Assembly– a form of leisure for the nobility – meetings and balls with the participation of women, introduced by Peter I in 1718.
Bironovschina- the regime of government established under Empress Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740), named after her favorite Ernst Johann Biron. It was characterized by the dominance of foreigners in all areas of government and power, the plunder of the country, and repressions against the dissatisfied.
Bureaucracy – 1) a set of persons professionally engaged in management (bureaucracy), responsible to government leadership and living off the income received wages(salaries); 2) control system state through the apparatus of officials.
Eastern question– a term meaning a complex of contradictions powers in the Middle East, the Balkans, the Black Sea Straits and North Africa - in territories subject to the Ottoman empires(Turkey).
Guard- selected, the best part of the army.
Province- the main administrative-territorial unit of Russia since 1708. Divided into counties. Several contiguous provinces could constitute a general government.
Palace coup– the forcible removal of the monarch from power by one of the opposition court groups with the help guard.
Power– 1) a large and powerful country; 2) emblem of power, one of the regalia of the monarch: a golden ball with a crown or cross on top.
“Charter of Complaint to the Nobility”- a document confirming everything privilege, data nobility after the death of Peter I, and also allowed the creation of noble societies in provinces And counties.
“Charter of Complaint to Cities”- a document that defined the rights and responsibilities of the urban population, the management system in cities.
Emperor- a person who bears the highest royal dignity, as well as the title of such a person. In Russia, the title of emperor was adopted by Peter I in 1721.
Intensive– giving high performance.
Capitalist peasants- wealthy peasants who had capital and were engaged in entrepreneurial activities.
Collegiums– central authorities executive power, who were in charge of a certain industry (army, navy, foreign policy etc.). They were introduced by Peter I instead orders.
Conditions– the terms and conditions stated in the contract.
Peasant otkhodniks- peasants who were allowed, with the permission of the landowner, to leave the village for seasonal work in order to earn money quitrent.
Magistrate- a city government body introduced under Peter I.
Philistinism (philistines)– in Russia until the end of 1917 – estate, the lowest category of personally free, taxable urban population. According to the Charter to the cities of 1785, it included small traders and artisans - the main payers of taxes and taxes.
Modernization– change, reconstruction of socio-economic, political, cultural, religious, moral and other foundations of society through various innovations and improvements. In a narrower sense, modernization means industrial revolution And industrialization, the formation of a national market and a unified economic system.
Capitation tax– the main tax levied on the male population (every “soul”) tax-paying classes, regardless of age. Replaced house-to-house taxation(when the tax was collected from the peasant or townsman's yard).
Possessional peasants– state peasants, bought by factory owners to work for them.
Assigned peasants– palace or state peasants, which instead of paying taxes had to work at state-owned or private factories and were “attached” to them.
Enlighteners- the general name of outstanding thinkers of the 17th-18th centuries. (Voltaire, C. Montesquieu, D. Diderot, J.-J. Rousseau, etc.), who criticized the feudal order, defended individual freedom, equality of people in rights and before the law, and education of the people. Enlightenment scholars believed that the main task of the monarch (“the wise man on the throne”) is to take care of the welfare of the people, in accordance with the laws emanating from the ruler. In Russia, the ideas of the Enlightenment were defended by N.I. Novikov and A.N. Radishchev.
Education– ideological course of the period of transition from feudalism To capitalism associated with the struggle of the emerging bourgeoisie and the masses against absolutism And feudalism. Causes of human disasters educators They believed in ignorance, religious fanaticism, opposed the feudal-absolutist regime, for political freedom and civil equality.
"Enlightened absolutism"- designation of state policy in Russia (under Catherine II) and a number of Western European countries (Austria, Prussia, Portugal, etc.). This policy consisted of using the bourgeois ideas of the era Enlightenment to preserve the feudal order and the serfdom system in the conditions of its beginning to decompose. Catherine II sought to build a “legitimate” autocratic monarchy, strictly defining the rights and responsibilities estates. She portrayed her activities as a union of the sovereign and philosophers, promoting the development of enlightenment and education. This policy was aimed at strengthening dominance nobility, although some reforms contributed to the development capitalism.
