Russian ruble is the official monetary unit in the Russian Federation. Also, the national currency of the Russian Federation is used in Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

On the territory of the Russian Federation, rubles began to circulate after the country gained independence. This happened on July 26, 1993, along with the money reform. And before that, there were Soviet-style rubles, issued in 61, 91 and 92 of the twentieth century. Later, the money was withdrawn from circulation. I sewed cash tickets as a replacement. 1 Russian ruble was a coin that was used since 92 of the twentieth century.

Banknotes used in circulation

In 1995, banknotes previously issued since 93 of the last century were replaced with updated, modified banknotes that had better security functions. In 98, a redenomination took place, after which new money was issued. The smallest change banknote was a five-ruble note, and the largest was a five-hundred ruble note. At the beginning of the new century and later, after five years, money appears in 1000 Russian rubles and 5000, respectively.

Today, money in 5 and 10 rubles is no longer issued, but continues to be in circulation.

Before the start of the first Winter Olympic Games in the Russian Federation in the Krasnodar Territory, in 2013, a commemorative cash ticket of 100 rubles was issued.

What do Russian rubles represent?

Each banknote is related to a specific city of the Russian Federation:

• The minimum five-ruble bill, Novgorod shows. On the front side there is a monument to the “Millennium of Russia”, and on the back side there is a fortress wall of the Novgorod Detinets. The five-ruble bill has a dark green tint.
• The 10 Russian ruble banknote is related to Krasnoyarsk and is made in olive color. The front side depicts a bridge over the Yenisei River. The reverse side is decorated with the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric station.
• The blue fifty-ruble denomination is the face of St. Petersburg. The front side is decorated with a sculpture at the base of the column, as well as the Peter and Paul Fortress. On the back there is a picture of the exchange house.
• A red-brown paper bill with a face value of 100 Russian rubles, marks the capital of the Russian Federation, Moscow. The front side depicts the square of the Bolshoi Theater. On the back is the facade of the most famous theater.
• A five hundred ruble banknote of a purple hue from Arkhangelsk, on the front side of which you can see a monument to Peter I, as well as a ship in the port. The Solovetsky Monastery is depicted on the reverse side.
• The blue-green denomination of 1000 rubles refers to Yaroslavl. On its front side you can see the monument to the Wise Yaroslav, as well as the Kazan Mother of God chapel. On the back is the Church of St. John the Baptist.
• And finally, on the largest banknote of 5,000 Russian rubles, red-brown in color, on the front side you can see the monument to Muravyov-Amursky. And on the back you can see a bridge over the great river called Amur.

Along with banknotes, in the monetary circulation of Russia, starting from 1992, there were also coins with a nominal value of 1 to 100 rubles. However, later, after the completion of the money reform in 1998, coins ceased to be a means of payment. They were replaced by completely new coins, first from 2002 and then from 2006. An eagle with two heads adorns ruble coins. In turn, on penny coins St. George the Victorious is depicted.

Until 2014, the production of 1 and 5 kopeck coins was stopped, but then resumed again, as the Crimea peninsula joined the Russian Federation.

History of the Russian ruble as the official currency of the Russian Federation

On the current territory of Russia, the ruble has been used as a means of payment since the thirteenth century. There was an opinion that the expression “ruble” came from another verb “to chop.” However, today it has been proven that for some reason the ruble owes its name to the ancient technology of coin production. At first, the ruble was in the form of a coin with a certain proportion of precious metal. But in 1769, the first paper money appeared.

And how freely the Russian ruble currency has felt in history can be judged by the reforms carried out by the Russian government. So, before the collapse of the great power, the Bank of the USSR issued rubles, which are coins, for the last time. And just one year later, the Bank of Russia introduced a new type of ruble into use, both in the form of coins and bank notes. At that time, the smallest coin was 1 ruble. However, the growth that occurred in 1993 provoked an increase in the denomination to 10 rubles. And in 1995, the smallest banknote became a 1000 ruble banknote. The permanent rise in inflation, which began in 1992, inevitably ended, which brought back the old kopecks and created a new Russian ruble.

