Development of culture of the XIV-XVI centuries

Despite the fact that historical conditions had a detrimental effect on the state and development of Ukrainian culture, art and science continued to gain strength. In painting, along with religious ones, secular motifs and images are becoming increasingly noticeable, architecture is developing: wooden and stone town halls, castles and cities are being built. Ukraine has also achieved certain development in science (philosophy, linguistics, mathematics, astronomy, medicine). An outstanding event for Ukrainian linguistics of the 16th-17th centuries was the first grammar of Ivan Uzhevich - “Slovenian Grammar”. In 1447, the talented Ukrainian mathematician, Doctor of Philosophy Martin from Zhuravitsi (a village near Przemysl) wrote the first textbook on geometry and the treatise “New comparison of counting fractions”. He taught at the universities of Padua, Bologna, Prague and Lipskaya. Unfortunately, none of the works of this scientist were ever published.

In 1483, the first book of the Ukrainian scientist Yuri Drohobych, “Prognostic Considerations,” written in Latin, was published in Rome. It is known that Yuri Drohobych graduated from the University of Krakow, taught medicine and astronomy at the University of Bologna, where he later became rector.

A turning point in the development of Ukrainian culture was the emergence of printing. In 1491, in Krakow, the Ukrainian Svyatopolk Fiol printed the first books in Cyrillic script (“Psalter”, “Little Book of Hours”, etc.). Also distributed in Ukraine were books published by the Belarusian pioneer printer Francis Korka, who founded his own printing house in Vilna. The development of Ukrainian book printing was greatly influenced by the progressive activities of Ivan Fedorov. In 1574, in Lvov, he published the Apostle, and subsequently the Bible in Ostrog.

Literature

Despite the fact that Kyiv lost its political significance, it remained a major trading center, and trade ties were established with Moldova, Serbia, the Czech Republic and Bulgaria. Therefore, translated works appear in Ukraine (for example, the Serbian story “Alexandria”), translated from Serbian, Bulgarian and Greek.

Original Ukrainian literature is also developing: new editions of the “Kievo-Pechersk Patericon” are appearing, and lists of the “Walk” of Daniel the Pilgrim are being distributed.

Unfortunately, very few monuments of that time have survived to our time, because most of them were destroyed during the Tatar-Mongol invasion.

In the development of literature of the XIV-XVI centuries, he remains the leading chronicler. The “Lithuanian Chronicle” has reached our times, which tells the story of the times when Ukraine was part of the Principality of Lithuania. In this chronicle, inserted stories and tales attract attention, the most interesting of which is “The Tale of the Podolsk Land.” Another chronicle of those times is the “short Kiev Chronicle,” which describes the events that took place in the Ukrainian lands in the 14th-15th centuries, and exalts the educational activities of Prince Ostrog.

During this period, verbal folk art the emergence of the Ukrainian literary language begins. The book language was Old Church Slavonic with admixtures of Polish, Latin, etc., but folk speech increasingly penetrated into book writing.

In the 16th century, on the basis of folk dialects, the “Russian speech” arose and became the official language on the territory of Ukraine during the reign of the Principality of Lithuania. Russian speech became the basis for the further formation of the Ukrainian literary language.

Development of culture of the 16th-18th centuries

In the first half of the 15th century, brotherhoods and church-educational societies of the burghers began to appear in Western Ukrainian lands, which then spread throughout Ukraine. The most active were the brotherhoods founded in Lvov, Lutsk, Ostrog and Kyiv. The activities of the brotherhoods included the organization of educational institutions, public libraries, and book printing. The brotherhoods also searched for old chronicles and were engaged in the storage of historical and cultural monuments, and the ransom of Ukrainian captives from Tatar-Turkish captivity. But the brotherhood saw its main task in opposing the Polonization and Catholicization of the Ukrainian people.

The Kiev Brotherhood, which was founded at the Epiphany Monastery in Podol, became the largest cultural center. The most famous scientists, writers, publishers, public and political figures rallied around him, such as: Elisey Pletenetsky, Leonty Karpovich, Job Boretsky, Melety Smotrytsky, Lavrenty Zizania, Isaiah Kopinsky, Spiridon Sobol, Hetman Peter Sagaidachny (joined the brotherhood along with everyone Zaporozhye cat). The brotherhood founded a school at the Lavra; subsequently, with the assistance of Peter Mogila, it acquired the rank of a collegium. A highly educated man, the son of a Moldavian ruler, a former military man, Peter Mogila becomes the Metropolitan of Kyiv. The brotherhood uses his connections in mainstream circles to organize various cultural events. The Metropolitan himself conducts active polemical activities directed against the Uniates. It was Peter Mogila who became the first rector of the Kyiv Collegium.

