Traditionally, the date of the beginning of Russian statehood is considered to be 862, to which the Tale of Bygone Years refers to the calling of the Varangians-Rus (there are different versions about the origin of this people) to Novgorod the Great by tribal unions of the eastern Baltic and upper Volga region: the East Slavic Slovenes and Krivichi and the Finno-Ugric Chuds , measure and weigh. In 882, the Rurik dynasty captured Kyiv and also took possession of the lands of the Polyans, Drevlyans, Severians, Radimichi, Ulichs and Tiverts, which together made up the main territory of the Old Russian state.
Old Russian state
Also Rus', Russian land. IN Western Europe- “Russia” and Rusiya (Russia, Ruscia, Rusca, Rutigia). Since the 11th century, the name “prince of Russians” has been used. And at the beginning of the 12th century (in papal charters) the name “Russia” appears. In Byzantium - Ρως, “Ros”, Title "Russia"(Greek Ρωσα) first used in the middle. 10th century by Constantine Porphyrogenitus.
During the period of maximum expansion of the borders, the Old Russian state also included the lands of the Dregovichi, Vyatichi, Volynians, White Croats, Yatvingians, Muroms, Meshcheras, possessions at the mouth of the Dnieper (Oleshye), on the lower Don (Sarkel) and on the banks of the Kerch Strait (Tmutarakan Principality) . Gradually, the tribal nobility was ousted by the Rurikovichs, who already at the beginning of the 11th century reigned throughout the territory of Rus'. During the 11th-12th centuries, tribal names gradually ceased to be mentioned (with the exception of tribal names in the territories of the eastern Baltic and the middle Volga basin dependent on the Russian princes). At the same time, starting from the end of the 10th century, each generation of Rurikovich carried out divisions of Rus' among themselves, but the consequences of the first two partitions (972 and 1015) were gradually overcome through a fierce struggle for power, as well as the suppression of individual lines of Rurikovich (1036). Section 1054, after which the so-called The “triumvirate of the Yaroslavichs,” despite the long-term concentration of power in the hands of the younger Yaroslavich Vsevolod (1078–1093), was never completely overcome. After a struggle for power after his death, complicated by the intervention of the Polovtsians, in 1097 at the Lyubech Congress of Princes the principle “everyone holds his fatherland” was established.
After the allied actions of the princes moved the fight against the Polovtsians from the southern Russian borders deep into the steppes, the new Kyiv prince Vladimir Monomakh and his eldest son Mstislav, after a series of internal wars, managed to achieve recognition of their power by part of the Russian princes, others were deprived of their possessions. At the same time, the Rurikovichs began to enter into intra-dynastic marriages.
Russian principalities
In the 1130s, the principalities began to gradually emerge from the power of the Kyiv princes, although the prince who owned Kiev was still considered the eldest in Rus'. With the beginning of the fragmentation of Russian lands, the names “Rus” and “Russian Land” were in most cases applied to the Principality of Kyiv.
With the collapse of the Old Russian state, Volyn Principality, Principality of Galicia, Principality of Kiev proper, Principality of Murom-Ryazan, Novgorod land, Pereyaslavl Principality, Polotsk Principality, Rostov-Suzdal Principality, Turov-Pinsk Principality, Chernigov Principality. In each of them the process of formation of appanages began.
On March 12, 1169, the troops of ten Russian princes, acting on the initiative of Andrei Bogolyubsky, for the first time in the practice of inter-princely strife, plundered Kyiv, after which Andrei gave Kyiv to his younger brother without leaving Vladimir, thereby, in the words of V.O. Klyuchevsky, “torn off seniority from places." Andrei himself, and subsequently his younger brother Vsevolod the Big Nest (1176-1212), sought (temporary) recognition of their seniority by the majority of Russian princes.
TO beginning of XIII century, unifying tendencies have also emerged. The Pereyaslavl principality became the property of the Vladimir princes, and the united Galician-Volyn principality arose under the rule of the senior branch of the descendants of Vladimir Monomakh. In 1201, Roman Mstislavich Galitsky, being invited by the Kyiv boyars to reign, also gave the city to his younger cousin. In the chronicle of 1205, Roman is called “the autocrat of all Rus'.” TO XIII century In addition to those of Kyiv, Ryazan, Vladimir, Galician and Chernigov also began to be titled as grand dukes.
