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Making fantasies and dreams come true is a special talent that is not available to everyone. Circus is the art of making dreams come true. Circus is a miracle, a fairy tale, a mystery! These are the surprised eyes of adults and children.

The circus is colorful flying balls, these are strongmen bending horseshoes. What huge weights the artists lift with unusual ease! It only seems easy to the audience, but in reality it is a huge, painstaking, many-hours of work, it is hard training. And the whole performance is in the circus arena of an unusually talented clown who managed to make you laugh. Tears stream from his eyes, soap bubbles fly around him...

Yes, the circus is about bold jumps under the big top when the whole hall freezes, it’s about the hot claps of the audience then, after dead silence, it’s about applause for an acrobat doing a somersault in the air.

Since ancient times, performances of acrobats, jugglers, gymnasts, and clowns have attracted artists, sculptors, musicians, and lately and filmmakers, with the opportunity to display the harmony and perfection of the human body, convey the dynamics of its movements, and reveal all the secrets and symbolism of this mysterious art.

Definition of circus CIRCUS (from the Latin circus, literally - circle) is a special type of art, one of the main means of expression of which is trick. A generalized name for all types of entertainment numbers, programs, performances, performances performed by means of circus expressiveness. A special entertainment structure with a dome-shaped covering, an arena, and an amphitheater with seats for spectators. (Circus encyclopedia. http://www.ruscircus.ru/encyc)

As an art form, the circus developed on the basis of labor processes, folk festivals, sports, mainly equestrian competitions, and the activities of riding schools. Circus performances are based on overcoming the most difficult physical obstacles, as well as comic techniques, in most cases borrowed from buffoons and comedians of folk shows. By its nature, the circus is always eccentric.

Its main thing means of expression- a trick, an action that lies beyond ordinary logic. A combination of stunts and acting techniques creates a performance. A circus performance consists of numbers - individual completed performances of one or a group of artists.

Each act, as a rule, is distinguished by the unusual behavior of humans and animals: artists walk and dance on a wire, stand with their heads on a partner’s head, act out scenes on the back of a galloping horse, a sea lion juggles a ball, horses perform a waltz.

A circus performer creates a certain image in his genre, and in this he is helped by costume, music, lighting, special equipment, and the director’s organization of the act. Thematic plot performances also use tricks, with their help the plot is built and developed.

The first circuses were completely different from those with which we are all familiar. They existed in ancient Rome and gave performances in a small arena called the “Great Circus” (Latin Circus Maximus). The word Circus means any ring (Latin omnis ambitus vel gyrus), any figure without corners. Hence the place where horse races were held in Italy according to the Greek model and which in most cases was an elongated valley between two hills, began to be called by this name not based on the purpose of the place, as in Greece (see Hippodrome), but from its most common forms.

“Under the first kings, the site of circus performances was the Campus Martius, then, as legend says, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, using the spoils from the war with the Latins, built a special lists in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine hills, later known as the “Circus Maximus.” Tarquinius the Proud somewhat changed the location of this structure and increased the number of seats for spectators in it, Julius Caesar significantly expanded it, and Nero, after the famous fire that devastated Rome, built the Great Circus again with greater luxury than before, Trajan and Domitian improved it even more, and even Constantine and his son, Constantius, took care of its decoration. The last races there took place in 549.”

“The circus of the modern type appeared for the first time only at the end of the 18th century in France. Its creators were two English riders, Astley's father and son. In 1774, they built a round hall in Paris, on the outskirts of the Temple, which they called a circus, and began to give performances here, consisting of various horseback and acrobatic exercises.

In 1877 Ciniselli opened a hospital in St. Petersburg, in 1880 Salomonsky - in Moscow, brothers D. A., A. A. and P. A. Nikitin in 1886 and in 1911 created hospitals in Moscow, in 1903 P. S. Krutikov built a circus in Kyiv. In Russian circuses, despite the brutal police regime, satirical journalistic clownery gained particular popularity, putting forward its luminaries: V. L. and A. L. Durovs, Bim-Bom (I. S. Radunsky and M. A. Stanevsky), S. . S. and D. S. Alperov. Won world fame: riders - P. I. Orlov, V. T. Sobolevsky, N. L. Sychev, tightrope walker F. F. Molodtsov, wrestlers and athletes - I. M. Zaikin, I. V. Lebedev (Uncle Vanya) , I.M. Poddubny and others. “The Soviet multinational circus inherited all the best that was created in Russia before the October Revolution of 1917, and achieved great creative and organizational success.” (Kuznetsov 1947, p. 150)

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What is a circus? The meager lines of the dictionary are unlikely to reveal to you all the uniqueness, brightness, entertainment and circus art.
Circus 1. (from Latin circus - circle) a type of entertainment art, the performance of which is built according to its own laws.