Fight against counterfeit banknotes

To combat counterfeits, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation has developed new methods of combating, which consist in conducting certain types of examination. Thus, analysts proposed adding the latest research to the existing list of examinations, thanks to which the internal structure of counterfeit banknotes will become clear. Research in the field of printing will help clarify some of the features of printing equipment. Analysis in the field of materials science will shed light on the light transmittance of the paper, the fastening of the ink, the number of double folds, and so on. A physical and chemical analysis will allow us to study the elemental component of paint and paper.

Similar ideas from the Ministry of Internal Affairs will become an impetus for the development of new devices and instruments with which it will be possible to test money.

Forecast of the Russian ruble and what is happening now on the interbank currency exchange

The events that have been taking place in Ukraine for more than a year could not affect relations between the Russian Federation and the United States. And then there’s the fall in oil prices. And as a result, by the end of 2014 there was a drop. For one dollar, on the interbank currency exchange they give 65 rubles. What will be the forecast for the Russian ruble?

According to many political scientists and economists, the forecast for the Russian ruble for 2015 will be generally positive. This means that the situation will stabilize sooner or later. Experts believe that it is very important to adhere to the course outlined by Russian President V.V. Putin, namely, to reduce pressure on medium and large businesses. It is then that businessmen will begin to part with foreign currency reserves. will reduce the cost to 50 rubles per. However, do not forget about.

The official monetary unit (currency) of the Russian Federation, according to the Federal Law “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)”, is the ruble, consisting of 100 kopecks. The introduction of other monetary units on the territory of Russia and the issuance of monetary surrogates are prohibited. The official ratio between the ruble and gold or other precious metals is not established. Types of money - banknotes (bank notes) and coins of the Bank of Russia. They are the only legal means of payment on the territory of Russia; their counterfeiting and illegal production are prosecuted by law. Banknotes and coins are required to be accepted at face value for all types of payments, for crediting to accounts, for deposits and for transfers throughout the Russian Federation. They are unconditional obligations of the Bank of Russia and are secured by all its assets.

After denomination (increasing the scale of prices) from January 1, 1998, banknotes in denominations of 10, 50, 100 and 500 rubles, as well as coins in denominations of 1, 2, 5 rubles, are in circulation. and 1, 5, 10 and 50 kopecks.

The Central Bank of the Russian Federation has the exclusive right to issue cash, organize its circulation and withdraw from circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation.

The Board of Directors of the Bank of Russia decides on the release of new banknotes and coins into circulation and the withdrawal of old ones, and approves the denominations and samples of new banknotes. At the same time, a description of the new banknotes is published in the media. The decision on these issues is sent to the Government of the Russian Federation as a preliminary notification. Commercial banks also participate in the issuance process. They issue non-cash money during the lending process, and when the loan is repaid, money is withdrawn from circulation.

The Federal Law “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)” establishes the legal basis for the functioning of the monetary system of the Russian Federation, the tasks, functions and powers of the Bank of Russia in organizing monetary circulation. In Russia, as in all countries, cash turnover is significantly less than non-cash turnover.

The Central Bank of the Russian Federation carries out interbank settlements through its institutions. Its system includes the central office, territorial institutions, cash settlement centers, computer centers, etc.

Cash service is one of the most important functions of banks. The bank is the starting and ending point of the movement of money that ensures the exchange of goods. Cash comes into circulation from the bank in the form of salary payments or other cash payments and is returned to the bank in the form of revenue. The sphere of monetary circulation is subject to regulation and strict regulation by the state, the main aspects of which are enshrined in law (“Procedure for conducting cash transactions”). According to this Procedure, the banking system is not only the organizer of cash circulation, but also the controller of this process.