Protectorate- a form of dependence in which a weak country, while formally maintaining its state structure and some independence in internal affairs, is actually subordinated to another, stronger one power.
Regent – temporary ruler of a monarchical state (in the event of a minor or illness of the monarch).
Recruits- soldiers who performed military service for hire or for duties. Recruitment in Russian army was forced (from 1705 to 1874).
Craft shops- associations of artisans of the same specialty, introduced by decree of Peter I in 1722.
Secularization– 1) the transfer of monastic and church property (land, peasants) to secular property; 2) liberation of public and individual consciousness from the influence of religion.
Senate (Governing Senate)- the highest state administrative institution, which replaced the Boyar Duma under Peter I. Together with the monarch, the Senate developed new laws, monitored the country's finances and controlled the work of the state apparatus. From 1722 he was headed by the Prosecutor General (“the eye of the sovereign”).
Synod (Holy Governing Synod)– spiritual collegium, in charge of the affairs of the church, headed by the chief prosecutor (appointed from among secular persons).
"Table of Ranks"- a document issued by Peter I in 1722, dividing military, civil and court services. All positions (both military and civilian) were divided into 14 ranks. It was possible to achieve each subsequent rank only by completing all the previous ones.
Secret Chancery- an organ of political investigation in the era palace coups, was in charge of cases of state crimes.
Stacked commission- a commission convened by Catherine II to develop a new set of laws Russian Empire(Code). Consisted of government officials and elected representatives from different classes. After working for 1.5 years and not having time to make any decisions, the commission was “temporarily” dissolved, the reason for which was the Russian-Turkish war that began in 1768.
Favorite- a courtier who enjoys the special favor of the monarch, receiving various privilege, often influencing domestic and foreign policy states.
Nobility- name of Russian nobility(in the Polish manner).
Extensive– aimed at quantitative increase, expansion, distribution (as opposed to intensive).
Tasks and questions for independent work
1. Explain the meaning of the term “absolutism”.
2. Explain the meaning of the concept of “palace coup”.
3. Explain the meaning of the concept of “collegium”.
4. Explain the meaning of the concept of “mercantilism”.
5. Explain the meaning of the term “modernization”.
6. Explain the meaning of the concept of “protectionism”.
7. Explain the meaning of the concept of “enlightened absolutism”.
8. Explain the meaning of the term secularization.
9. Explain the meaning of the concept “Table of Ranks”.
10. Explain the meaning of the term “Stacked Commission”.
11. Two reforms of Peter I, which contributed to increased bureaucratization of management - ...
12. Two reforms of Peter I aimed at Europeanizing the country - ...
A) convening of the Zemsky Sobor
B) creation of a regular army
C) abolition of the patriarchate and creation of the Synod
D) exemption of the nobility from compulsory service
13. Two government bodies under Peter I - ...
Answer: Apostle.
Question No. 22. Why did Patriarch Nikon begin to reform the Church, relying on Greek rites and books?
Answer: Correcting the divine service according to ancient Russian models has become impossible due to serious discrepancies.
Question No. 23. Does the birth of the Russian theater relate to the reign?
Answer: Alexey Mikhailovich.
Question No. 24. In the history of the Moscow state, this was the first time a monarch traveled outside the country. What is the name of the monarch?
Answer: Peter I.
Question No. 25. Is this the Assembly?
Answer: meeting - balls with the participation of women in the houses of the Russian nobility, introduced and regulated by Peter I.
Question No. 26. “Is this an honest mirror of youth?
Answer: a book about good manners, compiled for young people during the reign of Peter I.
Question No. 27. Since 1702, the first printed newspaper began to be published in Russia under the name?
Answer: “Vedomosti”.
Question No. 28. In Russia, was the counting of years from the Nativity of Christ, and not from the Creation of the world, introduced?
Answer: Peter I.
Question No. 29. What was the name of the first museum in the history of Russia?
Answer: Kunstkamera.
Question No. 30. Representatives of this ideological trend fought for the establishment of the kingdom of reason, which is based on natural equality. The dissemination of knowledge was to play a major role in the creation of a new social order. Who are we talking about?