2. The special building itself for holding these performances is also called a circus.

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Spectators of the performances are delighted by the most complex stunts and the subtle humor of the cheerful clownery.

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We admire the fearless and talented ability to train our smaller brothers and the miracle of exquisite tricks.

Circus occupies a special place among the arts; circus is a visual art (it is not afraid of language barriers) and universal (it is accessible to any public).

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Sometimes they say that the circus is entertainment for children, but this is completely wrong. Another thing is true: you can go to the circus with the whole family, and everyone will get their share of the pleasure.

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Circus brings together and unites different countries and eras. His motto: “Come in, come in, hurry to see the greatest spectacle on globe!»

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The first stationary circus known to us - Great Circus(Circus Maximus), was named in 7 BC. one of the wonders of Rome. Its building has been transformed and rebuilt over several centuries.

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The Roman circus had very little in common with modern circus performance: it was the site of a number of folk “spectacles,” most notably horse and chariot races.

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There is historical information that in Ancient Rome(as, in fact, in Ancient Greece, Byzantium, China and other countries) traveling circus troupes were also known, consisting of acrobats, tightrope walkers, and jugglers.

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They gave performances in city and rural squares. Already in ancient times there were people whose craft was to entertain their own kind, showing miracles of dexterity and flexibility, and sometimes demonstrating trained animals.

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Traveling artists and circus performers appeared in Europe in the Middle Ages. We meet him at French, Flemish, German, and English fairs. Today we only very vaguely imagine the splendor and significance of these noisy, crowded festivities that took place in China and Europe, India and Mecca at the lively crossroads of great trade routes.

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Actors from all over the world flocked to the Nizhny Novgorod Fair in Russia; and nearby there was brisk trade: the Chinese brought silk here, the Tatars brought furs, the British brought fabrics. These fairs were organized both for the sake of trade and for the performances of traveling actors, eternal wanderers.

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The mobile circus building is called a tent (from the French chapiteau - capital, cap), and is a system of high central masts and side posts on which a canvas tent is stretched.

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What were wandering artists called in Rus'?

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Buffoons!

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Already by the beginning of the 20th century. The structure of a circus performance is changing dramatically. In the stationary circus, carpet clowns and clown trainers appear. Tamers move from menageries to the circus.

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A huge leap is taking place in the genre aerial gymnastics: after the introduction of a safety net, it becomes possible to qualitatively complicate tricks.

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At the beginning of the 20th century. acrobats and gymnasts receive a new attribute: a throwing board that increases the height of the jump. And with the technical revolution of the early 19th century. numbers and attractions based on the use of technology are becoming much more complicated: from “racing along a vertical wall” to “flying from a cannon to the moon”; from “water extravaganzas” to an explosion of new opportunities.

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In the new century, the circus has serious rivals. Firstly, the music hall with its spotlights, decorations, costumes, music, and complex technical devices. The second rival was cinema.

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But we can say with confidence: not a single one of these new forms has managed to crush the circus, not a single fashion has so far managed to turn the public away from their favorite art for a long time.

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It is impossible to put into pieces the magic of the emotional charge of the circus arena. You just have to come to the circus.

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THE BEST CIRCUSES OF THE WORLD
The Canadian "Circus of the Sun" is one of the largest in the world, a dynamically developing network of circuses, which is spread over five continents. The theatrical approach, based on colorful characters, made this circus a legend. The complete absence of animals on stage helped to earn the title of “modern circus” and they adhere to this rule to this day.

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Heaven Show from the Middle Kingdom is a Chinese acrobatic troupe with 100 performers who are renowned athletes. The troupe has a unique act that no one can repeat - this is juggling with umbrellas. The art of this trick has been honed over thousands of years, its secret was strictly kept and passed down in acrobatic dynasties. For revealing the secret of the snake woman's flexibility in Ancient China the death penalty was imposed. There are no trainers or animals in this circus.

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The presentation was made by S.G. KIRILOVA. Teacher primary classes and music of the private Russian school “Disciples of Pythagoras” Limassol. Cyprus.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Circus (from the Latin circus - circle, circle) is one of the most beloved forms of art. At the heart of circus art is a trick - an action that is difficult to perform and emotionally impressive. The combination of such stunt actions in combination with music, choreography, words, and external design forms a circus act, and their combination forms a program; if there is a plot outline - a circus performance.

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Like the theater, it arose from labor, ritual, military activities people (see article “The most ancient forms of theatrical performances”). In Europe XI - XVI centuries. In the fairgrounds, traveling comedians entertained the people. In a circle formed by spectators, the artists showed their skills in acrobatics, gymnastics, juggling, and acted out comic scenes. From the 16th century In Europe, riding schools became widespread - the origins of one of the types of the future circus - the equestrian circus.