After the Mongol invasion, the institution of “sacraments in the Russian land” disappeared, when the Kyiv lands were considered as the common property of the Rurik family, and the name “Rus” was assigned to all East Slavic lands.
The strengthening of the positions of the Vladimir Grand Dukes after the Mongol invasion was facilitated by the fact that they did not participate in the large-scale South Russian civil strife before it, that the principality until the turn of the XIV-XV centuries did not have common borders with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which was expanding into Russian lands, and also that that the Grand Dukes of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, and then his son Alexander Nevsky were recognized in the Golden Horde as the oldest in Rus'. In fact, all the great princes were directly subordinate to the khans, first of the Mongol Empire, and from 1266 - of the Golden Horde, independently collected tribute in their possessions and forwarded it to the khan. From the middle of the 13th century, the title of Grand Dukes of Chernigov was almost constantly held by the Bryansk princes. Mikhail Yaroslavich Tverskoy (1305-1318) was the first of the great princes of Vladimir to be called “Prince of All Rus'”.
Since 1254, the Galician princes bore the title of “kings of Rus'”. In the 1320s, the Galician-Volyn principality entered a period of decline (which some researchers associate with the new onslaught of the Golden Horde) and in 1392 ceased to exist, its lands were divided between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (full name - Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia, Zhemoitsk and others) and the Kingdom of Poland. A little earlier, the main part of the southern Russian lands was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Bryansk 1356, Kyiv 1362).
In the 14th century, the great principalities of Tver and Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod were also formed in the northeast of Rus', and the Smolensk princes also began to be called great. Since 1363, the label for the great reign of Vladimir, which meant seniority within North-Eastern Rus' and Novgorod, was issued only to Moscow princes, who from that time began to be titled great. In 1383, Khan Tokhtamysh recognized the Grand Duchy of Vladimir as the hereditary possession of the Moscow princes, while simultaneously authorizing the independence of the Grand Duchy of Tver. The Grand Duchy of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod was annexed to Moscow in 1392. In 1405, Lithuania captured Smolensk. Finally, all Russian lands were divided between the great principalities of Moscow and Lithuania by the end of the 15th century.
Russian state
Since the 15th century, the terms “Russia” and “Russian” appear in Russian sources and spread more and more until they are finally established in the Russian language. The period from the end of the 15th to beginning of XVIII century in modern Russian historiography is designated as the “Russian State”.
Grand Duchy of Moscow
In 1478, the Novgorod land was annexed to Moscow, and in 1480 the Mongol-Tatar yoke was thrown off. In 1487, after a successful campaign against the Kazan Khanate Grand Duke Moscow Ivan III proclaimed himself “Prince of Bulgaria,” which was one of the reasons for the beginning of the transition of appanage princes from the eastern outskirts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to Moscow service along with the lands. As a result of five Russian-Lithuanian wars, Lithuania lost the Verkhovsky principalities, Smolensk and Bryansk. Other important territorial acquisitions were the Tver (1485) and Ryazan great principalities (1521). In addition to independence from the Golden Horde and territorial integrity, the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the last period of its existence as a grand duchy was also distinguished by a general set of laws (Code Code of 1497), the liquidation of appanages and the introduction of a local system.
Russian kingdom
From January 16, 1547, after Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich assumed the title of Tsar. Also Rus, Rusiya, Rossiya, Russian kingdom, Russian kingdom, Moscow kingdom. In the middle of the 16th century, the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates were annexed, which further substantiated the royal title of the Moscow monarch.
In 1569, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania accepted the Union of Lublin with Poland, which united the two states into a confederation, while transferring the southern Russian lands to Poland and generally returning to the borders of the mid-13th century.
In 1613, the Metropolitan’s title used the term “Rusia”, and Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich’s title used “Russia”. “Muscovy” is the name of the Russian state in foreign sources of the 16th–17th centuries. The term “Russia” was finally consolidated by Peter the Great (1689-1725). On the coins of Peter I, before accepting the title of emperor, it was written “Tsar Peter Alekseevich, Ruler of All Russia” and “Moscow ruble” on the back. (“The Lord of All Russia” was abbreviated as “V.R.P.”, but sometimes it was written in full). On May 19, 1712, the capital was moved to St. Petersburg.