At the beginning of the 17th century, the Kiev Collegium grew into the Academy, which became the first educational and scientific center of Ukraine. More than 1000 students from all South Slavic countries and from Russia study at the Academy. Graduates of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy included famous scientists and writers such as Mikhail Lomonosov, Grigory Skovoroda, Samoilo Velichko, Klimenty Zinoviev, Alexander Shumlyansky, musicians Maxim Berezovsky and Dmitry Bortnyansky, military figures Ivan Samoilovich, Samuil Muzhilovsky, Semyon Paliy, Ivan Mazepa and many other.

The Kiev-Mohyla Academy opened its colleges in Volyn, Kremenets and Vinnitsa. in 1661 Lviv University opened.

Thanks to the brotherhoods, schools were founded not only in Lviv, Kyiv, but also in Przemysl, Lutsk, Kremenets, Kamenets-Podolsky, Vinnitsa, Nemirov, where students studied philosophy (theology), astronomy, history, geography, mathematics, rhetoric, poetry (poetics ) and speeches: the then book Ukrainian, Greek, French, Polish, German. Subsequently, natural science and medicine were added to the list of subjects. Printing houses appear in schools.

Talented students gather around schools and printing houses to write books and prepare textbooks for printing. For example, at the Ostroh school the “Ostrog Bible” and “Slovenian Grammar” were printed. The general level of education of Ukrainians at this time is very high.

Lavra becomes the center of Ukrainian book printing. The books printed here were famous for their high quality: deep content, clear font, rich design. Only in the 70s of the 17th century more than 1000 different books arrived from Kyiv to Moscow.

Development of science and art in the 16th-18th centuries

In the 16th-18th centuries, linguistics, philosophy, and history actively developed. The first scientific works can be considered the “Lexicon” of Pamva Berinda (more than 8 thousand words translated into the then Ukrainian language) and the “Slovenian Grammar” of Meletiy Smotrytsky (1619), which for 150 years was the main textbook in Ukrainian, Russian, and for a certain time and in Serbian and Bulgarian schools. Innocent Gisel, with his treatise “Work from General Philosophy,” greatly influenced the development of philosophical science, and his historical review “Synopsis” went through more than 20 editions and was included in the textbook on the history of Russia by Mikhail Lomonosov.

Among the famous philosophers of that time were Lazar Baranovich, Georgy Konissky (author of the textbook “Ethics”), Stefan Yavorsky, Simeon of Polotsk, Arseny Satanovsky and Epifaniy Slavinetsky.

Ukrainian musical art has achieved great development. The music of that time was predominantly of religious content. Only in the register of the Lviv Brotherhood 267 works are mentioned Ukrainian composers XVIII century. their music was known far beyond the borders of their native land. Among the most famous Ukrainian composers in the world, we should mention Artem Vedel, Maxim Berezovsky and Dmitry Bortnyansky.

Of the creative heritage of Artem Vedel, only 12 concerts have reached us. This composer was the director of choirs in Moscow, Kyiv and Kharkov, but his fate was very tragic - madness from bullying and death in prison.

The name of Maxim Berezovsky went down in history as the name of the first representative of the Eastern Slavs, who received the title of academician of music within the walls of the Bologna Academy. Maxim Berezovsky became the author of several operas and many concerts. Driven to despair by the intrigues of the St. Petersburg nobility, he committed suicide.

Dmitry Bortnyansky is the author of the famous operas “Falcon”, “Creon”, “Alcides”, “Quintus Fabius” (three of them were staged on the Italian stage), instrumental works and more than a hundred choral concerts that brought him worldwide recognition.

Painting and architecture are also intensively developing. At this time, such masters of church painting as Job Kondzelevich, Ivan Rutkovich, portrait painters Vladimir Borovikovsky, Dmitry Levitsky, engravers brothers Alexander and Leonty Tarasovich, Grigory Levitsky worked.