Answer: about educators.
Question No. 31. Even in the houses of ordinary townspeople in the 18th century. The walls began to be decorated with trellises, i.e.?
Answer: wallpaper.
Question No. 32. In which works by A.S. Pushkin depicts Peter I?
Answer: “The Bronze Horseman.”
Answer: M. Lomonosov.
Question No. 34. The first street carnival with a masquerade took place in 1721. Where did it happen?
Answer: in Yaroslavl.
Question No. 35. This man made and presented to Catherine II an amazing clock: it was shaped like a goose egg, opened every hour, revealing the Church of the Resurrection of Christ, and at 12 o’clock they played music composed by a talented inventor. Who is this?
Answer: I.P. Kulibin.
Question No. 36. This architect created the Winter Palace, the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo, the ensemble of the Smolny Monastery in St. Petersburg, and the Grand Palace in Peterhof. Architect's name?
Answer: F.B. Rastrelli.
Question No. 37. Was the first public library in Russia opened?
Answer: in St. Petersburg.
Question No. 38. Where was the first Russian conservatory opened?
Answer: in Moscow.
Question No. 39. Who was the director of the first Russian conservatory, opened in 1859?
Answer: A.G. Rubinstein.
Question No. 40. Since what year has free primary education become compulsory in Russia?
Answer: since 1918
Question No. 41. When and by whom was the law on attracting students and military personnel to agricultural work first passed in Russia?
Answer: Bolsheviks in 1918
Assembly
ASSEMBLY-And; and.[French assembly].
1. General meeting of some kind (mainly international) organization; its highest organ; congress, congress. A. peoples of Asia and Africa. General A. UN(one of the main bodies of the UN, consisting of representatives of all its member states).
2. In Russia in the era of Peter I: an entertaining evening, a ball.
Assembly(from French assemblée - meeting), 1) meeting. 2) The name of the highest government body in a number of countries, as well as the highest body of some international organizations.
3) Meetings and balls with the participation of women in the houses of the Russian nobility, introduced and regulated (1718) by Peter I.ASSEMBLY (ASSEMBLY (from the French assemblée - meeting), the name of the highest bodies of government in a number of countries, as well as the highest bodies of some international organizations. In the 18th century in Russia, assemblies were meetings-balls with the participation of women in the houses of the nobility, introduced and regulated (1718) by Peter I the Great cm.. A calendar of assemblies was drawn up in advance and strictly observed. The St. Petersburg and Moscow nobility spent large amounts of money on the assemblies. In 1719, Peter established that all “officials,” as well as nobles, merchants, shipwrights with their wives and grown-up children, must attend the assemblies. The guests arrived at five o'clock in the evening and behaved freely. The wives of foreign skippers, for example, could afford to knit. The culmination of the assembly was the arrival of the royal couple Peter and Catherine, to whom the guests were introduced. Special rooms were reserved for smoking, dancing, and playing chess and checkers. Maps were not allowed at the assemblies because they were prohibited by the emperor.
The dances were accompanied by brass music. Preference was given to English and Polish dances; Russian dances could also be observed. Ladies and gentlemen were invited freely, many learned dance movements directly during the dances. Women were not forbidden to drink alcohol just like men. A decree of 1718 said that assemblies serve “not only for fun, but also for business, because here you can see each other and talk about every need.” The obligation of ladies to participate in assemblies eliminated the previous seclusion of women from the boyar environment. The assemblies dealt a blow to the everyday inertia of the Russian nobility. The clergy had their own special assemblies.
encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .
