphic style and
other features.
Manga (Japanese: 漫画) - Japanese comics, sometimes in their homeland
called komikku (コミック). The word "manga" means "grotesque", "strange (or
funny) pictures”, and the artist who draws it is called a mangaka. Comics in Japan
read by people of all ages, they are respected and as a form visual arts, And How
literary phenomenon. Manga is almost always black and white, and only
covers and individual illustrations.
Cloth:
In Japan there are two types of clothing - national -wafuku, and the usual European one, which is worn in
Everyday life.
Kimono (translated as “clothing, outfit”) - common name
any clothing in the broadest sense
Yukata - light robe;
hakama—pants;
geta, waraji - sandals;
obi - belt.
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Education, science and technology ideologization and unification
Features of development
Europeanization during the interwar period
The culture of Japan developed as a result of a historical process that began with the resettlement of the ancestors of the Japanese people to the Japanese archipelago from the mainland and the emergence of the culture of the Jomon period. Modern Japanese culture has been heavily influenced by Asia (especially China and Korea), Europe, and North America, which rapidly began to influence Japanese culture in the early 1960s. One of the features of Japanese culture is its long development during the period of complete isolation of the country (sakoku policy) from the rest of the world during the reign of the Tokugawa shogunate, which lasted until the mid-19th century - the beginning of the Meiji period. The culture and mentality of the Japanese were greatly influenced by the isolated territorial position of the country, geographical and climatic features, as well as special natural phenomena (frequent earthquakes and typhoons), which was expressed in the peculiar attitude of the Japanese towards nature as a living creature. The ability to admire the momentary beauty of nature, as a feature of the national character of the Japanese, has found expression in many types of art in Japan.
Japanese language and writing The Japanese language has always been an important component of Japanese culture. The majority of the country's population speaks Japanese. Japanese is an agglutinative language and is characterized by a complex writing system consisting of three different types of characters - Chinese kanji characters, hiragana and katakana syllabaries.
ひらがな
For a long time, Japanese literature was influenced by China, and literary works were also created in Chinese. The first written monuments are considered to be the collection of Japanese myths and legends “Kojiki” (“Records of Ancient Deeds”) and the historical chronicle “Nihon Shoki” (“Brush-written Annals of Japan” or “Nihongi” - “Annals of Japan”), created during the Nara period (VII - VIII centuries). Both works were written in Chinese, but with modifications to convey Japanese names of gods and other words. During the same period, the poetic anthologies "Man'yoshu" (Japanese: 万葉集 "Collection of Myriad Leaves") and "Kaifuso" (Japanese: 懐風藻) were created. The types of poetic forms haiku (Japanese: 俳句), waka (Japanese: 和歌 “Japanese song”), and a variety of the latter tanka (Japanese: 短歌 “short song”) are widely known outside Japan. Literature The scarlet water flower I cut off with a blow of a sickle Between the oncoming waves. Hirose Izen
Anime and manga Anime is Japanese animation. The main difference from animation in other countries is that most of the products produced are designed for teenage and adult audiences, and due to this they are highly popular in the world. Almost all anime series are film adaptations of Japanese comic books - manga, usually preserving the graphic style and other features.
Manga are Japanese comics, sometimes called komikku in their homeland. The word "manga" means "grotesque", "strange (or funny) pictures", and the artist who draws it is called a mangaka. In Japan, comics are read by people of all ages and are respected both as a form of fine art and as a literary phenomenon. Manga is almost always black and white, and only covers and individual illustrations are drawn in color.
Japanese painting is one of the most ancient and sophisticated of Japanese arts, characterized by a wide variety of genres and styles. Painting Since the 10th century, the Yamato-e direction has been distinguished in Japanese painting; the paintings are horizontal scrolls that were used to illustrate literary works. In the 14th century, the style of sumi-e (monochrome watercolor) developed, and in the first half of the 17th century, artists began to print ukiyo-e - woodblock prints depicting geishas, popular kabuki actors and landscapes. The influence of the popularity of ukiyo-e prints on European art of the 18th century is called Japonism.
Sculpture The oldest form of art in Japan is sculpture. Since the Jomon era, a variety of ceramic products (ware) have been made, and clay dogu idol figurines are also known. During the Kofun era, haniwa were installed on graves - sculptures made of baked clay, initially simple cylindrical shapes, and then more complex - in the form of people, animals or birds. Wood was used as the main material for sculptures (as in Japanese architecture). Statues were often varnished, gilded, or brightly painted. Bronze or other metals were also used as material for statues. The most prominent representatives of Japanese wooden sculpture were Enku (1632-1695) and Mokujiki (1718-1810).