Russian empire
After Tsar Peter Alekseevich accepted the title of emperor.
August 18 (31), 1914 In connection with the war with Germany, the name of the capital was changed from German to Russian - Petrograd.
Russian Republic
After a special legal meeting. In fact - after the abdication of Mikhail Alexandrovich, brother of Nicholas II from March 3, 1917
Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic- this name was first mentioned on January 21 (February 3), 1918 in the Decree on the cancellation of state loans, the decree was signed by the Chairman of the Central Executive Committee Ya. Sverdlov. This name of the state was introduced after the transformation of the Russian Republic into a “federation of Soviet national republics” at the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets on January 10-18 (23-31), 1918 in the Tauride Palace in Petrograd.
Before the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the name Russian Republic was used.
Proclamation of the Federation:
- January 3 (16), 1918 - the text of the Declaration was written.
- January 5 (18), 1918 - announced by Sverdlov at the All-Russian Constituent Assembly (dissolved on January 6 (19).
- January 12 (25), 1918 - III All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies in the adopted Declaration.
- January 18 (31), 1918 - at the united III Congress of Soviets (after the merger of the III Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies with the III Congress of Soviets of Peasants' Deputies) in the re-adopted Declaration.
- January 28 (15), 1918 - in the Resolution of the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets “On the federal institutions of the Russian Republic”.
- On March 6 - 8, 1918, at the VII Congress of the RCP (b), the decision was once again made to transform the country into a federation.
- July 10, 1918 - in the Constitution at a meeting of the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets.
Variability of the name of the Republic In the period between the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets and the adoption of the first Constitution (at the V Congress), in which the name of the state was finally fixed, variants of the still unsettled name of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic were found in documents:
The words were swapped:
- Russian Federative Socialist Soviet Republic,
- Russian Socialist Soviet Federative Republic,
- Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic;
Incomplete name with different word order (4 words):
- Russian Federative Soviet Republic,
- Russian Soviet Federative Republic,
- Russian Socialist Federative Republic,
- Russian Socialist Soviet Republic,
- Russian Soviet Socialist Republic;
Incomplete name with different word order (3 words):
- Russian Soviet Republic,
- Soviet Russian Republic
- Russian Federative Republic
- Russian Federation of Soviets
Other names:
- Russian Republic,
- Soviet Republic,
- Republic of Soviets.
Note: the new government did not immediately spread to the territory of the former Russian Empire(republics).
Note: Already, being part of the USSR, on December 5, 1936, the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic was renamed into the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, i.e. two words have been swapped.
In everyday life and semi-officially, the abbreviated form was often used for the RSFSR - Russian Federation, but this name was not officially enshrined in the constitution until 1992 (it is worth noting that since 1990 this name was supposed to be approved as the official name of the country)
Formed by the unification of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Trans-SFSR.
On December 5, 1936 (according to the new constitution) in the name of the RSFSR, the order of the words “socialist” and “Soviet” was brought into line with the order of these words in the name of the USSR.
Russian Federation
Russian Federation— On December 25, 1991, by Law No. 2094-I, the state of the RSFSR was renamed the Russian Federation (the modern name is enshrined in the constitution along with the name Russia). On April 21, 1992, appropriate amendments were made to the then-current Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR of 1978.
Also, before the adoption of the new constitution in 1993, a new coat of arms was in development. De facto on the territory Russian Federation in the first half of the 1990s, forms and seals of institutions with the old coat of arms and the name of the state of the RSFSR were still used, although they were supposed to be replaced during 1992.
Use of the name "Russian Federation" before the collapse of the USSR
- 1918 - in paragraph e) of Article 49 of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 (as a variant of the name).
- 1966 - in the title of the book “Chistyakov O.I., Formation of the Russian Federation (1917-1922), M., 1966.”
- 1978 - in the preamble to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978.