Synonyms:See what “assembly” is in other dictionaries:
- (French assembly): Assembly is the name of the governing body of an organization (usually quite large, often international): General Assembly is the supreme governing body of some large organizations. National... ...Wikipedia
- [fr. assemblee meeting] general meeting of which l. organizations of a diplomatic, political or scientific nature. Dictionary of foreign words. Komlev N.G., 2006. ASSEMBLY evening meeting, a type of ball or party; introduced by Peter I for the development... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Assembly- and, f. assembly f. 1. Meeting of members of which l. political body. Sl. 18. Count Krongielm, as the president of the chancellery, made a very impressive speech to the assembly on the Queen’s side. Ved. 1719 2 271. I received this letter while I was at the assembly... ... Historical Dictionary Gallicisms of the Russian language
meeting, gathering, society; ball, parliament Dictionary of Russian synonyms. assembly noun, number of synonyms: 4 points (6) ... Synonym dictionary
ASSEMBLY, 1) meeting. 2) In some countries, the name of parliaments or their highest chambers, as well as the highest body of a number of international organizations ... Modern encyclopedia
- (from the French assemblee assembly) ..1) assembly2)] The name of the highest body of government in a number of countries, as well as the highest body of some international organizations3) Meetings of balls with the participation of women in the houses of the Russian nobility, introduced and ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Meeting, congress (at the court of Peter I). Assembly member visiting an assembly belonging to it. Wed. Your returned husband suddenly appeared from the official assembly. A. Maikov. Young lady. Wed. Another would be glad to lock up his wife, and her with a drum... ... Michelson's Large Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)
ASSEMBLY, and, women. 1. General meeting no. international organization; its highest organ. General A. United Nations. 2. Under Peter I: a ball, an entertaining evening. | adj. assembly, aya, oe (to 2 meanings). Dictionary… … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
- (from the French assemblee assembly), gatherings of balls with the participation of women in the houses of the Russian nobility. Introduced and regulated in 1718 by Peter I. Source: Encyclopedia Fatherland ... Russian history
- (Assemblee) this word means in French any assembly, among other things, assemblies of people and estates. According to the principle underlying the latter, they are divided into Assemblees provinciales, convened to protect special... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
- (from the French assemblee assembly) 1) the name of the highest bodies of government in a number of countries, as well as the highest bodies of some international organizations; 2) in the 18th century in Russia, assemblies were meetings of balls with the participation of women in the houses of the nobility,... ... Political science. Dictionary.
Books
- The limit of defense, Igor Ogai. The Assembly of Worlds, through which the delicate balance between competing ancient races is maintained on Earth, is once again being tested to its strength. From small spaces to the streets...
Assembly(from French. assemblee - meeting)
- 1) meeting
- 2) The name of the highest body of government in a number of countries, as well as the highest body of some international organizations
- 3) Meetings and balls with the participation of women in the houses of the Russian nobility, introduced and regulated (1718) by Peter I.
In November 1718, the Chief of Police of St. Petersburg, Anton Devier, announced Peter's will on the establishment of assemblies. The “Decree on Assemblies” said: “Assemblies is a French word, which in Russian cannot be expressed in one word, but it can be said in detail: a free meeting or congress in a house is desired not only for fun, but also for business; for here you can see each other , and talk about every need, also hear what’s going on where, and it’s also fun.”
Peter I himself drew up the rules for the assemblies and the behavior of guests at them. A select society was invited to the assemblies: high nobles, officials, officers, shipwrights, rich merchants, scientists. They were supposed to appear with their wives and daughters. The assemblies were schools of secular education, where young people learned good manners, rules of behavior in society, and communication.
Grand Embassy-- Russian diplomatic mission in Western Europe in 1697-1698.
The embassy had to complete several important tasks: to enlist the support of European countries in the fight against Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate; thanks to the support of European rulers, obtain the northern coast of the Black Sea; raise Russia's prestige in Europe with reports of victory in the Azov campaigns; invite foreign specialists to Russian service, order and purchase military materials and weapons.
However, its practical result was the creation of preconditions for organizing an alliance against Sweden.
Noble Guard. The decisive force in the palace coups was the guard, a privileged part of the regular army created by Peter (these are the famous Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments, in the 30s two new ones were added to them, the Izmailovsky and Horse Guards). Her participation decided the outcome of the matter: which side the guard was on, that group would win. The Guard was not only a privileged part of the Russian army, it was a representative of an entire class (the nobility), from whose midst it was almost exclusively formed and whose interests it represented.
Generalissimo (lat. generalissimus - the most important) - the highest military rank in many countries, the highest rank that stood outside the system of officer ranks in Russia.
