It consists of 26 letters, with 44 sounds. Therefore, you need to clearly know how to pronounce this or that sound, because the sound of the same letter may differ. This happens according to a certain system; such pronunciation rules are universal. To know them means to know the language.
Correct pronunciation of vowels
Sounds in English can be divided into vowel sounds and consonant sounds. There are several rules for reading and pronouncing vowel sounds, such as E, A, Y, U, I, O.
To better remember and understand how to correctly read the sounds of the English language, a table with examples and transcription for convenience in Russian letters will help you quickly remember the rules of reading.
- the type of pronunciation is associated with the presence of an open syllable in a word. Any syllable that ends with a vowel is considered open, including if the vowel is unreadable.
- type of pronunciation - consonant syllable.
- type of pronunciation - vowel with the letter “r”. The letter G determines the prolonged sound of the vowel, which is at the root of the word.
- reading type - 2 vowels and the letter G between them. In this case, the letter G is not readable. And vowels have a special pronunciation.
How to read consonants in English
The pronunciation of consonants in English also has its own characteristics. To understand how to correctly read the consonants of the English language, transcription in Russian letters will help you.
The letters sh are read as sh, ch as h, tch - h, ck - k, wh as uo (for example, what) or x (for example, xy), ng as n, q as kv, nk- as nc and wr as p , th is pronounced as with interdental vowels if they are at the beginning of a word, and as z in pronoun words, function words, between vowels.
Diphthongs in English: pronunciation rules
There are also vowel sounds that go together. They're called diphthongs and are pronounced according to special rules. Vowel sounds in English and their pronunciation often depend on whether they appear at the beginning, middle or end of a word.
The diphthong is pronounced "ay". It is expressed in writing by the vowels “i” and “y” in an open syllable with stress, the letter combination “ie” and “ye” at the end of the word, as well as “uy”, “eye”, “igh”.
i - line [line]
y - fly [fly]
ie - tie [tai]
ye - dye [give]
uy - guy [guy]
eye - eyebrow [eyebrov]
igh - knight [night]
[ɔɪ] is read like the Russian "oh". In writing it is expressed through "oi", "oy".
oi - noisy [noisy]
oy - annoy [enoy]
reads like "hey".
In writing it is conveyed by the letter “a” in an open stressed syllable, and by the letter combinations “ai”, “ay”, “ey”, “ea”, “ei”.
a - save [save]
ai - main [main]
ay - tray [tray]
ey - gray [gray]
ea - great [great]
ei-eight
It's read as "ay". The sound "a" is longer than "u". In writing it is conveyed through the letter combinations “ow”, “ou”.
ow - town [town]
ou - pound [pound]
[əu] is read as the average between the sound combinations “ou” and “eu”. The letter contains the letter “o” in an open stressed syllable, and letter combinations “ow”, “ou”, “oa”, “o+ld”, “o+ll”
o - bone [bone]
ow - snow [snow]
ou - soul [soul]
oa - coat [coat]
old - cold [cold]
oll - roller [roller]
[ɪə] is read as “ee”, “i” is long, and “e” is short. In writing it is conveyed by the letter combinations “ear”, “eer”, “ere”, “ier”.
ear - gear [gie]
eer - deer [die]
ere - severe [sivie]
ier - fierce [fies]
[ɛə] is read "ea" or "ee". The sound is a clear “e” and an intermediate between “e” and “a”. In writing it is conveyed using the letter combinations “are”, “ear”, “air”.
are - care [kee]
Bear - bear [bae]]
air - repair [repeer]]
It is read as "ue", while the "u" is longer than the "e". It is expressed using the letters "ue", "ure", "ou+r".
ue - cruel [cruel]
ure - sure [shue]
our - tour [tuer]]
Combination of vowels and consonants
In the English language, there is such a pattern when combining some vowels with consonants. For example, the combination al, if it is before the letter k, and after it there are other consonants. The combination of letters wo, if the previous syllable has consonants. Wa - if this combination comes before vowels at the end, the exception is r or if it is combined with consonants, for example, warm. We have already described the combination igh among diphthongs, as well as the combination qua, if it is found before consonants other than r.