IN modern Russia Some documents are still in force in which the old name “RSFSR” remains:
- Law of the RSFSR of December 15, 1978 (as amended on June 25, 2002) “On the protection and use of historical and cultural monuments”
- Law of the RSFSR of 07/08/1981 (as amended on 05/07/2009) “On the judicial system of the RSFSR”
- Declaration of the SND of the RSFSR dated 06/12/1990 N 22-1 “On the state sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic”
- Law of the RSFSR dated October 24, 1990 N 263-1 “On the effect of acts of bodies of the USSR on the territory of the RSFSR”
- Law of the RSFSR of October 31, 1990 N 293-1 “On ensuring the economic basis of the sovereignty of the RSFSR”
- Law of the RSFSR dated March 22, 1991 N 948-1 (as amended on July 26, 2006) “On competition and restrictions on monopolistic activities in commodity markets”
- Law of the RSFSR dated April 26, 1991 N 1107-1 (as amended on July 1, 1993) “On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples”
- Law of the RSFSR dated June 26, 1991 N 1488-1 (as amended on December 30, 2008) “On investment activities in the RSFSR”
- Law of the RSFSR dated June 26, 1991 N 1490-1 (as amended on February 2, 2006) “On priority provision of the agro-industrial complex with material and technical resources”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated November 15, 1991 N 211 (as amended on June 26, 1992) “On increasing wages workers budgetary organizations and institutions"
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated November 21, 1991 N 228 “On the organization of the Russian Academy of Sciences”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated November 25, 1991 N 232 (as amended on October 21, 2002) “On the commercialization of the activities of trading enterprises in the RSFSR”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated November 28, 1991 N 240 (as amended on October 21, 2002) “On the commercialization of the activities of public service enterprises in the RSFSR”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated December 3, 1991 N 255 “On priority measures to organize the work of industry in the RSFSR”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated December 3, 1991 N 256 “On measures to stabilize the work of the industrial complex of the RSFSR in the conditions of economic reform”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated December 3, 1991 N 297 (as amended on February 28, 1995) “On measures to liberalize prices”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated December 12, 1991 N 269 (as amended on October 21, 2002) “On the single economic space of the RSFSR”
- Law of the RSFSR dated December 25, 1991 N 2094-1 “On changing the name of the state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic”
- Decree of the Government of the RSFSR dated December 24, 1991 N 62 (as amended on November 13, 2010) “On approval of lists of federal roads in the RSFSR”
Russians live in a country where there are no clear and unambiguous answers to the simplest questions. To tell how old Russia is, you need to randomly choose one of many options or ask a lot of clarifying questions.
There is no other country in the world that several times in its history started from scratch, then completely denied its past, then again returned to its roots. It is common for Russia to be a young country with a thousand-year history.
Selecting a reference point
Through the efforts of famous historians of the past N.M. Karamzin - author of 12 volumes of “History of the Russian State”, S.M. Solovyov, who wrote “The History of Russia from Ancient Times”, V.O. Klyuchevsky and many others, as well as thanks to later research and the works of modern scientists, several points have been identified from which the course can be counted Russian history. There are often sharp boundaries between state entities with very little similarity to each other. At the same time, understanding Russian history as a continuous process lasting a thousand years seems natural.
The choice of the origin of coordinates often depends in our country on philosophical or ideological beliefs. A Westerner and a Slavophile, a conservative and a progressive, a communist and a liberal, etc. have their own scale for measuring historical time, their own answer to the question of how old Russia is. We can assume several possible answers about the age of our state, and for each there will be staunch supporters and no less fierce opponents.
Prehistoric times
Earliest traces primitive man found in Russia in the Caucasus and Kuban. Paleoanthropologists determine the beginning of the settlement of our territory by the first hominids 2 million years ago. The fully formed biological species Homo sapiens appeared in our region about 45 thousand years ago. Fortunately, those who want to start counting Russian identity from blond Neanderthals with blue eyes Not yet.
But the time of the appearance of individual Slavic tribes in the European part of present-day Russia (around the 5th century BC) is considered by some to be quite suitable for the beginning of Russian history. Among such tribal associations with poetic names: Slovenes, Krivichi, Merya, Chud, etc., they are trying to choose one or several around which a future power will be formed, the consonant name of the Ross tribe, or Rusich, is especially attractive.
Some say that the first formation is about the same age as the cities of Russia, from among which Rurik became the residence and was already the Great.
Still, the first logical starting point will appear later.