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From the middle of the 18th century. A higher riding school appears, where masterful horse control and the art of horse training achieve special perfection. Riders are put forward - riders, trainers, who, at the head of small equestrian acrobatic groups, perform in temporary arenas for the public.

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In 1770, the former English cavalryman Philip Astley (1742 - 1814) built a Riding School in London, which he transformed in 1780 into a special “Astley Amphitheater”. Historians trace the beginning of the modern professional circus to him. In the same year, Astley built a branch of this school - the "English Amphitheater of the Faubourg Temple" in the Paris area. In addition to equestrian performances, the program included performances by acrobats, gymnasts, and clowns; pantomimes were staged. Pantomimes became widespread in the 19th century, attracting with plots that responded to major events of his time

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How did the professional circus develop in Russia? IN early XIX V. most circus entrepreneurs and performers were foreigners. From the second half of the 19th century V. domestic circuses appear. The creators of the first Russian circus were the brothers Akim (1843 - 1917), Dmitry (1835 - 1918) and Peter (1846 - 1921) Nikitin, who came from the family of the former serf Alexander Nikitin. They began their journey as artists, performing on the streets to the music of a barrel organ played by their father. In 1873, they opened a small circus in Penza, which was a success. A.A. Nikitin Circus on the former Ekaterinoslavskaya Street. Kharkov A.A. Nikitin (1843-1917)

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In the circuses of Russia of that period (S. Ciniselli in St. Petersburg, A. Salamonsky in Moscow, on Tsvetnoy Boulevard, Truzzi in large provincial cities), entire generations of outstanding Russian artists were formed, many of whom subsequently wrote memorable pages in the history of the Soviet circus. These are the famous satirical clowns, trainers brothers Vladimir Leonidovich (1863 - 1934) and Anatoly Leonidovich (1864 - 1916) Durovs How did the professional circus develop in Russia?

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The performances of Vitaly Efimovich Lazarenko (1890 - 1939) enjoyed great success with the public. He combined satirical clown acts with acrobatics. Popular in the Russian circus, next to the Durovs and Lazarenkos, were the Alperov clowns, the Tahiti brothers, and Bim-Bom. Russian artists in all genres performed successfully at the country's arenas. Among them were the widely known tightrope walker F. F. Molodtsov, horsemen of various profiles: the Gamsakhurdia family, P. S. Krutikov, V. T. Sobolevsky, N. L. Sychev, P. A. Fedoseevsky; athletes and wrestlers: I. M. Poddubny, I. M. Zaikin, N. A. Vakhturov, P. F. Krylov, I. V. Shemyakin, who emerged victorious from competitions with famous world and European champions; acrobats Vinkins; cyclist figure skaters Podrezov (on the Poldi stage); jugglers K. and M. Pashchenko, juggler on horse N. A. Nikitin and others. How did the professional circus develop in Russia?

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October Revolution- a historical milestone in the history of the Russian circus, which marked a sharp turn in the organization creative activity arena masters. In January 1919, a Circus Section was created in the theater department of the People's Commissariat for Education. On August 26, 1919, V.I. Lenin signed the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars “On the unification of the theatrical business.” Having announced the nationalization of circuses, the decree forever predetermined the democratic essence of the circus as an art form, which, along with theaters, is necessary for the people and needs the constant organizational and ideological and creative leadership of the Soviet state. Indeed, the USSR circus has become a qualitatively new phenomenon. How did the professional circus develop in Russia? Acrobatic tightrope walkers N. and P. Mayatsky

The circus appeared in Ancient Rome as a place for chariot racing and fighting
strong men and animals. It was a large area surrounded by seats
for the audience. With the advent of theaters, the circus ceased to be the main thing
entertainment, and was almost forgotten for many years. In 18th century France
a circus was built, unlike the ancient Roman one.

The new circus was a round hall in which various horse exercises and acrobatic tricks were shown. The audience really appreciates this

The new circus was a round hall in which various shows were shown.
horseback riding exercises and acrobatic stunts. This is very
liked it, and circuses began to be built in other countries, and for performances
added the fight of wild animals among themselves and with dogs.

Inside the hall there was an arena (or arena) - a round platform for
speeches. There were rows of seats for spectators around the arena. Every
the next row is higher than the previous one so that everyone can see the arena.
This method of building circuses continues to this day.

Circuses can be permanent or traveling. Permanent builds in large
cities, and mobile ones move from city to city. Artists, animals and
all items needed for performances travel to
trailers on wheels. The building of the traveling circus looks like a very
a large tent called a tent.

When a traveling circus comes to a city, posters are posted on the streets announcing where and when the performance will take place. You can buy tickets

When
mobile
circus
comes to town, on the streets
put up
posters
–
ads,
Where
And
When
will take place
performance.
Tickets can be purchased at the box office
before the start of the show
or in advance.