And go through listening exercises. You will only listen to the correct pronunciation of real American English!
Hello, potential student of the Native English School!
Study of any foreign language impossible without studying its alphabet. But memorizing letters without understanding how they sound and are used in words is pointless. It is knowledge of phonetics that is one of the significant stages of language acquisition. This is especially important when a person is juststarts learning English and the correct pronunciation of sounds, letters and, accordingly, words is a basic skill.
English letters and their sounds
There are 26 letters in English:
6 vowels– a, e, i, o, u, y;
21 consonants– b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z.
“How so? - you say - twenty-one plus six equals twenty-seven! That's all true, but the point is that the letter "y" is both a vowel and a consonant. This is what the academics who compiled and edited the Oxford Dictionary, one of the most important dictionaries of the English language, decided. Let's look at the English alphabet with transcription and pronunciation in Russian. Read!
First, to read sounds in English, you need to know how they are written. We can help you find out this in more detail at, but now let’s return to the article and try to figure it out, and they are written in square brackets - this is called phonetic transcription. In English there are vowels (vowel) and consonants (consonant). Just like in Russian, vowels are pronounced with the mouth open, and consonants with the mouth closed.
English sounds pronunciation table
Some words may have different numbers of letters and sounds. For example, the word help has 4 letters and 4 sounds, but the word six has three letters but 4 sounds. Each letter has its own sound, but in English there are such concepts as digraphs– these are two letters denoting one sound: gh [g] – ghost (ghost), ph [f] – photo ['foutou] (photography), sh [ʃ] – shine [ʃaɪn] (shine), th [ð] or [θ] – think [θɪŋk] (think), сh – chess (chess) and diphthongs– passing vowel sounds from one to another: ea – bread (bread), ie – friend (friend), ai – again [əˈɡen] (again), au – autumn [ˈɔːtəm] (autumn), etc.
It is worth noting that digraphs and diphthongs are read differently depending on what part the words are in. For example, gh in the middle of a word is not pronounced: light (light), and at the end it sometimes sounds like “f”: enough [ı’nʌf] (enough); oo can be pronounced as long [ʋ:], “u” in Russian: moon (moon), short [ʋ]: good (good), as short [ʌ], similar to “a” in Russian: blood (blood ), but together with “r” it is completely different, like [ʋə]: poor (poor).
It seemed like an impenetrable jungle with 26 dangerous predators hiding in the wilds. However, now you will probably easily name and place all the letters in the correct order, and you will also show off several facts that not every philologist knows.
After reading this article, the topic of English transcription and pronunciation will be moved from the room of fear to the room of laughter. Today on the program:
Overcoming the fear of reading and learning graphic symbols
. acquaintance, memorization and learning of diphthongs, vowels and consonants (classification of sounds), arranged in unique tables
. pause to download and print English transcriptions in pictures
. a clear and concise explanation of the use of English sounds by comparing them with their Russian relatives
. reinforcement of the material covered with a 10-minute video about English transcription
Are you still afraid? Then we are coming to you!
Graphic transcription symbols in English
Before you plunge headlong into the maelstrom of English reading, we strongly recommend that you listen to the advice of experienced divers. Naturally, a child learns to sit first and then walk, and not vice versa - the same thing awaits us: first learn to read the transcription, and then pronounce it (in the head or out loud). You should not get carried away only by reading, otherwise you risk burying yourself in the wilds of theory and breaking away from practice.
First you need to learn and clarify all the questions regarding each transcription symbol. Then listen online to exactly as many examples as you need to clearly understand how a given symbol sounds in real speech. Learn strictly from examples not of sounds taken out of context (like Rian’s “uh-uh” in the hit “Umbrella”), but from specific letter combinations found in words. Next, listen to each new word first and only then compare what you hear with your ears with the alphabetic dictionary transcription enclosed in square brackets. By the way, about them and other integral companions of transcription:
Square brackets. They signal that what is inside is transcription.