Architecture Examples of traditional Japanese architecture include temples, Shinto shrines and castles in Kyoto and Nara. In general, Japanese architecture is characterized by a desire for simplicity. Traditional wooden residential houses of ordinary Japanese, called minka, are maximally adapted to the country's climate. The minka has a frame structure with a load-bearing column in the center of the house and sliding doors. Currently, minkas are preserved only in rural areas. Japanese castles were distinguished by their originality, serving not only to protect their owners from enemies, but also as a symbol of power.
Cinema The first Japanese films of the early 20th century had simple plots, the cinema of this period developed under the influence of the theater, the acting was theatrical, female roles were played by male actors, theatrical costumes and scenery were used. Before the advent of sound cinema, film screenings were accompanied by a benshi - a live performer, the Japanese version of a pianist. At first, cinema was considered a low art, and there was a contemptuous attitude towards people involved in cinema. This type of art received recognition and authority only in the late 30s of the 20th century.
Music Japanese music includes many genres, ranging from traditional music genres unique to Japan itself, to many genres of modern music, around which the country often builds a distinctive scene, unlike other countries. Since the 1990s, Japanese music has become widely known and popular in the West, primarily due to its unique genres such as j-pop, j-rock and visual kei. Often such music reaches Western listeners through soundtracks in Japanese animation or video games, and visiting Japanese groups and performers perform at almost every one of the various Japanese cultural festivals.
Military culture Samurai is a Japanese military-feudal class. They appeared in Japan in the 7th-8th centuries AD. Mostly men from wealthy peasant families, as well as representatives of the middle and lower aristocracy, became samurai. From warriors, samurai gradually became armed servants of their feudal lord, receiving housing and food from him. Sometimes samurai received land plots from the peasants, and themselves turned into feudal lords. The number of samurai increased, and soon the squads of feudal lords began to represent entire armies.
Bushido is the code of the samurai, a set of rules, recommendations and norms of behavior of a true warrior in society, in battle and alone, a military male philosophy and morality, rooted in ancient times. Bushido, which initially arose in the form of the principles of a warrior in general, thanks to the ethical values and respect for the arts included in it in the 12th-13th centuries, with the development of the samurai class as noble warriors, merged with it and finally took shape in the 16th-17th centuries. already like a code of samurai ethics. Postulates: True courage is to live when it is right to live, and to die when it is right to die. One should approach death with a clear consciousness of what a samurai should do and what humiliates his dignity. You should weigh every word and always ask yourself whether what you are about to say is true. Loyalty, justice and courage are the three natural virtues of a samurai. The samurai must, first of all, constantly remember that he can die at any moment, and if such a moment comes, then the samurai must die with honor. This is his main business.
Secret ninja clans began to appear in Japan in the 9th-12th centuries, almost simultaneously with the emergence of the samurai. Ninjas were, in fact, highly professional intelligence officers and saboteurs of that time, possessing a complex of knowledge and skills in camouflage, killing methods, organizing guerrilla operations and obtaining information. Various feudal princes used the specific services of ninja clans. The art of ninja flourished during civil war 1467-1568, at that time there were about 70 ninja clans in Japan. Most legends about ninjas are based on the events of that “era of the warring states.”
Martial arts Judo means "gentle way" in Japanese. This martial art is the most recognized in the world. Judo was created in late XIX century master Kano Jigiro, who took one of the schools of jujutsu as a basis and developed the rules of a new martial art and combat system. Karate is a martial art that originated in China. From there it came to the island of Okinawa, which was independent for a long time, and then became the outskirts of Japan, so few people were interested in karatedo in Japan. Karate became popular in the 1920s thanks to a master named Funakoshi Gichin. Since then, karate has taken an important place among Japanese martial arts. Sumo is a special type of martial art. It was never used in battle, but had a ritual character, combining sport and Shinto ritual. Modern sumo also preserves many ancient rituals. Aikido is a martial art created by master Ueshiba Morihei on the basis of one of the schools of jujutsu. This combat system is fundamentally different from others in that it does not have offensive technology. Aikido is used for defense, using the opponent's strength against him.
Cuisine The Japanese say: “Every meal should have something from the mountains and something from the sea.” “Mountain” ingredients are usually rice and seasonal vegetables, as well as soybeans and their numerous derivatives (tofu bean curd, miso soy paste, shoyu soy sauce). The “sea” part of food can be very diverse: almost all types of sea fish, many types of shellfish (even jellyfish), cetaceans, seaweed and other algae. The constant lack of food taught the ancient Japanese to respect their daily meals. The consumption of everyday foods was accompanied by some kind of rituals, and they tried to add at least aesthetic appeal to the food. The Japanese strive to decorate their food with any possible ways. They even say that the Japanese eat with their eyes, not their mouths.