Crediting cash proceeds to bank accounts and issuing cash for various purposes are defined as cash transactions, which, according to the balance sheet result and purpose, are divided into income and expenses. Each enterprise is determined by the maximum amount of cash in the cash register - the cash balance limit and the rate of spending cash from the proceeds. These cash standards make it possible to rationally organize money circulation, eliminate counter transportation of money, and ensure timely cash payments. Simultaneously with the standards, the bank approves the procedure and deadline for submitting proceeds to the bank of the given enterprise.

Settlements between commercial, cooperative banks and other credit institutions are carried out by cash settlement centers (RCCs) of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, organized at the locations of bank establishments. There are also inter-district RCCs. To carry out settlements, each bank institution opens a correspondent account in the RCC on the corresponding balance sheet account.

The Central Bank of the Russian Federation and its territorial departments, through the RCC, carry out issuance and cash services and issue and cash operations. The RCC has circulating cash desks for receiving and issuing cash and reserve funds. A characteristic feature of the formation of cash resources of the RCC is the possibility of attracting funds from cash storage facilities (reserve funds), which, in essence, is not just the return of money into circulation at the expense of the revenue collected the day before, but the attraction of additional monetary resources - emission. If cash receipts are insufficient, the bank can replenish cash resources and receive cash at the cash register center using a cash check. If the bank's cash receipts exceed its expenses and the cash balance limit determined by the RCC, then the excess is returned to the RCC. The shortcomings of the RCC resources are replenished only by transferring funds from the reserve funds of the RCC with special permission from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. This procedure for managing reserve funds is part of the centralized regulation of money circulation.

The Central Bank of the Russian Federation, as the main regulatory body of the payment system, is entrusted with the responsibility of establishing rules, terms and standards for the implementation of settlements in compliance with the following principles of their organization:

• 1) compliance with the legal regime for making settlements and payments. In the Russian Federation it took shape by the mid-1990s. It includes the relevant norms of civil legislation, individual federal laws and regulations
• 2) making payments on bank accounts that must be held by the recipient (supplier) and the payer. For settlement services, a bank account agreement is concluded between the client and the bank, and banks and other credit institutions open correspondent accounts with each other to carry out settlements among themselves.
• 3) ensuring the liquidity and solvency of participants in settlement relations as a necessary condition for the timely fulfillment of debt obligations.
• 4) the presence of the payer’s consent (acceptance) to the payment. The mechanism for implementing this principle is the execution of the appropriate payment document - a check, a bill of exchange, a payment order or a special acceptance of documents - payment requests-orders, payment requests, bills of exchange issued by the recipient of funds.
• 5) compliance with the urgency of payment. This principle applies not only to the period of payment of bills for goods and services, but also to the time of settlement transactions by banks.
• 6) control of the subjects of settlement relations over the timeliness and correctness of settlements. Closely related to this principle is the principle of property liability for compliance with contractual terms in the form of compensation for losses, payment of fines, penalties, etc. in case of violation of contractual obligations.

Relatively new for Russia are settlements with payment requests and orders. In the USSR, settlements by offsetting mutual claims were and still are widely used. Currently, these settlements can be carried out through clearing houses (centers).

Until 1992, the acceptance form of payment was widely used. However, it has a significant drawback, since it does not guarantee that the supplier will receive payment. In 1992, the Regulation on Non-Cash Payments was introduced, according to which settlements with payment requirements were abolished. However, these payment documents can be used with the consent of the parties.

Directive of the Central Bank of December 3, 1997 No. 51-U “On the introduction of new formats of settlement documents” established that payment requests, payment requests-orders, applications for letters of credit, collection orders (instructions) used for non-cash payments in the Russian Federation starting from January 1998 must be drawn up on the forms of the All-Russian Classifier of Management Documentation OK 011-98 (class “Unified System of Banking Documentation”). For violation of the rules of settlement operations, banks, enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens are liable in accordance with current legislation.

The ruble is the name of the modern currencies of Russia (see Russian ruble), Belarus (see Belarusian ruble), Transnistria (Transnistrian ruble). The Russian ruble is also used in South Ossetia and Abkhazia.