For example, English is a word, and ["ɪŋglɪʃ] is its transcription;
‘ - main emphasis. Placed BEFORE the stressed vowel: around [əˈraʊnd];
, - secondary stress. Placed BEFORE a vowel: ["hæmˌbɜːgə];
: - vowel length.
The proposed option may not seem the fastest at first glance, but the wise man will not go up the mountain - the wise man will go around the mountain. As a result, the time spent is converted into comfortable speech perception: you no longer need to painfully strain your hearing, trying to recognize unfamiliar sounds. And soon the unfamiliar “squiggles” will acquire a meaningful sound. Isn't it magical? This is the secret of not only correct pronunciation, but also ease of listening comprehension.
English Transcription Foundation
Since “it’s great that we’re all here today” about studying transcription, let’s take a closer look at it. Transcription is of two types: phonetic and phonemic. You are mistaken if you think that you have taught/will learn phonetic transcription, which is more familiar to the ear. As a rule, it interests serious linguists; our choice is the study of phonemes (sound language units). Simply put, if two sounds are very similar, but the difference between them can change the meaning of the word, then they form two different phonemes. In Russian this is not so noticeable, because even if you call a cat “kot” or “coooooot”, he will still come, but the meaning of the word will not change. One phoneme for two different sounds. The number will not work in English: “cot”, “caught” and “coat” contain different phonemes. Why so many “smart letters”? Besides the fact that dictionaries contain phonemic transcriptions, remember this and do not allow yourself to be confused:
Pope(dad, papal):
1) is a phonetic transcription; it is emphasized here that the first [p], unlike the second, is pronounced with aspiration (aspiration after consonants sounds p,t,k before vowels);
2) is a dictionary (phonemic) transcription.
What else do you need to know about transcription? That there are different syllables in it:
- open(there is no consonant after a vowel) - New
- closed(after the vowel there is a consonant) - York
- vowel: single - [e], diphthong - [ɔʊ], triphthong - [ɑiə]
- consonant:[d]
Vowel sounds of English (with online pronunciation)
There are fewer vowel sounds in English than consonants, but more than diphthongs. This picture clearly shows the difference, for example, between the sounds [I] and . Anyone who has even heard of the existence of imagination will recognize the words “fish” and “tree”, which, like puzzles, contain the mentioned sounds. You can re-read the rules as much as you like, or you can once study in detail the transcription in pictures, which visualizes examples of the use of sounds. To train your memory, you can download and even print the picture; this option is provided. For auditory learners, it is possible to hear every sound online in a word after clicking on the speaker icon.
Consonant sounds of English
Consonant sounds in English are not at all twin brothers to Russian. The articulation of their creation is seriously different. However, we are not here to intimidate with clever words, but rather to make life easier for beginning English lovers, so we colored the voiced consonants purple, and the voiceless consonants blue. During the formation of the same plural nouns it is very important to feel and know the difference. 24 new words serve as a bonus to the learned sounds. We train visual memory and save English transcription in pictures for repeated reference at the first need! Audience learners still click on the speaker icon under each letter to pronounce sounds in online transcription.
Diphthongs (double vowel sounds) of English
And it would be scary to have 8 diphthongs in English if it weren’t for the wonderful pictures, thanks to which learning turns into an entertaining solving of charades. Just look at the picture, hold your gaze, sound the diphthong by pressing the speaker icon under the letter and practice correct pronunciation. Everyone who appreciates the creative approach to business is allowed to download the picture for a long memory!
From theory to practice
Some time will pass, the dictionary will become covered with a thick layer of dust or will be removed from bookmarks (in electronic version), because the translation of the necessary words is known, the sound is familiar - what other America can you discover there? Believe it or not, it is the clarification of the transcription of words that seem well known to you that is the very unplowed field that is worth crossing over to improve the sound of speech.