Religion In matters of religion, Japan shows the greatest tolerance. Thus, almost all Japanese profess Shintoism, but at the same time belong to one of the many Buddhist communities, guided in life by the principles of Confucianism. Shintoism - “the way of the gods” - ancient religion Japan, cultivated exclusively in this country. It is based on the myth of the origin of the world, according to which the Earth and the imperial family trace their origins to the Sun Goddess Amaterasu. At the center of Buddhism is the teaching of the “four noble truths”: suffering, its cause, liberation and the path to it. In Buddhism there is no opposition between spirit and matter, there is no God as a creator and an unconditionally supreme being. Buddha is not only the name given to the founder of this religion, the legendary Prince Gautama (VII-VI centuries BC), but also the name of a being who has reached a state of highest perfection (“enlightenment”).
Clothing In Japan you can find two types of clothing - traditional - wafuku and simpler, everyday, European style. Kimono, literally translated as “clothing, attire,” is a general term for any clothing, and in a narrower sense, a type of wafuku.
G eta, waraji - Yukata sandals - light robe Hakama - Obi pants - belt
Theater and dance The very first type of theater was the Noh theater, which was formed in the 14-15th century; when playing in it, the actors put on masks and dressed in luxurious attire. In the 17th century, one of the most famous types of national theater in Japan, kabuki, was created; complex makeup was applied to the actors’ faces. The skill of onnagata, the actors who play the role of a woman, is especially appreciated. In 1629, the Tokugawa shogunate banned women from playing kabuki, after World War II women began to appear on stage again, and even the first all-female troupe was created. Also known national theater bunraku dolls. Certain playwrights, such as Chikamatsu Monzaemon, created bunraku plays that were later performed in " Bolshoi Theater- in kabuki.
Traditions, customs, etiquette Japanese society is characterized by a clearly demonstrated sense of belonging to a specific social class (family, work team, student group), which is also manifested in unique connections within the community. In Japan, the concepts of “duty” and “obligation,” called giri, are of particular importance. Despite the fact that kettlebells are a universal social norm for Japanese behavior, in some situations, particularly among young people, kettlebells are not taken so seriously. In Japan, there are certain norms of gestures, and the more reserved a person is, the more respectful they treat him, which is why a friendly tap on the shoulder and tugging on the hand in the country rising sun will not be welcome.
Arigato for your attention!
Traditions and customs of Japan. Population of Japan
- Population of Japan (125 million people) - 99.4% Japanese, as well as Koreans, Ainu and some others.
- The official language is Japanese. Knowledge of English and Chinese is also common. Writing - about 5000 hieroglyphs (kanji).
- The Japanese language has always been an important part of Japanese culture. The majority of the country's population speaks Japanese. Japanese is considered one of the most difficult languages to learn. Some words in Russian were borrowed from Japanese, for example, tsunami, sushi, karaoke, samurai etc.
Shadow theater uses a large translucent screen and flat color puppets, operated on thin sticks. The puppets lean against the screen from behind and become visible.
The specifics of the theater, its aesthetics and theme vary depending on traditions.
Kabuki - one of the three types of classical Japanese theater, combining drama, dance and musical accompaniment.
Architecture Japanese architecture has as long a history as any other component of Japanese culture. In general, Japanese architecture is characterized by a desire for simplicity. Traditional wooden residential houses of ordinary Japanese, called minka, are maximally adapted to the country's climate. The minka has a frame structure with a load-bearing column in the center of the house and sliding doors. Currently, minkas are preserved only in rural areas. Japanese castles were distinguished by their originality, serving not only to protect their owners from enemies, but also as a symbol of power.Japanese castles were distinguished by their originality, serving not only to protect their owners from enemies, but also as a symbol of power.
Matsumoto Castle
Himeji Castle Cloth In Japan you can find two types of clothing - traditional - wafuku and simpler, casual, European style. Kimono - literally translated as “clothing, attire” - is a general term for any clothing, and in a narrow sense it is a type of wafuku. National cuisine Japanese cuisine is known for its emphasis on seasonality of food, quality of ingredients and presentation of dishes. The basis of Japanese cuisine is rice. The Japanese use rice to prepare a wide variety of dishes, sauces and even drinks. Recently, Japanese cuisine has been quite popular outside of Japan, and due to its low calorie content, it is considered healthy. Tea ceremonyThe formation of the tea ceremony (chanyu) as one of the greatest phenomena of Japanese culture arose under the influence of the aesthetics and philosophy of Zen Buddhism and sought to counteract the mood of hopelessness with the worship of race.
According to the Japanese, the tea ceremony promotes simplicity, naturalness, and neatness. This is, of course, true, but there is something more in the tea ceremony. By introducing people to a precisely established ritual, it accustoms them to strict order and unconditional compliance with social rules. Sakura Sakura is not just a tree. This tree is a symbol. Symbol of Japan, symbol of beauty and youth. Cherry blossoms are a national holiday for the Japanese. Forecasters make forecasts for the timing of cherry blossoms. Origami