Literature

Soon before the announcement of the Union of Brest, active polemics began between Catholic and Orthodox church leaders, which only worsened even more after the union of 1596. The first significant polemical work was Gerasim Smotrytsky’s treatise “The Key of the Kingdom of Heaven” (1587), which was a response to the Jesuit Peter Skarga’s book “On the Unity of the Church of God.” Vasily Ostrogsky in his “Book” (1588) and Stefan Zizaniu “Kazan St.” also polemicized with Roman Catholic priests. Kirill..." (1596). In “Apocrisis” (1598) by Christopher Philalethes, the true reasons for the emergence of the union are revealed, which was both politically and economically beneficial to the Vatican, the Polish king and the gentry. The author demonstrated rhetorical and journalistic skill.

Although the basis of the controversy was religion, the authors also violated important social issues. A striking example of this is the polemical treatise of Zakhary Kopistensky “Palinodiya, or the Book of Defense” (1622), in which the author defended Ukraine’s right to independence. Among the outstanding Ukrainian polemicists, we should also mention Petro Mohyla, Meletiy Smotrytsky, Ivan Galatovsky and Ivan Vishensky.

1. Humanistic ideas of the Renaissance in Ukrainian culture.

2. Science, education and literature in Ukraine in the XIV-XVI centuries.

3. Art culture this period.

Basic concepts: Ukrainian Renaissance, brotherhoods, polemical literature, thoughts, party singing.

1.P development of Ukrainian culture in the XIV-XVI centuries. took place under difficult conditions. The socio-political situation was determined by the final loss of the remnants of statehood and self-government of Kievan Rus - Ukrainian lands became part of the Lithuanian-Polish state. After Krevo Union(Treaty of 1385) Poland launched an all-out attack on the culture, faith, customs, and traditions of the Ukrainian people. During the XV-XVI centuries. which began in the 13th century was still continuing. an unequal struggle with the Tatar horde, which devastated the region, taking people into captivity, plundering and destroying Russian cities.

The spiritual and cultural life of society has changed. On the one hand, these changes were determined by a decisive reorientation towards interaction with the cultural achievements of Western Europe- in the XIV-XVI centuries. cities continue to be built, guild production, crafts, trade are developing, international contacts, including creative ones, are reviving, and are experiencing an upsurge different kinds artistic creativity.

On the other hand, the expansion of Catholicism and the strengthening of social and national oppression provoked aggravation of the socio-political situation and as a consequence, - national liberation and spiritual-educational confrontation of the people. The defender of faith and traditions was Cossacks, the period of formation of which falls in the middle. XVI century

The awakening of national consciousness was complemented by dissemination of the ideas of Renaissance humanism. The growing interest in nature and man laid the ground for the emergence of a galaxy of representatives among European cultures Ukrainian intellectual elite, who not only mastered the humanistic ideas of their time, but also made a certain contribution to the development of Western European culture. They are rightfully considered founders of humanistic Ukrainian culture.

Having received a proper education at European universities, immigrants from Ukraine became famous scientists, teachers, doctors, and artists. Yuri Drohobych (Yuri Kotermak) became a Doctor of Philosophy and Medicine at the University of Bologna, lectured there on mathematics, and served as rector of the Faculty of Medicine. The first printed work in our history by a Ukrainian nature researcher was published in Rome - " Predictive assessment of the current year 1483".

In the 15th century 13 Ukrainian professors worked at the University of Krakow! Lukash from New Grad, for a long time was a master and teacher at this university.

Pavel Rusin from Krosno, who emphasized his Ukrainian origin in his works, taught a university course on Roman literature in Krakow, wrote poetry, and also taught in Hungary. He is the first Ukrainian humanist poet, as well as one of the founders of Polish humanistic poetry.

Stanislav Orekhovsky-Roksolan He realized his multifaceted talent as an orator, publicist, philosopher, and historian in many works that were read in Italy, Spain, France, and Germany. It is no coincidence that in Western Europe it was called " Ruthenian(Russian Ukrainian) Demosthenes", "modern Cicero".

The work of early Ukrainian humanists is characterized by a deep knowledge of ancient philosophy, attention to the problems of studying nature, affirmation of the dignity of the individual, his freedom, and the ideals of social justice. They had a positive influence on education and literature, and became ideological inspirers of the art of their era.

A sharp aggravation in the 16th century. religious conflicts associated with attempts to convert the Ukrainian population to the Catholic faith caused the spread ideas consonant with the ideology of the Western European Reformation. Polemicist writers - Gerasim And Meletius Smotritsky , Ivan Vyshensky, Vasily Surazhsky They sharply criticized the highest Orthodox clergy for their greed, moral decline, betrayal of the interests of the Ukrainian people, and defended their right to their faith, customs, and language. Simultaneously in polemical literature Much attention was paid to the development of education and book printing. One of the striking examples of polemical literature is the work of G. Smotritsky " Key of the Kingdom of Heaven" (1587).