Let's give an everyday example: the frequently used word “real” has a phonemic transcription a) , b) or c)?
The first option is fictitious and erroneous, the second and third are British and American pronunciation styles. What is the moral of this fable?
So that you do not feel painfully ashamed of your reading, we recommend that you at least briefly familiarize yourself with these tables as follows:
- read the line from left to right;
- listen to the perfect pronunciation of the sound;
- take a mirror in your hand and practice hard (you will probably enjoy practicing [æ] or [ð]).
Table of English sounds similar to Russian
These sounds in English transcription do not have to be explained on your fingers.
| Sound | Example | Explanations |
|---|---|---|
| [ɑː] | car, far, garage | It sounds like a long “ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.” Remember the cartoon about Mowgli, where the wise Kaa was? |
| [ʌ] | up, but, love | Short sonorous "a". Something similar in the Russian “ay”. |
| [ɔː] | more, board, floor | Sounds like a long "oo". Act surprised. |
| [b] | book, board, tab | Russian energetic "b". When you're walking down a corridor in the dark and suddenly bump into |
| [g] | green, grace, agree | Russian "g", but not so energetic. |
| [f] | forest, atmosphere, enough | Very energetic Russian "f". |
| [k] | kill, cord, school | Russian "k". Before a stressed vowel, it is pronounced aspirated (if you put your hand in front of your lips and say “kil”, your palm should feel your fresh breath) |
| [m] | mother, lamb | Russian "m". |
| [n] | nine, note, intrusion | Russian "n". |
| [p] | pub, gallop, open | Russian energetic "p". Before a stressed vowel - aspirated. |
| [v] | vest, vocal, give | Russian "v". |
Now let's look at some tricky examples in practice:
subtle - barely perceptible
“Suttle” and only that, no “subtle” with a drum “b” in the middle.
palm -
palm
Naturally, everyone wants to be under a palm tree, but there is no smell of it here. Not “palm”, not “po:lm”, but “pa:m”, as in “car” and “path”. In company with a palm they find themselves calm- “calm” and balm- "balm".
halt - stop
Banish the analogy with the German “halt” - the correct pronunciation is “ho:lt”.
won - won, won in the past from “win”
Wonderful if you pronounce "won" like "one" - .
of - preposition of belonging
Only a botanist would think of checking the sound of a two-letter word? Oh well. "Of" and no nails? Remember: "Of" is pronounced with a "v" at the end. The full form is [ɔv], the reduced form is [əv]. Always.
Table of English sounds that have something in common with Russian
These sounds cause the greatest temptation and at the same time danger: the relative similarity with the usual pronunciation in Russian threatens to sound completely incorrect. Pay enough attention and understand the differences well.
| Sound | Example | Explanations |
|---|---|---|
| [i] | fit, bit, symbol | The mean between “s” and “i”. It is pronounced very briefly, as at the end of “apchhi”. |
| cheese, tree, sea | What photographers ask us to say on camera. As in the Russian word “syyyr”, but with a touching smile. | |
| [ɒ] | hot, body, rock | The mean between "o" and "a". That is, in no case is the Vologda “o”. |
| [u] | cook, foot, woman | It's similar to the Russian short "u", but it's easier to pronounce and the lips are slightly stretched. It turns out like a “y” with a half smile. No elongated lips. |
| true, fool, shoes | Like the previous sound, but long lasting. | |
| [e] | get, bed, head | Intelligent "e". As in the Russian word "tin". |
| [ə] | about, until, alias | The mean between the unstressed “e” and “a”. |
| [l] | let, laughter, illegal | Softened Russian "l". Something between the sound of the word “la” and “la”. |
| [s] | stress, sunday, citizen | Muffled Russian "s". He never whistles. Remember the song "Girl" by the Beatles? Now, if their famous inhalation “sssss” is pronounced with an exhalation and briefly, you get a beautiful English [s]. |
| [z] | zero, cosmonaut, xenon | Everything is the same as about the sound [s], only louder. |
| [t] | tree, trunk, receipt | Similar to Russian "t". But the tip of the tongue should be placed not to the teeth, but to the tubercle behind the upper teeth. |
