Home

The famous naval commander of the Russian Empire, Fyodor Fedorovich Ushakov, was born into the family of a poor Yaroslavl nobleman in 1745. The biography of Admiral Ushakov is very interesting and replete with remarkable events that left an imprint not only on his fate, but also on the history of all of Russia.

From a young age, Fedor was interested in naval affairs and in 1766 he successfully graduated from the St. Petersburg Naval Cadet Corps. Ushakov began his service with the Baltic Fleet, then took part in battles against the Ottoman Empire as part of the Azov Flotilla. Having distinguished himself in battles against the Turks, he was appointed captain of a frigate, and then of the imperial yacht. Under his command, the battleship successfully restrained the activities of English pirates on the routes from the Baltic to the Mediterranean Sea, ensuring the safe movement of Russian and European traders.

In 1783, Fyodor Fedorovich began construction of the Black Sea Fleet. Under the command of Ushakov, fortifications were erected and modern guns were installed in Sevastopol, which became the main naval base of the Russian Empire on the Black Sea. At the head of the Black Sea Fleet, F. F. Ushakov defeated the Turks in battles near the Kerch Strait, Tendra Island and Cape Kaliakria.

For his services in the development and strengthening of the Russian Navy, for outstanding victories over the enemy, in 1799 Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov was promoted to admiral. While leading the Mediterranean campaign (1798-1800) at this time, Admiral Ushakov, using naval artillery as cover, managed to capture a well-fortified fortress on the island. Corfu, which was formerly occupied by the French. After the capture of this fortress, Admiral Ushakov, remaining a convinced monarchist to the last, using his diplomatic skills and international respect, contributed to the establishment of the democratic Greek Republic of the Seven Islands.

Fyodor Fedorovich Ushakov, having retired in 1807, devoted his activities to charity and helping the Russian Orthodox Church, for which in 2011 he was canonized. All of Ushakov's naval battles were brilliantly won. Admiral Ushakov took care of his subordinates, valuing the life of every sailor. And in return, the sailors loved their admiral, trusting him and unquestioningly carrying out all his orders. The sailors were confident in the correctness and military genius of Ushakov, who did not lose a single soldier captured. In the spirit of A.V., whom he revered. Suvorova, F.F. Ushakov built the fleet on the principles of value and maximum efficiency of each ship and sailor.

Municipal educational institution Breitovskaya sosh.

Russian naval commander - Ushakov F.F.

Student: Morozova M.S. 9b Class.

Teacher: Russian Nadezhda Alexandrova.

Breytovo 2010

1. Early years.

3.Russian - Turkish War 1787 - 1791

4. Battle near the island of Fidonisi.

5. Kerch naval battle.

6. Battle of Cape Tendra.

7. Battle of Cape Kaliakria.

8. Mediterranean campaign of Ushakov.

9. Recent years.

10. Canonization.

11. Appendix.

Early years.

Fyodor Ushakov was born on February 13 (24), 1745 (17450224) in the village of Burnakovo (now Rybinsk district of the Yaroslavl region), into a poor noble family: father - Fyodor Ignatievich Ushakov (1710-1781), retired sergeant of the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment, uncle - Elder Theodore of Sanaksar. He was baptized in the church of the neighboring village of Khopylevo.

He graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps (1766), served in the Baltic Fleet.

Since 1769, he served in the Don (Azov) flotilla and participated in the Russian-Turkish War of 1768-1774. On June 30, 1769 he received the rank of lieutenant. At the end of 1772, he received command of the bot “Courier” and was cruising in the Black Sea along the southern coast of Crimea. In 1773, commanding the 16-gun ship Modon, he participated in repelling the Turks who landed in Balaklava.

From 1775 he commanded a frigate. Participated in a campaign to the Mediterranean Sea with the aim of escorting frigates to the Black Sea. In 1780 he was appointed commander of the imperial yacht, but soon achieved a transfer to a battleship. In 1780-82, the commander of the battleship "Victor", who participated in the implementation of the policy of "Armed Neutrality" as part of a squadron in the Mediterranean Sea. Since 1783, in the Black Sea Fleet, he participated in the construction of ships in Kherson and the construction of a fleet base in Sevastopol. He received his first award - the Order of St. Vladimir, IV degree (1784) for the successful fight against the plague epidemic in Kherson. At the beginning of the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1791 - commander of the battleship "St. Paul" and the vanguard of the Black Sea Fleet.

Russian - Turkish War 1787 - 1791.

During the war, F. F. Ushakov developed the principles of new tactics for maneuverable naval combat. The main features of Ushakov’s tactics are the use of uniform marching and combat formations, decisive approach to the enemy at a short distance without rearranging the battle formation, concentration of the main efforts against the enemy’s flagship ships, allocation of a reserve (“Kaiser-flag squadron”), a combination of targeted artillery fire and maneuver, pursuing the enemy until he is completely destroyed or captured. Attaching great importance to naval and fire training of personnel, Ushakov was a supporter of Suvorov’s principles of educating subordinates.

Commanding the Black Sea Fleet since 1790, resorting to the new maneuver tactics he created, which was fundamentally different from the linear tactics accepted at that time, in 1790 and 1791. won a number of brilliant victories over the Turkish fleet.