In the past - the currency of Russian republics and principalities, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Russian Kingdom, the Russian Empire and various entities on its territory, the RSFSR (1917-1923), the Soviet Union (1923-1991), Latvia (1992-1993), Ukraine (1992 -1996), Tajikistan (1995-2000). Divided into 100 kopecks. The code of the Russian ruble in accordance with the ISO 4217 standard is RUB (RUR before the 1998 denomination), numeric code is 643; Belarusian - BYR, numeric code - 974; Transnistrian - PRB (unofficial, no numeric).

We will begin our acquaintance with Russian banknotes with the smallest, the smallest currency unit of Russia - the kopeck. Yes, at the beginning of the 20th century the strength of the ruble was such that people paid with banknotes of one kopeck.
Here's a look at the most common variants of this banknote.

And here is another money with a face value of one kopeck from 1915 to 1917:

And a number of banknotes:

And these are kopecks from the Soviet period, or rather, from 1924:

It must be said that these banknotes were in circulation in Rus' for quite a long time, in contrast to banknotes of the Soviet period, during which monetary units changed many times.

So, Soviet times were marked by numerous monetary reforms, which were accompanied by the release of new money. Accordingly, the unit of Russian currency - the ruble - had different images of its banknote.
Here are the main Soviet one-ruble banknotes:
One ruble issued in 1934

This Russian one ruble banknote was issued in 1947:

Currency units of Russia 1997/2004

Coins 1991-93

Coins 2007

Protecting the Russian ruble

Modern Russian rubles are considered one of the most counterfeit-proof currencies in the world. Here are the main degrees of protection of the Russian ruble:
Watermarks are a protection that is also used on many other currencies;
Microscopic text, including the numbers of the banknote's denomination and the abbreviation of the Central Bank of Russia "TsBR";
Security fibers of various colors, randomly located on the banknote;
Embossed text “TICKET OF THE BANK OF RUSSIA”, as well as in addition to this, embossed marks for people with poor vision;
Secret image: the letters “PP” are visible on the banknote’s ornament at a certain angle;
Special paint: when the viewing angle changes, some elements of the banknote change color;
Hidden rainbow stripes that are visible on the front side of the bill when it is tilted, and when viewed perpendicularly, the field appears monochromatic;
Microperforation. When holding a banknote up to the light, you can see the digital designation of the denomination formed by micro-holes. At the same time, in the place of microperforation, the paper should not be perceived as rough to the touch.
Modern banknotes of other countries have similar degrees of security. To reliably determine the authenticity of a banknote, you must know at least three of the above features. In addition, there are banknote authenticity detectors, which are available in all banks and large trading organizations.
Unfortunately, the Russian ruble does not have the same value that it had at the beginning of the twentieth century. But, nevertheless, rubles remain money, a conventional unit of mutual settlement within the country. Printing counterfeit rubles harms not only individuals, but also, to a certain extent, the development of the Russian economy as a whole.

The Russian ruble (sign: , р.; code: RUB) is the monetary unit of the Russian Federation. One Russian ruble is equivalent to 100 kopecks.

Territory of circulation of the Russian ruble:

Russian Federation, Republic of Abkhazia, Republic of South Ossetia.

Russian ruble rates:

• Russian ruble (RUB) to dollar (USD) exchange rate online now on the Forex exchange
• Rates, exchange quotes for cash Russian rubles in banks for today

History of the Russian ruble.

The first mention of the ruble was found in the Novgorod birch bark charter of 1281-1299. The ruble was the name given to part of the Novgorod hryvnia, which was a silver ingot 14-20 cm long and weighing about 200 g. They began to cut the hryvnia into two parts and it turned into a ruble, the rubles, in turn, were cut into two more parts - half a ruble.

The ruble quickly became widespread in Rus'. The Moscow ruble, Western Russian or Lithuanian ruble appeared, the weight of which was 100-105 grams.

In the 15th century, the ruble completely replaced the hryvnia from circulation.