Calling of the Varangians (882) - 1134
It is this time stamp that is considered the earliest for a more or less correct answer to the question of how many years Russia has existed. According to ancient chronicles, several Slavic, Baltic and Finno-Ugric clans sent their representatives to the warlike Varangian tribe with a request to select from their ranks a ruler capable of leading such an inter-tribal union and turning it into a single state. The legendary Varangian prince Rurik, the founder of the first ruling dynasty in Rus', became such a person.
according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993, a democratic federal legal state with a republican form of government. The names Russian Federation and Russia are equivalent (Article 1 of the Constitution).
The former name of the state is the RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic). The name "Russian Federation (Russia)" was introduced by the Law of the RSFSR of December 25, 1991; April 21, 1992 - included in the Constitution.
Russia as a federation consists of equal subjects of the Russian Federation (Article 5 of the Constitution): republics (21), territories (6), regions (49), cities of federal significance (2), autonomous regions (1), autonomous okrugs (10). The status of a subject of the Russian Federation is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and, accordingly, the constitution and charter of the subject; can be changed by mutual agreement of the Russian Federation and a subject of the Russian Federation in accordance with the federal constitutional law (Article 66 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).
As a state, the Russian Federation has all the necessary attributes (symbols) - state flag, coat of arms, anthem. The state language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory is Russian. The capital is Moscow.
The Russian Federation has a single citizenship. It is acquired and terminated in accordance with federal law (Law of 1991 on Citizenship of the Russian Federation, as amended in 1993 and 1995). The territory of the Russian Federation includes the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, internal waters and territorial sea, and the airspace above them. The sovereignty of the Russian Federation extends to its entire territory.
The Russian Federation also has all the other characteristics of a state:
The presence of the Constitution and legislation of the Russian Federation, the operation of the principle of supremacy (priority) of federal acts, i.e. general rule they have higher legal force than acts of the subjects of the Federation;
Federal system of government bodies - President of the Russian Federation, Federal Assembly (Parliament) of the Russian Federation, Government of the Russian Federation, ministries, state committees and departments of the Russian Federation, Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, Supreme Arbitration Court - in general, a unified judicial system of the Russian Federation, Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation;
Unified internal and foreign policy of the Russian Federation, formed with the participation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and implemented by the bodies of the Russian Federation; international recognition of the Russian Federation and its international legal personality, i.e. participation in international relations;
Unified federal Armed Forces, headed by the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (he is the President of the Russian Federation);
Unified system of internal affairs and security services;
The monetary and financial system of the state (with a single monetary unit - the ruble, a tax system, monetary circulation, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, etc.);
Availability of a single economic system, built on pluralism of forms of ownership, freedom of economic activity and competition.
The Russian Federation has diverse competencies, i.e. powers to manage state, economic and socio-cultural life throughout the territory. The Constitution of the Russian Federation divides the competence of the Russian Federation into two groups: the first group includes issues of the exclusive jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, i.e., issues that can only be resolved by federal bodies (albeit taking into account the proposals of the constituent entities); the second group is the powers of the Russian Federation in areas of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities. In other words, in these areas the Russian Federation resolves issues within its jurisdiction, and other issues are resolved by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, of course, on the basis and in development of federal legislation.
Issues of the exclusive competence of the Russian Federation can be divided into the following subgroups. In the field of state building: adoption and amendment of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, monitoring their compliance; federal structure and territory of the Russian Federation; regulation and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms; citizenship in the Russian Federation; regulation and protection of the rights of national minorities; establishing a system of federal bodies of legislative, executive and judicial power, the procedure for their organization and activities; formation of these organs; state awards and honorary titles of the Russian Federation; federal civil service; federal programs in the field of state building and national development of the Russian Federation.
In the field of economic, social and cultural policy: federal state property and its management; establishing the foundations of federal policy and federal programs in the field of economic, environmental, social and cultural development RF; establishing the legal framework for the single market; financial, currency, credit, customs regulation, money issue, fundamentals of pricing policy; federal economic services, including federal banks; federal power systems, nuclear power, fissile materials; federal transport, communications, information and communications; activities in space; meteorological service, standards, standards, metric system and timekeeping; geodesy and cartography; names geographical objects; official statistics and accounting.