The Turks called him “Ushak Pasha” with respect and fear.

Battle near the island of Fidonisi.

Due to headwinds, the Russian squadron approached Tendra Island only on July 10. The Turkish squadron discovered here consisted of 17 battleships, eight frigates, three bombardment ships and 21 smaller ships.

The Turkish squadron, avoiding battle, went to the southwest, pursued by the Russian squadron.

The fleets met on the morning of July 14 near the Danube Delta near the island of Fidonisi (Snake). The balance of forces between the parties was unfavorable for the Russian fleet. The Turkish squadron had 1110 guns versus 550 for the Russian one, the salvo weight was 3:1 (thanks to the larger caliber of the guns of the Turkish battleships). The ratio of the numerical strength of the teams of 10,000 people of the Turkish squadron against 4,000 Russian crews made the possible outcome of the boarding battle unfavorable.

Occupying an upwind position, the Turkish fleet lined up in two columns and attacked the battleships and two frigates of the vanguard of the Russian fleet (commanded by F.F. Ushakov). The Russian vanguard ships (battleship "St. Paul", frigates "Pereyaslav" and "Strela") approached the advanced ships of the Turkish squadron, trying to cover the head of the Turkish linear column and take it "with two fires." Admiral Hasan Pasha figured out Ushakov’s maneuver and, accelerating, took the battle with the Russian vanguard with his advanced ships. The remaining ships of the Russian fleet lined up, conducting an artillery duel and tying up the forces of the Turkish fleet in a firefight.

The Turkish fleet sought to achieve the optimal distance for an artillery duel, which would allow it to take advantage of its superiority in the number of guns and caliber. The Russian vanguard continued to approach the Turkish ships, cutting off the flagships and consistently concentrating fire on the leading ones. The fire was aimed at close range; speed and accuracy, which determined the highest efficiency of artillery fire, allowed the Russians to carry out Ushakov’s plan.

Receiving heavy damage, the Turkish ships tacked - a turn to another tack - and left the battle. After the first three ships, the Turkish flagship came under concentrated fire. His withdrawal from the battle decided the outcome of the battle. The Turkish ships raised their sails and left the battlefield. The Russian fleet did not suffer any losses.

The Turkish fleet was forced to retreat. The task of the Russian fleet to support the ground forces near Ochakov (which was taken only on December 17, 1788) was actually completed. The unconditional Turkish dominance in the Black Sea, which they achieved after the unsuccessful campaign of Admiral Voinovich in 1787, ended.

Soon after the battle of Fidonisi, Rear Admiral F.F. Ushakov was placed at the head of the Sevastopol squadron; in March 1790 he was appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet.

Kerch naval battle.

The Turkish squadron consisted of 10 battleships, 8 frigates, and 36 auxiliary ships. She was coming from Turkey for the landing in Crimea. On the afternoon of July 8, she was met by a Russian squadron (10 battleships, 6 frigates, 1 bombardment ship, 18 auxiliary ships) under the control of Ushakov.

Taking advantage of the windward position of the Turkish fleet and superiority in artillery (1,100 guns versus 860), the Turkish squadron attacked the Russian squadron on the move. Ushakov, with skillful maneuvering, took an advantageous position and with well-aimed fire at short distances inflicted losses on the vanguard and center of the Turkish squadron. The Turkish squadron was saved from defeat only by the speed of its ships and the ensuing darkness. Ushakov's tactics in this battle were characterized by the skillful implementation of the principles of concentration of forces and mutual support.

Battle of Cape Tendra.

A naval battle on the Black Sea during the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1792 between the Russian squadron under the command of F. F. Ushakov and the Turkish squadron under the command of Hassan Pasha. Occurred on August 28-29 (September 8-9), 1790 near the Tendra Spit.

After the annexation of Crimea to Russia, a new Russian-Turkish war began. Russian troops launched an offensive in the Danube region. A galley flotilla was formed to help them. However, she could not make the transition from Kherson to the combat area due to the presence of a Turkish squadron in the western Black Sea. The squadron of Rear Admiral F.F. Ushakov came to the aid of the flotilla. When it approached the Turkish squadron on August 28 (September 8), Kapudan Pasha Hasan decided to hastily retreat, but Ushakov ordered an immediate attack on the Turks. When the Russian fleet approached within shot range of the Turkish rearguard, Hasan Pasha ordered the other ships to turn back. These maneuvers of the Turkish fleet allowed Ushakov’s ships to take a parallel course, reduce the distance and begin massive shelling of Turkish ships. Having received many injuries, the Turks retreated.

On the morning of August 29 (September 9), it turned out that the Turkish squadron was close to the Russian one and Ushakov continued to pursue it. The Russians managed to sink several enemy ships, including the best - the flagship "Kapudanie", and also captured the battleship "Meleki-Bahri" (it was later repaired and introduced into the Russian fleet under the name "John the Baptist").

The victory in the battle at Cape Tendra made it possible to transfer the galley flotilla to the Danube, which significantly strengthened the Russian army. Rear Admiral Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov was awarded the Order of St. George, 2nd class

Battle of Cape Kaliakria.