From the end of the 14th century, during the reign of Dmitry Donskoy in the Moscow principality, and then by the princes of other Russian lands, the minting of their own coins began. The weight of the coin was 0.93 grams, which was equal to 1/200 of a silver hryvnia.

In 1534, Elena Glinskaya, the mother of four-year-old Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible, carried out a monetary reform. As a result, all old Russian and foreign coins were withdrawn from circulation, and a new copper coin, the kopeck, was introduced in its place. The ruble was now 100 kopecks.

Russian-Turkish War 1768-1774 entailed large expenses and, consequently, a shortage of means of payment. In this regard, Catherine the Great decided to issue paper money - banknotes. The idea of ​​the banknotes belonged to the Marshal Count Karl Sievers. Banknote paper was produced by his factory. The cost of banknotes was very low compared to copper or silver coins.

On December 29, 1768, Empress Catherine II issues a manifesto on the issue of paper money in the amount of 1 million rubles. in banknotes in denominations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 rubles. For their issue, the State Assignation Bank was established.

People called the paper ruble “ticket”. In F. Dostoevsky’s work, the old pawnbroker says to Raskolnikov: “Last time I gave you two tickets for the ring...”.

In 1839-1844, banknotes were replaced by credit notes, the distinctive feature of which was the use of a specific color for each denomination of the “credit card”. These colors became traditional for the creators of paper banknote designs, which are still followed today.

In 1895-1897, new technologies were introduced for printing banknotes. The Orlov method of multicolor printing, named after its author Ivan Ivanovich Orlov (1861-1928), became the most popular. This printing method is still used in the design of modern banknotes around the world. The royal banknotes contained portraits of Peter I and Catherine II and were real works of art.

In October 1917, the Socialist Revolution occurred, which developed into the Civil War of 1918-1920. The provisional government that came to power introduces new money in denominations of 20 and 40 rubles. The popular name for this money is “Kerenki”, after the name of A.F. Kerensky, the last chairman of the Provisional Government. “Kerenki” were banknotes cut into quarters and sealed with a bank seal.

On February 4, 1919, the Soviet government began issuing “account marks R.S.F.S.R.” in denominations of 1, 2 and 3 rubles. Due to growing inflation, in December of the same year banknotes were issued in denominations of 15, 30 and 60 rubles, later in denominations of 100, 250, 500 and 1000 rubles.

The slogan “Workers of all countries, unite!” was written on the 1000 ruble banknote in seven languages ​​(Russian, German, French, Italian, English, Chinese and Arabic).

Rubles of the RSFSR with new revolutionary symbols, 1921 - 1922.

Inflation in January 1920 led to a 6,000-fold increase in prices, and in December already 30,000 times.

On September 15, 1921, popularly called “lemons” appeared - banknotes in denominations of 1, 5 and 10 million rubles.

On October 11, 1922, a new silver coin was issued - the chervonets. The content of pure gold in 1 chervonets was 8.6 grams, worth 10 rubles.

In December 1922, the government carried out another denomination. On the new money was the famous: “ONE ruble of 1923 is equal to ONE MILLION RUBLES in banknotes withdrawn from circulation, or HUNDRED RUBLES in banknotes of 1922.”

Banknotes issued in 1937 contained a portrait of Lenin and the inscription “Bank note redeemable for gold” and were pegged to the American dollar at a ratio of 5 rubles 30 kopecks per dollar.

After the Great Patriotic War in 1947, chervonets and treasury notes were exchanged for new money and a single calculation in rubles was introduced. The conversion rate was 1 ruble to 10 old rubles.

In the 1960s, Soviet specialists began to travel abroad to work, and therefore a parallel currency was created in the country - checks from Vnesheconombank and Vneshposyltorg, which were used to pay for labor. Checks were exchanged for currency at a fixed rate until the collapse of the USSR; they could also be used to pay for quality goods purchased by Vneshposyltorg abroad.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Bank of Russia issued new rubles in coins and bank notes in 1992, the smallest coin being 1 ruble. In 1993, the smallest coin became 10 rubles. In 1995, the smallest denomination became 1000 rubles.