| [d] | drink, ad, diligent | Similarly: like the Russian “d”, only the tip of the tongue rests on the tubercle immediately behind the upper teeth. |
| [ʃ] | ship, action, special | Between Russian “sh” and “sch”. Doesn't whistle, because the tongue does not forcefully press against the teeth, but gently touches them. |
| [ʒ] | pleasure, visual, garage | Softened Russian "zh". Doesn't ring or whistle. |
| jump, jungle, logic | Connecting English [d] with [ ʒ ] and get a soft “j”. | |
| inch, chance, catch | We connect English [t] with [ ʃ ] and we get something similar to the Russian “ch”. As in the word "kitsch". | |
| [j] | yes, yet, you | The mean between "th" and "i". |
| [ɪə] | hear, fear, beer | It looks like the Russian “ie” with an emphasis on “i”. |
| air, hair, care | Russian "ea" with emphasis on "e". | |
| make, tray, ace | Russian "ei" with emphasis on "e". "I" is pronounced very short. | |
| hi, sky, bye | Russian "ai" with emphasis on "a". "I" is pronounced very short. | |
| [ɔɪ] | boy, joy, coin | Russian "oi" with emphasis on "a". "I" is pronounced very short. |
| how, cow, hour, our | Russian "au" with emphasis on "a". "U" is pronounced very short. | |
| fire, wire | Russian "aie" with a strong emphasis on the first "a". Pronounced quickly and smoothly. | |
| our, flower | Russian "awa" with a strong emphasis on the first "a". Pronounced quickly and smoothly. |
were - were
“Were” is not at all the same thing as “where” - . Instead of a diphthong, we use the neutral vowel - , the shortened form - .
debt - debt and doubt - doubt
Fans of the group “No Doubt” have had more than a dozen years to figure out how correct the name of their favorite group sounds. "Debt" and "daubt" are not so easy to pronounce. In English there is no such Russian-language phenomenon as deafening or voicing of a consonant, but throw away the letter of their words for a dear soul: it is pronounced and .
good - good, book - book and look - watch
The double "o" does not turn into a long "u" in these words. Therefore, you should not copy the howl of wolves at the moon - say it correctly with a short vowel - , , .
Table of English sounds that have nothing in common with Russian
Practice pronouncing these sounds well online; at a minimum, your speech apparatus should get used to playing them correctly.
| Sound | Example | Explanations |
|---|---|---|
| [ɜː] | earn, her, first | If the Russian “o” wanted to become “e”, it would sound exactly like this. Somewhat similar to the sound when children tease by sticking out their tongues. But you need to achieve this sound without sticking anything out. To do this, silently prepare your mouth to pronounce “е”, and say “oo” out loud. |
| [əu] | go, joke, own | Between Russian “ou” and “yo” (without “y”) with emphasis on the first sound. "U" is pronounced very short. |
| [æ] | cat, apple, compact | It is very important not to confuse this sound with [e], otherwise instead of “bad” (bad) you will get “bed” (bed). You need to stretch your lips wide, lower your lower jaw and say “eh” from the heart. |
| [h] | hot, head, uphill | Every Russian man knows how to pronounce this sound. When they ask you “come on, breathe,” then all the men start talking in English, because they pronounce [h] exactly as it should: a light exhalation, vaguely reminiscent of an “x.” |
| [r] | red, random, orange | Russian bears speak English [r] well. Try growling with your tongue up. |
| [w] | well, what, windows | Fold your lips into a tube and stretch them sharply. And now the same thing, but with sound. |
| [ŋ] | strong, sing, sink | Children are scolded for talking with their mouths full. But if you listen to the sounds produced, then many consonants sound exactly like [ŋ] . Open your mouth and, without closing it, say “n.” |
| [θ] | thanks, ethical | Place your tongue between your teeth and say “s.” |
| [ð] | they, there, other | Place your tongue between your teeth and say “z.” Best workout- this is to say the expression “Is this” 100 times. You will never confuse “z” with [ð]. |
folk - people, folk
The letter “l” has become a victim and is not pronounced at all - .