Historically, this title was awarded to generals who commanded several, often allied, armies during the war, and in some cases to statesmen or persons from the families of reigning dynasties as an honorary title.
In Russia, the first to receive this title was on June 28, 1696, Governor A.S. Shein from Peter I for successful actions near Azov (however, F.Yu. Romodanovsky and I.I. Buturlin were awarded the title of “generalissimo of the amusing troops” back in 1694). Officially, the title of generalissimo in Russia was introduced by the Military Regulations of 1716.
Prosecutor General- one of the highest government positions in the Russian Empire, the head of the Government Senate, who oversaw the legality of the activities of government institutions. The post of Prosecutor General was established by Peter I on January 12, 1722. P.I. was appointed the first prosecutor general. Yaguzhinsky. The Prosecutor General was initially the head of the Senate Chancellery and was in charge of Senate office work; at the same time he led the prosecutor's office, which consisted of a three-tier system of control over the Senate and all administrative and judicial institutions, both central and local.
Civil font- a font introduced in Russia by Peter I in 1708 for printing secular publications as a result of the first reform of the Russian alphabet (changes in the composition of the alphabet and simplification of the letters of the alphabet).
Grenadier(wrong: grenadier) (French Grenadiers) - elite units of European infantry (sometimes cavalry), originally intended to storm enemy fortifications, mainly in siege operations. The grenadiers were armed with hand grenades and firearms. Subsequently, elite units of heavy infantry began to be called grenadiers.
Province-- the highest unit of administrative-territorial division in Russia (Russian Kingdom, Russian Empire, Russian Republic, RSFSR, USSR) from 1708 to 1929, which took shape under Peter I in the process of organizing an absolutist state.
Personal nobility-- nobility received for personal merit (including upon reaching grade 14 in the civil service), but not inherited. It was created by Peter I with the aim of weakening the isolation of the noble class and giving people of the lower classes access to it. Hereditary nobility- nobility passed on to legal heirs.
District-- an administrative-territorial unit in Russia as part of a province. It was introduced in 1719 during the Regional Reform of Peter I. The prototype of the Russian district was the Swedish herad - a district that united up to 1000 households of the rural population. Each province in Russia was divided into 5 districts (under Peter I), consisting of 1500-2000 households.
Dragoons(French dragon "dragoon", lit. "dragon") - the name of cavalry, capable of operating on foot. In earlier times, the same name meant infantry mounted on horses.
Revision soul- unit of accounting for the male tax-paying population; a unit of taxation established by Peter I with a capitation tax, or capitation tax, or capitation money.
Empire(from Latin imperium, lit. power) - a type of state before the advent of the national state. “A vast state that included the territories of other peoples and states.” Many empires, in order to preserve their territorial integrity and unity, strive to level out ethnic and religious groups within the state, which often leads to the dominance of only one ethnic group (the titular nation).
The presence of a monarch - an emperor at the head of the state is not a mandatory sign of an empire, since the title "emperor" can be used arbitrarily, without any connection with the essence of the state.
Emperor(lat. imperator - ruler) - the title of the monarch, head of state (empire). Since the time of the Roman emperor Augustus (27 BC - 14 AD) and his successors, the title of emperor acquired a monarchical character.
There were emperors in Russia from 1721 to 1917. Peter I became the first official emperor in 1721.
Office(from Late Latin cancellarius - clerk) - 1) department of an institution; department of the institution in charge of its official correspondence and preparation of current documentation; 2) some government agencies in Russia XVIII- beginning of the 20th century (Secret Chancery, etc.).
Collegiums- the central bodies of sectoral management in the Russian Empire, formed in the Peter the Great era to replace the system of orders that had lost its significance. Collegiums existed until 1802, when they were replaced by ministries.
Magistrate(Latin Magistratus - “Boss”) - class body of city government. In Russia from 1720-1721. Magistrates were called class bodies city self-government, introduced by Peter I on the model of Western European ones; before the judicial reform of 1864, there were also estate-based judicial bodies.