August 11, 1791 - the last naval battle of the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1792 between the fleets of Russia and the Ottoman Empire. As a result, the ships of the Turkish fleet received significant damage and returned to Istanbul. The Russian fleet under the command of Admiral Fyodor Fedorovich Ushakov, consisting of 15 battleships, 2 frigates and 19 smaller ships (990 guns), sailed from Sevastopol on August 8, 1791, and at noon on August 11 discovered the Turkish-Algerian fleet under the command of Hussein Pasha, consisting of 18 ships of the line, 17 frigates (1,500-1,600 guns) and a large number of smaller ships anchored near Cape Kaliakra in northern Bulgaria. Ushakov built his ships in three columns, from the northeast, between the Ottoman fleet and the cape, despite the fact that there were Turkish batteries on the cape. Seit Ali, commander of the Algerian fleet, weighed anchor and headed east, followed by Hussein Pasha with 18 ships of the line.

The Russian fleet turned south, forming one column and then attacked the retreating enemy fleet. The Turkish ships received heavy damage and fled from the battlefield in disarray. Seit-Ali's ship sank in the harbor of Istanbul, Seit-Ali himself was seriously wounded. The losses of the Russian fleet were much smaller - 17 people were killed, 28 were wounded and only one ship was seriously damaged. The battle brought the end of the Russo-Turkish War closer, which ended with the signing of the Treaty of Iasi.

The tactics used by Ushakov were a serious innovation in the theory of naval combat. Subsequently, Admiral Nelson performed a similar maneuver at the Battle of Aboukir in 1798 and the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.

For the victory at Kaliakria, F. F. Ushakov was awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky.

Mediterranean campaign of Ushakov.

On August 12, 1798, a squadron under the command of Ushakov consisting of 6 battleships, 7 frigates, 3 advice notes and a landing force: 1,700 soldiers of the Black Sea garrisons and 35 midshipmen of the Nikolaev Naval School left Sevastopol and headed for Constantinople. In Constantinople, Kadyr Bey's squadron consisting of 4 battleships, 6 frigates, 4 corvettes and 14 gunboats was transferred under the command of Ushakov. The combined fleet set out on a campaign. In 6 weeks, the Russian naval landing occupied the islands of Tserigo, Zante, Kefalonia, St. Maurs, after which the fleet began an operation to capture the island of Corfu. In Corfu the French had the following forces: 3,000 soldiers, 650 guns + 500 soldiers and 5 artillery batteries on the island of Vido, which covered the main fortress from the sea. Also on the island of Corfu were the governor of the islands, General Chabot, and the Commissioner General of the Republic, Dubois. In addition, there was a French squadron consisting of 1 battleship, 1 frigate, 1 bombardment ship and several auxiliary ships.

Initially, Ushakov blocked the fortress from the sea. Later he negotiated with the rebels and they gave 2,000 soldiers. In addition, the Turks sent 4,250 soldiers from Albania (three times less than promised). The assault on Corfu began at 7 a.m. on February 18, 1799. After a naval bombardment on Vido Island, 2 out of 5 batteries were destroyed and a 2,000-strong landing force was landed. After the battle, the Russians captured 423 Frenchmen. On February 20, 1799, the fortress capitulated. 2931 people surrendered. Rich trophies were captured: 16 ships, 630 guns and other property. For this assault, Ushakov was promoted to admiral.

On May 4, 1799, in Brindisi, which was liberated on April 23, 1799, a detachment of Captain-Lieutenant Belli, consisting of 550 soldiers, was landed, cleared the coast of the enemy and moved to Naples, where on May 25 he united with the allies and participated from 2 to 8 June in the assault on the city.

On May 5, 1799, Rear Admiral Pustoshkin’s detachment began the blockade of Ancona. On May 30, Major Gamen's landing force of 200 soldiers was landed in Pesaro, who, together with local rebels, took the Fano fortress on June 1. After the news of the Franco-Spanish squadron entering the Mediterranean Sea, they were recalled by Ushakov to Corfu.

On July 2, the enemy squadron returned to Brest and Ushakov ordered captain 2nd rank Voinovich to march to Ancona. On July 6, a detachment of ships went to sea, on July 12, Pesaro was taken, and Russian troops, united with Neapolitan troops, took Fano on July 20 and began to blockade Ancona. In the meantime, Ushakov repaired his ships and, leaving 3 battleships, 4 frigates and 1 corvette in the Archipelago, with the main forces consisting of 10 battleships, 6 frigates and 6 smaller ships, set out for Messina on July 24, where he arrived on August 3. Here the squadron of Rear Admiral Pustoshkin was equipped for cruising off Livorno and Genoa.

At the request of the Neapolitan king, 3 frigates under the command of Sorokin were sent to Naples to maintain order in the city. Ushakov himself with a squadron consisting of 7 battleships, 1 frigate, 4 light ships headed to Palermo to meet with Nelson. On August 25, both admirals left for Naples.

At the end of August 1799, the Turks forced their admiral to march to Constantinople. On September 19, Colonel Skipor's landing force, consisting of 818 soldiers, entered Rome. Meanwhile, allied Austria diplomatically took possession of Ancona, already half taken by Voinovich.