In the field of external relations, defense and security: foreign policy and international relationships Russian Federation, international treaties of the Russian Federation; issues of war and peace; foreign economic relations of the Russian Federation; defense and security; defense production; determining the procedure for the sale and purchase of weapons, ammunition, military equipment and other military property; production of toxic substances, narcotic drugs and the procedure for their use; determination of the status and protection of the state border, territorial sea, airspace, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of the Russian Federation.
In the field of public order, citizens' rights and justice: judicial system; prosecutor's office; criminal, criminal procedural and criminal executive legislation; amnesty and pardon; civil, civil procedural and arbitration procedural legislation; legal regulation intellectual property.
In areas of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities, the powers of the Russian Federation can also be divided into several subgroups.
In the field of state building: ensuring compliance of the constitutions and laws of republics, charters, laws and other normative legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws; protection of human and civil rights and freedoms; protection of the rights of national minorities; protection of the original habitat and traditional way of life of small ethnic communities; establishment of general principles of organ system organization state power and local government.
In the field of economic, social and cultural policy: issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources; delimitation of state property; environmental management; security environment and ensuring environmental safety; specially protected natural areas; protection of historical and cultural monuments; general issues of upbringing, education, science, culture, physical culture and sports; coordination of health issues; protection of motherhood, paternity and childhood; social protection, including social security; implementation of measures to combat disasters, natural disasters, epidemics, and liquidation of their consequences; establishment of general principles of taxation and fees in the Russian Federation.
In the field of external relations: coordination of international and foreign economic relations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, implementation of international treaties of the Russian Federation.
In the field of protecting public order, citizens' rights, legislation and the activities of law enforcement agencies: ensuring legality, law and order, public safety; border zone regime; administrative, administrative-procedural, labor, family, housing, land, water, forestry legislation, legislation on subsoil, on environmental protection; personnel of judicial and law enforcement agencies; advocacy, notary. (S.A.)
Excellent definition
Incomplete definition ↓
When did humanity first learn about Russia? Who was its founder? What is the founding date of Russia? The first mention of the state appeared in chronicles in the 10th century. The memoirs of the Byzantine king mainly talk about the ceremonies that took place in the state and how it was governed.
Our compatriot chroniclers mentioned the word “Russia” in Cyrillic four centuries later, and the title of one of the metropolitans, Kipran, indicated that he was “Metropolitan of Kiev and all Russia.” The modern spelling with two letters “s” appeared in the middle of the 17th century, and was finally established during the reign of Peter I. Four centuries have passed since then, and Russia has become one of the most powerful states in the whole world. When did it declare itself as a power?
Date of foundation of Russia as a state
The country has come to this day and has been reformed at least five times. But everyone knows that it was a single state with a huge territory. The first mention of Russia as a state occurred in the 13th century, when all the Slavs united under the banners of the Rurikovichs, and it was named Kievan Rus in 862.
List of the most ancient cities
A list of the founding dates of Russian cities is presented to clearly show the oldest cities in the state. The most interesting thing is that neither Moscow nor Tula are included in this list, although they are also considered one of the most ancient cities in Russia. All data is presented as of 2014.
- Ryazan. With a population of 533 thousand people, this city is known for its tourist spots, because it is one of the most ancient lands in Russia. Many architectural monuments attract tourists from all over the country and the world, giving them the opportunity to feel that time and atmosphere.
How did the chronicler Kirill Murom mention it?
City Moore It was first mentioned in the chronicle “The Tale of Bygone Years.” Only with her help was it possible to find out the origin and name of this city. A long time ago, on the site of the city lived tribes of Finno-Ugric Slavs who called themselves “Muroms”. In 988, this city came under the control of the son of Prince Vladimir Gleb. Tourists show interest in the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery, which is called one of the most ancient in the whole country.
In ancient chronicles for 1024 the name of the city is mentioned Suzdal, as well as the revolt of the Magi, which glorified this city. There are also earlier records that this settlement was created from the merger of several villages. Interesting fact The fact is that on the territory of this city there is a huge number of different monuments, and only 10 thousand people live there, but every year more and more tourists arrive there.