comb - comb
No “comb” - only “com”. The English “m” and “b” are quite insidious guys who will mess things up more than once. Be on the lookout!
won’t - won’t - short for “will not”
Have you been tormented by the question of how the cunning English distinguish between “want” and “won’t” in spoken language? You just have to pronounce the negation in the future tense correctly - . That's all the magic.
salmon - salmon
Not “salmon” and certainly not “solomon”. Salmon is on your mind - as in “cat” and “apple”.
Bonus for the most patient
The human brain is the eighth wonder of the world, the deep capabilities of which we can only guess at now. Something important for us is now known for sure: the brain has a speech center. There is no special center responsible for reading, but there is one for speech. That's why we strongly recommend repeating the words out loud for the hundredth time. Exactly out loud, and not silently, because in this case muscle memory is also involved. Naturally, words can “live and sound” in your head. The main thing is not to get stuck and stop at the stage of decoding transcription symbols, selecting the necessary rule for each sound. In this case, only a snail's speed is guaranteed.
If the language is still alive after previous exercises, then we bring to your attention a video that is better to see once than to hear about it 100 times. The entire phonetic transcription of the English language in 10 minutes. Clear, competent and very visual.
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The English alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet and consists of 26 letters. Of these, 6 are vowels: A, E, I, O, U, Y.
20 consonants: B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Z
The letter "Y" can convey both a vowel and a consonant. In combination with a vowel, the pronunciation is very close to Russian [й] and denotes the sounds [j] or [y]
yellow, yes, you, yard, young, yoga, yogurt
day, they, boy, toy, buy, eye
Forming syllables and being paired with a consonant, the letter “Y” conveys the vowel sound [i]
baby, mystery, system, funny
and sound [ai] in words
my, cry, analyze, cycle, sky, reply
In the alphabet, each letter has its own sound name, i.e. alphabetical reading.
Transcription signs are used to convey sounds in writing. Each sign corresponds to only one sound inherent to it. Transcription signs are written in square brackets: for example, the letter A and its alphabetical name (sound) is [ei].
In the alphabet, the letters are read unambiguously, one letter - one sound.
The letters Z and R are read differently in the British and American versions.
The British version of Z is (zed), the American version of Z is (zi).
The British version of R is (a), the American version of R is (ar).
Knowledge of the English alphabet is also necessary due to the discrepancy between the pronunciation of words and their spelling. Therefore, you may often be asked to repeat a word by letter - Can you spell that, please?
English alphabet with pronunciation and transcription
| Letter | Transcription | Pronunciation* | The sounds it conveys | |
| A a | Hey | , [æ] | ||
| B b | bi | [b] | ||
| C c | si | [s] - before e, i, y [k] - in other cases |
||
| D d | di | [d] | ||
| E e | And | ,[e] | ||
| F f | ef | [f] | ||
| G g | ji | , [g] | ||
| H h | HH | [h] | ||
| I i | ah | ,[i] | ||
| Jj | Jay | |||
| K k | Kay | [k] | ||
| Ll | el | [l] | ||
| M m | Em | [m] | ||
| Nn | en | [n] | ||
| O o | OU | , [ɔ] | ||
| P p | pi | [p] | ||
| Q q | Cue | |||
| R r | ar | [r] | ||
| Ss | es | [s], [z] | ||
| T t | you | [t] | ||
| U u | Yu | , [ʌ], [u] | ||
| V v | in and | [v] | ||
| W w | ["dʌbl ju:] | double u | [w] | |
| X x | the ex | , | ||
| Y y | wy | [j] | ||
| Z z | () | zi (zed) | [z] | |
* In the column " Pronunciation"Given in Russian letters the approximate sound of the letter names. And in the column " Transcription" a more accurate pronunciation is given using phonetic transcription.