Nelson, convinced that he could not take Malta with his troops, invited Ushakov to take part in the siege. On December 20, a Russian squadron consisting of 7 battleships, 1 frigate, 8 small ships and with 2,000 grenadiers left Naples. Arriving in Messina on December 22, the admiral received orders to return to the Black Sea. On January 1, the squadron left Messina and arrived in Corfu on January 8. After the ships were repaired, on April 10, an order was received to assist the British in the siege of Malta.

But on June 15, 1800, after the defeat at Marengo, Austria signed an armistice with France. Cruising became unpromising and Emperor Paul I ordered the squadron to be led to the Black Sea. On October 26, 1800, the squadron returned to Sevastopol.

During the 2.5 years of sailing, the squadron did not lose a single ship, losing 400 people. As a result, Russia gained a base in the Mediterranean Sea, increasing its dominance in the region.

Last years.

Ushakov's merits were not appreciated by Emperor Alexander I, who appointed him to the secondary position of chief commander of the Baltic Rowing Fleet and head of naval teams in St. Petersburg, and dismissed him in 1807. During the Patriotic War of 1812, Ushakov was elected head of the Tambov province militia, but due to illness he resigned from the position.

In the last years of his life on the estate, F. F. Ushakov devoted himself to prayer and extensive charitable activities. According to the message of Hieromonk Nathanael to Archbishop Athanasius of Tambov:

“This admiral Ushakov... and the famous benefactor of the Sanaksar monastery, upon his arrival from St. Petersburg, led a solitary life for about eight years in his own house, in his village of Alekseevka, the distance from the monastery through the forest is about three miles, who came on Sundays and holidays to pray. to the monastery to the servants of God at all times, and during Great Lent he lived in the monastery in a cell for his visit... for the whole week and every long service with the brethren in the church he stood religiously, listening reverently. In obediences in the monastery he did not perform any kind of obedience, but from time to time he sacrificed significant charity out of his zeal, and he always made merciful alms to the poor and beggars in all-help. In honor and memory of his beneficent name, he made expensive vessels for the monastery in the Cathedral Church, an important Gospel and expensive brocade clothes for the throne and on the altar. He spent the rest of his days with extreme abstinence and ended his life as a true Christian and faithful son of the Holy Church should.”

The naval commander died on October 2 (14), 1817 on his estate in the village of Alekseevka (now the Republic of Mordovia). He was buried in the Sanaksar Monastery near the city of Temnikov.

Canonization.

On August 5, 2001, Admiral Ushakov was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as a locally revered saint of the Saransk and Mordovian diocese (which was successfully facilitated by Valery Nikolaevich Ganichev). The solemn service took place in the Sanaksar Monastery. The act of his canonization stated: “ The strength of his Christian spirit was manifested not only by glorious victories in battles for the Fatherland, but also in great mercy, which even the enemy he defeated was amazed... the mercy of Admiral Feodor Ushakov covered everyone ».

On October 6, 2004, the Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church ranked Fyodor Ushakov among the general church saints in the ranks of the righteous. The memory is celebrated (according to the Julian calendar) on May 23 (Cathedral of Rostov Saints), July 23 and October 2. Fyodor Ushakov (not to be confused with his uncle and namesake monk Theodore of Sanaksar) is revered as the patron saint of the Russian Navy (since 2000) and strategic air force (since 2005).

Application.

F.F. Ushakov.

Ushakov’s grave in the Sanaksar Monastery, September 2007.

Order of Ushakov, 1st class.

USSR stamp, 1987

Sailors and officers of the Bulgarian Navy pay military honors to the admiral, near his monument on Cape Kaliakra.

Icon and life of the righteous warrior Fyodor Ushakov.

Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov was born in 1745 on February 24, into a noble family. The family did not live richly. At the age of 16, Fyodor Ushakov entered the Naval Corps in St. Petersburg. At this time, Catherine II sat on the Russian throne. Russia was preparing for war with Turkey, so the country needed to create a powerful fleet in the Azov and Black Seas.

The construction of the fleet was entrusted to Vice Admiral Senyavin, who in the early spring of 1769 began to create a naval base in Taganrog. Ushakov arrived at Senyavin’s location among the seconded officers.

In the spring of 1773, the Russian fleet began to dominate the Sea of ​​Azov. After the final defeat of the Turks in the Sea of ​​Azov, the fighting moved to the Black Sea. The fleet inflicted sensitive blows on the Turks, and the position of the Russian army in the war with the Turks improved significantly.

After four years of war, Ushakov began to command the messenger bot “Courier”. He subsequently became the commander of a large 16-gun ship. In the final part of the Russian-Turkish war, he participated in the defense of the Russian military base on the Crimean coast - Balakva.

In the second Russian-Turkish war, during a major battle on the Black Sea in 1788, he showed himself brilliantly as the head of the avant-garde. The Battle of Fidonisia ended with the defeat of the Turkish fleet. Many famous military leaders highly praised Fedor Fedorovich.

A year later he became a rear admiral, and in 1790 he became commander of the Black Sea Fleet. The Turks launched large-scale military operations and planned to land a large troop landing in the Crimea. These plans, thanks to the skillful actions of the fleet under the leadership of Fyodor Ushakov, were not destined to come true.