Smolensk is our hero
Hero City Smolensk with a population of 330 thousand people, like the city of Murom, was first mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years in 946 as a settlement in which the Krivichi lived - a mixture of East Slavic tribes. According to the chronicle, Prince Oleg, who captured this city and made it his own, appointed his son Igor to rule there, who could not cope with his task due to his young age.
Velikiy Novgorod can rightfully be considered one of the most famous cities in Ancient Rus', as well as one of its centers since the beginning of the founding of Russia. Until 882, this was its center, until the city of Kyiv, located on the territory of Ukraine, became it. St. Sophia Cathedral is the most ancient landmark in Veliky Novgorod, along with the Novgorod Kremlin. All tourists traveling along the Golden Ring visit this city, because only there you can feel the very atmosphere of ancient Rus'. At the moment, 200 thousand people live there.
Staraya Ladoga Previously it stood on the border with all the states warring with the ancient Russians. It was destroyed and rebuilt countless times, and during one of the so-called restorations, it was turned into a city, not a border fortress. This reconstruction dates back to 753 and is notable for the fact that it was here that the first of the Ruriks lived. The population of Staraya Ladoga is only two thousand people.
Independent Russia
In 1990, when the first president, Boris Yeltsin, was elected, and the country itself gained independence and became the Russian Federation, it can rightfully be considered Russia Day, and the founding date of the state is June 12. Having gone through a thorny path, the state turned out to be completely free and began to proudly bear the name - Russia. Since 1991, June 12 has been a non-working day; currently, on this day the president of the country issues state awards in the Kremlin. Throughout the country, it is customary to consider the date of the founding of Russia as City Day, which means that at the end of the day, festive fireworks thunder throughout the country and ceremonial events take place.
Political party that governs the country
The most famous political party is " United Russia", the founding date of which is December 1, 2001. It is considered the “party of power” in the country, having been at the head of the country for many years now. The party's leader is Dmitry Medvedev, who holds office under current President Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin. In addition to this party, there are more than 15 political blocs in the country
We live in the world. Therefore, everyone needs to know its administrative structure. Russia is a federation. Therefore, it consists of equal parts. And the list of subjects of the Russian Federation will be presented below in the order in which they are indicated in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Story
Our country is the legal successor. With few exceptions, the previous names of cities and regions have been preserved. However, the administrative structure has changed. Subjects with new statuses appeared. Each of them has its own administrative center. The capitals of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, a list of which we will provide, will also be indicated.
Until 2014, Russia included 83 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The list and names of the latter have changed several times. Today there are already eighty-five of them. The Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol joined us.
These subjects of the Russian Federation have been added to the 2014 list. True, the sovereignty of the Russian Federation over them is not yet recognized by all countries of the world. And when the Constitution was adopted, our country was divided into eighty-nine subjects. Then the so-called liquidation of national autonomies began. It lasted from 2003 to 2007. During this time, six autonomous okrugs were abolished.
General provisions
So, our country is divided into 85 subjects - administrative-territorial units. Their names, status and rights are enshrined in Article 65. Subjects may adopt their own laws and other regulations, but they must not contradict federal ones. Also, administrative-territorial units are allowed to have their own constitutions and charters. The latter depends on the legal status of the region.
Only a republic can have its own constitution. All other regions adopt charters. In general, there are several types of subjects in the Russian Federation. These are the republics already mentioned above, there are twenty-two of them.
In addition, our country includes forty-six regions, nine territories, four autonomous districts, three federal cities (St. Petersburg, Sevastopol and Moscow) and one autonomous region. Moreover, regardless of the status of the subject, all regions are equal in rights and cannot secede from the Russian Federation on their own initiative. Law No. 6-FKZ allows the entry of new territories into the Russian Federation. At the same time, new entities will be formed. The basis for joining the Russian Federation can be the expression of the will of the peoples living in the new territories. In addition, our country is also divided into eight federal districts. Each of them unites several entities. However, the federal district does not have the status of an administrative-territorial unit.
Federal cities
Our country has three such regions. The list of subjects of the Russian Federation is presented below: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Sevastopol.
Autonomous regions
On the territory of the Russian Federation there is only one region with this status. This is its Jewish capital - the city of Birobidzhan.