In 1998, the ruble was denominated at a rate of 1000:1, the 1997 model ruble was introduced into circulation, and coins were returned after a seven-year break.

Russian ruble– the official monetary unit of the Russian Federation. Bank code - RUB (before denomination in 1998 - RUR). Banknote denominations: 5,000, 2,000, 1,000, 500, 200, 100, 50 and 10 rubles. Coins: 10, 5, 2 and 1 ruble, 50, 10, 5 kopecks and 1 kopeck, which has now been withdrawn from circulation. The name of the monetary unit comes from the word “to chop”, the original word is “stump” (part of the ancient monetary unit of the hryvnia). There is another version, according to which “ruble” comes from “rub” (in Slavic languages ​​it means “edge”, “scar” or “border”), which is associated with the technology of making ancient coins - the first rubles were silver ingots processed according to edges.

Illustration: Website Numismat.ru

Modern Russian banknotes depict architectural monuments of different cities of the country: on the front side of the 5 thousand banknote there is a monument to Muravyov-Amursky in Khabarovsk, on the back there is a bridge over the Amur; 1 thousand rubles – a monument to Yaroslav the Wise in Yaroslavl and the Church of John the Baptist, respectively; 500 rubles – monument to Peter I in Arkhangelsk and Solovetsky Monastery; 100 rubles – quadriga of Apollo and the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow; 50 rubles – statue of the Neva and the Spit of Vasilyevsky Island; 10 rubles - Paraskeva Pyatnitsa Chapel and Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Power Station. The front side of the coins depicts the denomination in a floral design, the reverse side contains the coat of arms of the Russian Federation, the inscription “Bank of Russia” and the year of issue.

On October 12, 2017, the Bank of Russia introduced new banknotes in denominations of 200 and 2000 rubles, the symbols for which were chosen based on the results of an all-Russian vote. The banknotes use an improved security complex and elements with increased relief for visually impaired citizens, and also take into account modern design trends.

The history of the Russian ruble can be divided into three stages: pre-revolutionary ruble, Soviet and Russian.

The first issue of new Russian money was carried out in 1992 under conditions of hyperinflation. The exchange rate was 125 rubles per dollar. There was a rejection of kopecks, and the smallest monetary unit became 1 ruble, and in 1993 - 10 rubles; coins were not minted at all. By the end of 1992, the exchange rate exceeded 400 rubles per dollar. On October 11, 1994, the so-called “Black Tuesday” occurred when the ruble fell to 3,926 per dollar.

By 1995, the smallest banknote was 1 thousand rubles. In 1998, denomination was carried out at a rate of 1,000 to 1 and the Bank of Russia banknotes with which we deal today appeared. After denomination, the exchange rate was 5-6 rubles per dollar.

By the end of 1998, as a result of the default, the exchange rate dropped to 20 rubles per dollar (at the same time, as a result of the devaluation, industry grew by more than 40 percent).

Illustration: Website Numismat.ru

The second time devaluation was carried out under the control of the Bank of Russia at the end of 2008 as a result of the international financial crisis. Then the rate was lowered by more than 30%, the historical maximum was 36.45 rubles per dollar. But in the spring it returned to previous levels. As of September 2011, the exchange rate fluctuates between 29-32 rubles per dollar.

In relation to other currencies, the ruble is still not freely convertible, but there are already plans to “liberate” it, and a gradual liberalization of currency legislation is being carried out.

The main factors influencing the modern ruble are world prices for energy resources, such as oil, natural gas, as well as other raw materials, including non-ferrous metals. At the same time, Russia, unlike many European countries and the United States, does not have a large external debt. Thus, given good international conditions, investments in Russian currency can be attractive. Moreover, according to purchasing power parity, calculated, for example, using the Big Mac index, there is a prospect of a strengthening of the Russian ruble.