On July 8, 1790, the Battle of Kerch took place, where the Russian fleet won and secured Crimea from the Turkish landing. In August 1791, a major naval battle took place off Cape Kaliaria. The Russian fleet was outnumbered, but thanks to the effect of surprise, Ushakov managed to put the Turks to flight.

In 1793, Fyodor Ushakov received another military rank of vice admiral. In 1798, he successfully led the Mediterranean campaign. He was faced with a difficult task: the liberation of the Ionian Islands from the French. The governor brilliantly coped with this task in a short time, capturing the necessary islands. In 1799 he returned to his homeland. A year later he left for Sevastopol, and a little later became commander of the Baltic Rowing Fleet. In 1807 he resigned. Died in 1817.

Fedor Fedorovich was a contemporary. Ushakov is a fearless, courageous, talented Russian naval commander who laid down his life for the glory of Russian weapons. He is the pride and glory of the Russian fleet and army. Fedor Ushakov was directly involved in the construction of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. He is one of the creators of Russia's success in the fight against Turkey. Under his command, the Russian fleet entered the Mediterranean Sea for the first time, where it conducted a number of successful operations with Russia's allies.

A report on Magellan in geography can be supplemented with interesting facts. Messages about Magellan contains a lot of educational information.

Report on Magellan

Portuguese and Spanish navigator and discoverer.

The life of a traveler before his discoveries

1. F. Magellan was born in the Portuguese city of Sabrosa in 1480.
2. At the age of 12, the boy received the opportunity to serve as a page to the Portuguese queen. So from 1492 to 1504 he was part of the retinue at the royal court, where he received his education. He learned how important it is for Portugal to develop economic relationships with other countries and open new trade routes for their development.

In the 15th and 16th centuries, there was an active competitive struggle between Spain and Portugal to seize land and develop new sea routes. The winner received not only new territories and subjects, but also more opportunities to trade with different countries. Economic and trade ties with India and the Moluccas (called the Spice Islands in those days) were considered especially important due to the spice trade.

In the Middle Ages spices were the most expensive commodity and brought fabulous profits to European traders. Therefore, the issue of dominance in trade relations was fundamentally important.

1. From 1505 to 1513, Magellan took part in naval battles and proved himself to be a brave warrior. For these qualities he was awarded the rank of sea captain. It was probably during this period, during numerous campaigns to the Indian shores, that Magellan had the idea that the route to India in the eastern direction was too long. Following the traditional route, established after the campaign of Vasco da Gamma, sailors had to go around Africa, passing its western and eastern coasts and cross the Arabian Sea. One side had to spend about 10 months on the entire journey. Magellan decided that it might be possible to shorten the distance if he went west. According to one version, it was then that the idea of ​​finding a strait in the South Sea. Neither Magellan nor other travelers of that time had any idea about the true size of the Earth.
2. The idea of ​​finding a new trade route did not find support from the Portuguese king, and after resigning from service, Magellan went to live in Spain in 1517, where he went to serve the Spanish king Charles 1.

Magellan's Expedition

Having received the support of the Spanish King and funding from the Spanish budget, Magellan began organizing the expedition. It took about 2 years to prepare for it.

In September 1519, little flotilla consisting of 5 sailing ships and 256 sailors on them, left the Spanish port of San Lucaras and headed towards the Canary Islands. On December 13, 1519, sailors entered the Bay of Banya Santa Lucia (Rio de Janeiro Bay today), previously discovered by the Portuguese.

Then the journey continued along the coast of South America and in January 1520 the flotilla passed land where the capital of Uruguay, Montevideo, is located today. Previously, this place was discovered by the Spanish explorer Juan Solis, who believed that there was a passage to the South Sea.

In October 1520, the flotilla entered another unknown bay. The 2 ships sent for reconnaissance returned to the other ships only a week later and reported that they were unable to reach the end of the bay and that there was probably a sea strait in front of them. The expedition sets off.

By mid-November 1920, having overcome a narrow, winding strait strewn with rocks and shoals, the ships reached an ocean not marked on any map.

Later this strait will be named after Magellan - the Strait of Magellan. The strait separates the continental part of South America and the islands of Tierra del Fuego and connects the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

The journey of Magellan and his team across the South Sea lasted for 98 days. During the journey, nature was favorable to the captain and he was lucky to pass this part of the journey without storms, hurricanes and storms. That's why The navigator gave the South Sea a new name - the Pacific Ocean.

By the time the expedition reached the Mariana Islands, 13 thousand kilometers had already been covered. It was the world's first non-stop journey of such length.

Having replenished food supplies on the island. Guam, in March 1521, the expedition moved on in search of the Moluccas or Spice Islands, as they were then called.

Magellan is here decided to subjugate the lands and natives power of the Spanish king. Part of the population obeyed the visiting Europeans, while the other part refused to recognize the power of Spain. Then Magellan used force and with his team attacked the inhabitants of the island. Mactan. He died in a battle with the natives.

The leadership of the expedition and the surviving Spaniards was taken over by Sebastian Elcano, an experienced and brave sailor who had experience leading the ship’s crew.