Autonomous okrugs
List of subjects of the Russian Federation with this status: Khanty-Mansiysk (Ugra), Nenets, Chukotka, Yamalo-Nenets. Their administrative centers are respectively: Khanty-Mansiysk, Naryan-Mar, Anadyr, Salekhard.
Republic
The following constituent entities of the Russian Federation with this status are included:
| Name | Federal District | Capital |
| Adygea | Southern | Maykop |
| Altai | Siberian | Gorno-Ataysk |
| Bashkortostan | Privolzhsky | Ufa |
| Buryatia | Siberian | Ulan-Ude |
| Dagestan | North Caucasian | Makhachkala |
| Ingushetia | North Caucasian | Nazran |
| Kabardino-Balkaria | North Caucasian | Nalchik |
| Kalmykia | Southern | Elista |
| Karelia | Northwestern | Petrozavodsk |
| Komi | Northwestern | Syktyvkar |
| Mari El | Privolzhsky | Yoshkar-Ola |
| Mordovia | Privolzhsky | Saransk |
| Sakha (Yakutia) | Far Eastern | Yakutsk |
| North Ossetia Alania | North Caucasian | Vladikavkaz |
| Tatarstan | Privolzhsky | Kazan |
| Tyva | Siberian | Kyzyl |
| Udmurd | Privolzhsky | Izhevsk |
| Khakassia | Siberian | Abakan |
| Chuvash | Privolzhsky | Cheboksary |
| Crimea | Crimean | Simferopol |
| Chechen | North Caucasian | Grozny |
| Karachay-Cherkessia | North Caucasian | Cherkessk |
The edges
Regions with a similar status are included; below is a list of subjects of the Russian Federation.
Regions
Russia includes the following constituent entities of the Russian Federation that have this status.
| Name | Federal District | Capital |
| Arkhangelskaya | Northwestern | Arkhangelsk |
| Astrakhan | Southern | Astrakhan |
| Belgorodskaya | Central | Belgorod |
| Bryansk | Central | Bryansk |
| Vladimirskaya | Central | Vladimir |
| Volgogradskaya | Southern | Volgograd |
| Vologda | Northwestern | Vologda |
| Voronezh | Central | Voronezh |
| Ivanovskaya | Central | Ivanovo |
| Irkutsk | Siberian | Irkutsk |
| Kaliningradskaya | Northwestern | Kaliningrad |
| Kaluzhskaya | Central | Kaluga |
| Kemerovo | Siberian | Kemerovo |
| Kirovskaya | Privolzhsky | Kirov |
| Kostromskaya | Central | Kostroma |
| Kurganskaya | Ural | Mound |
| Kursk | Central | Kursk |
| Leningradskaya | Northwestern | Saint Petersburg |
| Lipetskaya | Central | Lipetsk |
| Magadan | Far Eastern | Magadan |
| Moscow | Central | Moscow |
| Murmansk | Northwestern | Murmansk |
| Nizhny Novgorod | Privolzhsky | Nizhny Novgorod |
| Novgorodskaya | Northwestern | Velikiy Novgorod |
| Novosibirsk | Siberian | Novosibirsk |
| Omsk | Siberian | Omsk |
| Orenburgskaya | Privolzhsky | Orenburg |
| Orlovskaya | Central | Eagle |
| Penza | Privolzhsky | Penza |
| Pskovskaya | Northwestern | Pskov |
| Rostov | Southern | Rostov |
| Ryazan | Central | Ryazan |
| Samara | Privolzhsky | Samara |
| Saratovskaya | Privolzhsky | Saratov |
| Sakhalinskaya | Far Eastern | Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk |
| Sverdlovskaya | Ural | Ekaterinburg |
| Smolenskaya | Central | Smolensk |
| Tambovskaya | Central | Tambov |
| Tverskaya | Central | Tver |
| Tomsk | Siberian | Tomsk |
| Tula | Central | Tula |
| Tyumen | Ural | Tyumen |
| Ulyanovskaya | Privolzhsky | Ulyanovsk |
| Chelyabinsk | Ural | Chelyabinsk |
| Yaroslavskaya | Central | Yaroslavl |
| Amurskaya | Far Eastern | Blagoveshchensk |
So, our country is a federation. And all its administrative-territorial units - subjects of the Russian Federation - are equal in rights. Today there are eighty-five of them.