Chief Prosecutor: 1) in 1722-1917, the official who supervised the activities of the Synod was appointed by the emperor from among secular persons; the position of chief prosecutor was equal to the rank of minister. 2) Head of the Senate department.
Capitation tax, the main direct tax in Russia in the 18th and 19th centuries. Introduced by Peter I in 1724 to replace household taxation. The poll tax was levied on the entire male population of the tax-paying classes (all classes of peasants, townspeople and merchants). The introduction of the poll tax was preceded by the population census. The size of the capitation tax was determined by the amount necessary to maintain the army.
Possessional peasants-- serf peasants in Russia in the 18th - 1st half of the 19th centuries, assigned to possessional manufactories. Possession peasants could not be sold separately from the enterprise (possession law). The category of possession peasants was introduced under Peter I in 1721 due to the need to provide workers for the growing large-scale manufacture. The possessional peasants included peasants bought to the “factories”, “eternally given away” by decree of January 7, 1736, and state-owned artisans transferred to the owners of possessional manufactories.
Assigned peasants, the feudal-dependent population of Russia in the 17th - mid-19th centuries, which was obliged to work in state-owned or private plants and factories instead of paying quitrent and poll taxes. At the end of the 17th century. and especially in the 18th century. The government, in order to support large-scale industry and provide it with cheap and constant labor, widely practiced assigning state peasants to manufactories in the Urals and Siberia. Usually P. k. were attached to manufactories without a specific period, that is, forever. Formally they remained the property of the feudal state, but in practice the industrialists exploited and punished them as their serfs.
Recruit (from the French rеcruter - to recruit an army), a person accepted into military service through conscription or hiring. In the Russian army and navy ( Armed forces) from 1705 to 1874 - a person enrolled in the army under conscription, which was subject to all tax-paying classes (peasants, townspeople, etc.) and for whom it was communal and lifelong and they supplied a certain number of recruits (soldiers) from their communities ). The recruitment of serfs into the army freed them from serfdom. The nobility was exempted from conscription duties.
Holy Governing Synod(Greek synodos - “gathering”, “meeting”, “cathedral”) - the highest body of church and administrative power of the Russian Orthodox Church, replacing the patriarch.
Upon abolition Peter I patriarchal administration of the Church, with 1721 until August 1917 The Holy Governing Synod established by him was the highest state body of church-administrative power Russian Empire, which replaced patriarch in terms of general church functions and external relations (nominally existed until February 1, 1918).
Table of ranks(“Table of ranks of all military, civil and court ranks”) - law on order civil service in the Russian Empire (ratio of ranks by seniority, sequence of ranks).
All ranks of the “Table of Ranks” were divided into three types: military, state (civilian) and courtiers and were divided into fourteen classes. Approved on January 24 (February 4), 1722 by Emperor Peter I, it existed with numerous changes until the 1917 revolution.
Tax- system of monetary and in-kind state duties of peasants and townspeople in the Russian state XV - beginning. XVIII century The basic salary unit of the tax population was called a plow. In addition to direct taxes, peasants and townspeople also performed other taxable duties (“sovereign tax”, underwater, inn, pit chase, etc.), often translated into money (“streltsy money”, “polonyanochny money” (for the ransom of prisoners) , "Yam money"). The term “tax” after the introduction of the poll tax in 1724 was replaced by the word “tax”, but was used as a conventional unit of taxation in the 18th-19th centuries.
Fiscals-(Latin fiscalis - related to the treasury, from fiscus - state treasury), government officials in Russia in the first third of the 18th century. in the system of administrative, financial and judicial oversight bodies over all institutions of the country. The fiscal position was created in 1711 due to the growth of bureaucracy and the need to combat abuses. At their head was the chief fiscal, appointed by the king and subordinate to him. Since 1722, with the establishment of the post of prosecutor general, the fiscals were subordinate to him, and from 1723 - the fiscal general. As the prosecutor's office developed, the position of fiscal was gradually (mid-20s - early 30s of the 18th century) abolished. Fiscals helped uncover a number of large thefts, although many of them were themselves involved in abuses. The word "Fiscal" has become synonymous with the word "informer".