For six months, the remnants of the flotilla plied the waters of the Pacific Ocean, and in November 1521 the ships of the expedition reached the Spice Islands. In December 1521, the only ship remaining from the flotilla, loaded with herbs and spices, heads west and sets sail for home. He will have to travel 15,000 kilometers: the Indian and part of the Atlantic Ocean - to the Strait of Gibraltar.

In Spain the expedition was no longer expected back. However, in September 1522, the ship entered the Spanish port of Sant Lucar.

Thus ended the great campaign, as a result of which for the first time it was possible to circumnavigate the earth under sail. Despite the fact that Magellan himself, the initiator and ideological inspirer of the expedition, did not live to see the triumphal conclusion of the expedition, his undertaking was of great importance for the further development of science.

Results of Magellan's expedition:

• Of all the European travelers, he was the first to cross the Pacific Ocean.
• The world's first documented circumnavigation was completed.
• As a result of the expedition it was proven that:
  1. The earth has a spherical shape, since constantly adhering to the western direction, the expedition returned to Spain from the east.
  2. The Earth is covered not by separate bodies of water, but by a single World Ocean that washes the land and occupies much larger areas than expected.
• A previously unknown strait was discovered connecting the Atlantic with the Pacific Ocean, which was later named the Strait of Magellan.
• New islands were discovered, later named after him.

The message about Magellan can be used by students in grades 5, 6, 7.

Football(from English foot- sole, ball- ball) is the most popular team sport in the world, in which the goal is to score the ball into the opponent's goal more times than the opposing team can do in a set time. The ball can be kicked into the goal with your feet or any other parts of the body (except hands).

History of the emergence and development of football (briefly)

The exact date of the origin of football is not known, but it is safe to say that the history of football goes back more than one century and has affected many countries. Ball games were popular on all continents, as evidenced by widespread archaeological finds.

In ancient China, there was a game known as "Tsuju", references to which date back to the second century BC. According to FIFA in 2004, it is considered the most ancient of the predecessors of modern football.

In Japan, a similar game was called “Kemari” (in some sources “Kenatt”). The first mention of Kemari occurs in 644 AD. Kemari is still played today at Shinto shrines during festivals.

In Australia, balls were made from rat skins, the bladders of large animals, and twisted hair. Unfortunately, the rules of the game have not been preserved.

In North America there was also an ancestor of football, the game was called "pasuckuakohowog", which means "they gathered to play the ball with their feet." Usually the games took place on the beaches, they tried to kick the ball into a goal about half a mile wide, but the field itself was twice as long. The number of participants in the game reached 1000 people.

Who invented football?

Modern football was invented in England in the 1860s.

Basic rules of football (briefly)

The first rules of the game of football were introduced on December 7, 1863 by the Football Association of England. Today, the rules of football are set by the International Football Association Board (IFAB), which includes FIFA (4 votes), as well as representatives of the English, Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh football associations. The latest edition of the official football rules is dated June 1, 2013 and consists of 17 rules, here is a summary:

• Rule 1: Judge
• Rule 2: Assistant referees
• Rule 3: Duration of the game
• Rule 4: Start and resumption of play
• Rule 5: Ball in and out of play
• Law 6: Definition of a goal
• Law 11: Offside
• Law 12: Player violations and unruly behavior
• Law 13: Penalty and free kicks
• Law 14: Penalty kick
• Law 15: Throwing out the ball
• Law 16: Goal kick
• Law 17: Corner kick

Each football team must consist of a maximum of eleven players (that is how many can be on the field at one time), one of whom is the goalkeeper and he is the only player who is allowed to play with his hands within the penalty area at his goal.

How many players are on the team?

The team consists of 11 players: ten field players and one goalkeeper.

A football match consists of two halves of 45 minutes each. Between halves there is a 15-minute rest break, after which the teams change goals. This is done to ensure that the teams are on an equal footing.

The football game is won by the team that scores the most goals against the opponent.

If the teams finish the match with the same goal score, then a draw is recorded, or two additional halves of 15 minutes are assigned. If extra time ends in a draw, a penalty shoot-out is awarded.

Penalty rules in football

A penalty kick or penalty kick is the most serious penalty in football and is taken from the appropriate mark. When taking a penalty kick, there must be a goalkeeper in the goal.

Taking post-match penalties in football takes place according to the following rules: teams take 5 shots at the opponent’s goal from a distance of 11 meters, all shots must be carried out by different players. If after 5 kicks the score in penalties is equal, then the teams continue to take one pair of penalties until a winner is determined.

Offside in football

A player is considered to be in an offside or offside position if he is closer to the opponent's goal line than the ball and the second-to-last opponent player, including the goalkeeper.

To avoid being offside, players must adhere to the following rules:

• it is prohibited to interfere with the game (touching the ball that was passed to him or that touched a teammate);
• it is forbidden to interfere with an opponent;
• It is prohibited to gain an advantage due to one's position (touching a ball that bounces off a goal post or crossbar or from an opponent).

Handball in football

Football rules allow field players to touch the ball with any part of their body except their hands. For handball, the team is awarded a penalty kick or a penalty kick, which is taken by a player from the opposing team.