During the performance, the presenter calls the names of the artists and animals who will perform. Each circus shows its own attraction

During the show
the presenter calls names
artists
And
animals,
who will perform.
IN
everyone
circus
show their own
exciting program
so go to the circus
always interesting.

A circus act is a performance by one or more artists.
Acrobats show their strength and agility. They know how to somersault
jump, maintain balance in positions in which a simple
the person would immediately fall. The word "acrobatics" comes from the Greek
expressions “climbing up”.

Gymnasts are very flexible and can do incredibly complex movements. This gymnast performs a handstand and shoots an arrow with her feet.

Gymnasts
Very
flexible and can do
incredibly complex
movements.
This
gymnast performs
handstand and
kicks shoots from
Luke.

This is an aerialist on a ring. The ring is suspended very high above the arena. So that the girl does not get injured if she falls, I pull the bottom

This is an aerialist on a ring. The ring is hung very high
above the arena. So that the girl does not get injured if she falls, below
they tighten the net, or attach a rope to the gymnast’s belt -
insurance. Aerialists can also perform on a rope,
tape and other special devices.

An animal trainer is called a trainer. He trains animals
various unusual skills - running on their hind legs, climbing
stairs, jumping rope and even rollerblading.
Look how deftly this parrot balances on a top hat!

In ancient Rome, gladiator warriors fought wild animals in the arena. Later, tigers and lions began to be trained, and this is how the profession of ukro appeared.

In ancient Rome, gladiator warriors fought in the arena with wild
animals. Later, tigers and lions began to be trained, and this is how
tamer profession. The playpen is covered with netting to protect
spectators from possible attacks by animals. Tiger though
trained, but still a predator.

Different animals can be wonderful artists: cats, dogs, monkeys, mice, pigeons and even elephants!

Clowns are artists who perform funny acts. Clowns perform funny skits and play musical instruments. While the artist

Clowns are artists who perform funny acts. Clowns
show funny scenes, play on musical instruments.
While the performers are preparing to enter the arena, the clowns are entertaining
spectators with jokes, competitions, tricks.

Juggling is a circus act in which performers
demonstrate the ability to quickly throw and catch objects in
a certain sequence. Juggling often connects
with balancing, acrobatics or clowning. The juggler can
perform alone or in pairs.

The task of an equilibrist is to maintain balance on unstable objects. This artist not only easily stands on five cylinders, but also at the same time

Task
tightrope walker
–
hold
equilibrium
on
unstable
subjects.
This artist is not only easy
runs on five cylinders, but
and juggles at the same time
with clubs.

Only trained gymnasts can spin several gymnastic hoops at once and not drop any of them. This exercise is called hu

Rotate several at once
gymnastic hoops and
no one can be dropped
only
trained
gymnasts.
This
the exercise is called
hula hoop, from the name
Polynesian dance and
English
words
"hoop".

Motofoso is a circus act in which the artist portrays a doll.
During the performance, the doll takes incredible poses and makes
funny movements. Then the doll “comes to life”, takes off its clothes and
it becomes clear to everyone that this is a person. Try to guess
where are the hands and feet of this artist?

The fakir shows his body's insensitivity to pain. Fakir knows how
stand on nails and broken glass, breathe fire out of your mouth and not
get burned while doing this. Do not repeat such numbers under any circumstances.
You can't - it's life-threatening!

Both adults and children love magic tricks, so in the circus program there are no
tricks are indispensable. Magicians are also called illusionists.
The illusionist shows the appearance, disappearance, transformation
various items. The word "illusion" comes from the Latin
the words “I’m deceiving, I’m playing.”

In an ice circus, the arena is covered with ice and all the performers perform on
ice skating Performing in a circus on ice is even more difficult than in a regular one.
circus. You need to not only show your number, but also
It's beautiful to skate.

In the circus on the water, or dolphinarium, dolphins perform, sea
seals, killer whales and other sea animals. They play ball
they swim races, jump in hoops and even draw.

Artists train every day to perform their act without
errors. Some exercises are achieved after years of hard work.
training. Animals need to be fed tasty food and walked so that they
were healthy. Without patience and work nothing would have happened!

Many circus performers perform with entire families. Often children in such families continue the work of their parents and become circus performers. D

Many circus performers perform with entire families. Often children in
such families continue the work of their parents and become circus
artists. Children also train a lot and perform in the arena with
with your numbers. Professional skills are transmitted from
generation to generation.

Epilogue is the final appearance of the artists to say goodbye to the public.
You can come to the circus with a bouquet of flowers and give flowers to the artists. They
will be very glad that you liked their performance. if you love
laugh, admire and be surprised, then the circus is for you!