The rules of handball in football include two more very important points:

• accidentally hitting the ball in your hand is not a violation of the rules;
• instinctively defending the ball is not a violation of the rules.

Yellow and red cards

Yellow and red cards are signs that the referee shows to players for breaking the rules and unsportsmanlike behavior.

A yellow card is of a warning nature and is given to a player in the following cases:

• for deliberate handball;
• for delaying time;
• for disrupting the attack;
• for a kick before the whistle / leaving the wall (penalty kick);
• for a kick after the whistle;
• for rough play;
• for unsportsmanlike conduct;
• for disputes with the arbitrator;
• for simulation;
• for leaving or entering the game without the permission of the referee.

A red card in football is shown by the referee for particularly serious violations or unsportsmanlike behavior. A player who receives a red card must leave the field for the remainder of the match.

Football field size and marking lines

A standard field for big football is a rectangular area in which the goal lines (end lines) are necessarily shorter than the side lines. Next we will look at the parameters of a football field.

The size of a football field in meters is not clearly regulated, but there are certain boundary indicators. For national-level matches, the standard length of a football field from goal to goal should be between 90-120 meters and a width of 45-90 meters. The area of ​​a football field ranges from 4050 m2 to 10800 m2. For comparison, 1 hectare = 10,000 m2. For international matches, the length of the side lines should not extend beyond the interval of 100-110 meters, and the goal lines beyond the range of 64-75 meters. There are FIFA recommended dimensions for a football field of 105 by 68 meters (area 7140 square meters).

How long is a football field?

The length of the football field from goal to goal should be between 90-120 meters.

The field markings are made with identical lines; the width of the markings should not exceed 12 centimeters (the lines are included in the areas that they limit). The side line or edge of the football field is usually called the “edge”.

Football field markings

• The middle line is the line that divides the field into two equal halves. In the middle of the center line is the center of the field with a diameter of 0.3 meters. The circumference around the center of the field is 9.15 meters. A kick or pass from the center of the field begins both halves of the match, as well as extra time. After each goal scored, the ball is also placed in the center of the field.
• The goal line in football is drawn on the lawn parallel to the crossbar.
• The football goal area is a line drawn at a distance of 5.5 meters from the outside of the goal post. Two strips 5.5 meters long are drawn perpendicular to the goal line, directed deep into the field. Their end points are connected by a line parallel to the goal line.
• Penalty area - from points at a distance of 16.5 m from the inside of each goal post, at right angles to the goal line, two lines are drawn deep into the field. At a distance of 16.5 m these lines are connected by another line parallel to the goal line. A penalty mark is placed in the center of the goal line and at a distance of 11 meters from it; it is marked with a solid circle with a diameter of 0.3 meters. Within the penalty area, the goalkeeper can play with his hands.
• Corner sectors are arcs with a radius of 1 meter centered on the corners of the football field. This line forms a limited area for corner kicks. Flags with a height of at least 1.5 meters and a banner size of 35x45 centimeters are installed in the corners of the field.

The field is marked using lines, the width of which should be the same and not exceed 12 centimeters. The image below shows the layout of a football field.

Football goal

The goal is located exactly in the middle of the goal line. The standard goal size in football is as follows:

• the length or width of the goal in big football is the distance between the vertical posts (bars) - 7.73 meters;
• goal height - distance from the lawn to the crossbar - 2.44 meters.

The diameter of the posts and crossbars should not exceed 12 centimeters. The gates are made of wood or metal and painted white, and also have a cross-sectional shape of a rectangle, ellipse, square or circle.

A soccer goal net must fit the size of the goal and must be durable. It is customary to use football nets of the following size: 2.50 x 7.50 x 1.00 x 2.00 m.

Football field design

The design standard for a football field looks like this:

• Grass lawn.
• Substrate made of sand and crushed stone.
• Heating pipes.
• Drainage pipes.
• Aeration pipes.

The surface for a football field can be natural or artificial. Grass requires additional care, namely watering and fertilizing. The grass surface does not allow more than two games per week. Grass is brought to the field in special rolls of turf. Very often on a football field you can see grass of two colors (striped field), this happens due to the peculiarities of lawn care. When mowing a lawn, the machine first goes in one direction and then in the other, and the grass falls in different directions (multi-directional lawn mowing). This is done for the convenience of determining distances and offsides, as well as for beauty. The height of the grass on a football field is usually 2.5 - 3.5 cm. The maximum speed of the ball in football at the moment is 214 km/h.

Artificial turf for a football field is a carpet made of synthetic material. Each blade of grass is not just a strip of plastic, but a product of complex shape. In order for the artificial turf to be suitable for play, it is covered with a filler of sand and rubber crumbs.

Soccer ball

What kind of ball is used to play football? A professional soccer ball consists of three main components: a tube, a liner and a tire. The chamber is usually made of synthetic butyl or natural latex. The lining is the inner layer between the tire and the tube. The lining directly affects the quality of the ball. The thicker it is, the better the quality of the ball. Typically the lining is made of polyester or compressed cotton. The tire consists of 32 synthetic waterproof pieces, 12 of which are pentagonal in shape, 20 are hexagonal.

Soccer ball size:

• circumference - 68-70 cm;
• weight - no more than 450 g.

The speed of a ball in football reaches 200 km/h.

Football uniform

Mandatory elements of a player's sports football kit are:

• Shirt or T-shirt with sleeves.
• Underpants. If underpants are used, they should be the same color.
• Gaiters.
• Shields. Must be completely covered with gaiters and provide the proper level of protection.
• Boots.

Why do football players need socks?

Gaiters perform a protective function, supporting the leg and protecting against minor injuries. Thanks to them, the shields hold on.

The goalkeeper's football uniform must be different in color from the uniform of other players and referees.

Players may not wear any equipment that could be dangerous to themselves or other players, such as jewelry and wristwatches.

What do football players wear under their shorts?

Underpants are tight-fitting compression panties. The color and length of underpants should not differ from the color and length of panties.

Set pieces in football

• Kickoff kick. The ball is played in football in three cases: at the beginning of the match, at the beginning of the second half and after a goal is scored. All players of the team taking the kick-off must be in their own half of the field, and their opponents must be at least nine meters away from the ball. The player taking the kick-off does not have the right to touch the ball again before other players do so.
• A goal kick and the ball being put into play by the goalkeeper. Putting the ball into play after it has gone beyond the goal line (on the side of the post or over the crossbar), due to the fault of a player of the attacking team.
• Throwing the ball in from the sideline. Made by a field player after the ball has crossed the side line and left the field. The ball must be thrown in from the place where it was “out”. The player making the catch must face the field on or behind the sideline. At the moment of the throw, both feet of the player must touch the ground. The ball is put into play without a signal from the referee.
• Corner kick. Putting the ball into play from the corner sector. This is a penalty for players on the defending team who kick the ball over the goal line.
• Free kick and free kick. Penalty for deliberately touching the ball with your hand or using rough handling against players of the opposing team.
• Eleven meter kick (penalty kick).
• Offside position.

Football refereeing

Referees monitor compliance with the established rules on the football field. For each match, a main referee and two assistants are appointed.

The duties of the judge include:

• Timing of the match.
• Recording match events.
• Ensuring the ball meets the requirements.
• Ensuring that players are equipped as required.
• Ensuring that there are no unauthorized persons on the field.
• Ensuring that injured players are cared for/carried off the field.
• Providing the relevant authorities with a match report, including information on all disciplinary action taken against players and/or team officials, as well as all other incidents that occurred before, during or after the match.

Judge's rights:

• Stop, temporarily interrupt or terminate the match in case of any violation of the rules, outside interference, or injury to players;
• Take action against team officials who behave inappropriately;
• Continue play until the ball is out of play if the player, in his opinion, has received only a minor injury;
• Continue play when the offended team benefits from the advantage (remains in possession of the ball), and penalize the original offense if the intended advantage is not taken advantage of by the team;
• Punish a player for a more serious violation of the Rules in the event that he simultaneously commits more than one violation;
• Act based on the recommendations of your assistants and the reserve judge.

Competitions

Competitions are organized by the federation; each tournament draws up its own regulations, which usually prescribe the composition of participants, the tournament scheme, and the rules for determining the winners.

FIFA

National teams

• The World Cup is the main international football competition. The championship is held once every four years; men's national teams of FIFA member countries from all continents can take part in the tournament.
• The Confederations Cup is a football competition among national teams, which is held a year before the World Cup. It is held in the host country of the World Championship. 8 teams take part in the championship: the winners of the continental championships, the winner of the World Championships and the team of the organizing country.
• Olympic Games

• The FIFA Club World Cup is an annual competition between the strongest representatives of the six continental confederations.

UEFA

National teams

• The European Championship is the main competition of national teams under the leadership of UEFA. The championship is held every four years.

• The UEFA Champions League is the most prestigious annual European club football tournament.
• The UEFA Europa League is the second most important tournament for European football clubs belonging to UEFA.
• The UEFA Super Cup is a one-match championship in which the winners of the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League of the previous season meet.

CONMEBOL

National teams

• The America's Cup is a championship held under the auspices of CONMEBOL among national teams of countries in the region.

• Copa Libertadores - The cup is named after the historical leaders of the War of Independence of the Spanish colonies in America. It is held among the best clubs in the countries of the region.
• The Copa Sudamericana is the second most important club tournament in South America after the Copa Libertadores.
• The South American Recopa is the equivalent of the continental Super Bowl. The tournament involves the winners of the two most important club tournaments - the Copa Libertadores and the Copa Sudamericana of the previous season.

CONCACAF

National teams

• The CONCACAF Gold Cup is a football tournament for the countries of North, Central America and the Caribbean.

• The CONCACAF Champions League is an annual football championship among the best clubs in North and Central America and the Caribbean.

Football structures

The main football body is FIFA (Fédération internationale de football association), located in Zurich, Switzerland. She organizes international tournaments on a global scale.

Continental organizations:

• CONCACAF (Сonfederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football) - football confederation of North and Central America and the Caribbean countries,
• CONMEFBOL (CONfederacion sudaMEricana de FutBOL) - South American Football Confederation,
• UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) - the union of European football associations,