2.C system scientific knowledge in Ukrainian culture of that time consisted of theological disciplines, grammar, poetics, arithmetic, ethics, stories, rights, medicine, music. Spread translation works on problems of metaphysics, logic, astrology, astronomy: " Logic of Aviasafa", "Cosmography" and others. The medical reference book was of great interest " Aristotle's Gate or Secret of the Secret".

Theoretical understanding and development of ideas in tune new era, were carried out at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries. Ukrainian" scribes"who united around cultural and educational centers created by magnates-patrons or representatives of the urban population to preserve national culture. One of these cultural centers in the end XVI century became Ostrog Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy (collegium), which was opened in 1576 in the city of Ostrog (now in the Rivne region) by Prince Konstantin Ostrogsky .

Over time, this school rose to the level of European educational institutions. The Ostroh Collegium brought together famous cultural figures of that time; it taught not only Russian and Ukrainian, but also foreign scientists: Doctor of Philosophy and Medicine, professor at the University of Krakow Jan Latosh , Greek Kirill Lukaris , who later became the Patriarch of Constantinople, etc.

In the last quarter XVI - beginning XVII centuries in cities everywhere began to be created fraternities- public associations that emerged under the growing influence of Catholicism ideological centers for the protection of faith, language, culture and other spiritual values ​​of the Ukrainian people. Their funds supported schools, hospitals, printing houses, and libraries.

The first of them was Lviv Brotherhood, which arose back in 1439.

By the beginning of the 17th century. brotherhoods were already operating in many cities of Ukraine. Each of them opened a school. The leading school among them was Lviv Assumption Brotherhood(a national-religious public organization of Orthodox townspeople of Lvov, which has been operating for 200 years!).

Training in fraternal schools began with the study of Slavic grammar, mastering reading and writing skills, studying Greek language and Latin, knowledge of which enabled students to become acquainted with the achievements of Western European science and literature. The program of fraternal schools also included poetry, rhetoric, and music.

School graduates traveled throughout Ukraine, spreading knowledge and calling on the people to resist Polish-Catholic influence.

Great importance played in the formation of a new culture literature.

Book printer Ivan Fedorov (Fedorovich ) in 1574 published in Lvov the first printed book in Rus' (in Ukraine) " Apostle", and a little later - " Primer". After moving to Ostrog, with funds from K. Ostrozhsky, he founded a second printing house, in which he published the famous Ostrog Bible(1581) - the first complete edition of the Bible in Slavic. Writer Gerasim Smotritsky. rector of the Ostroh Academy, edited the Ostroh Bible and wrote for it preface. This publication was widely distributed in Ukraine and abroad, entered the library of Oxford University, and the royal court of Sweden.

secular literature, associated with the traditions of chronicle writing and the development of Russian (Ukrainian) law, reflected the historical advance of Lithuanian statehood in its interaction with the cultural tradition of the Ukrainian people: " Code of Law" Casimir (1468), Lithuanian Charter(1529, 1566), short Kyiv Chronicle XIV - beginning XVI century

A special place in the literature of that time is occupied by Ukrainian epic - Duma, ballads, historical songs.

Deep imagery doom admired T. Shevchenko , who placed them above Homeric " Iliad" And " Odyssey". The heroes of the thoughts embodied the best features of the Ukrainian people, their indomitable desire for life, freedom, broad nature, nobility. Ethnographer M. Maksimovich drew attention to the organic connection of thoughts with the history of the people, he identified them in separate literary genre .

The Doom Cycle Marusya Boguslavka", "Samiylo Kishka"and others are imbued with liberation sentiments and loyalty to the Orthodox faith. Thoughts about the death of a Cossack in the steppe are permeated with high poetics, emotionality, and the spiritual power of invincibility:" Death of Fyodor Bezrodny", "Three Samara brothers". A separate group is made up of an epic glorifying the heroism of the Cossacks: " thought about the Cossack Golota", and etc.

From hero-martyr To to the victorious hero Ukrainian culture went on, confirming the fact that it did not remain aloof from the pan-European process of the Renaissance.

3.B XV-XVI centuries Popular culture is on the rise. Despite foreign influence, Ukrainian traditions and customs, songs and dances, and folk crafts are preserved and developed.

IN architecture And fine arts features of this period are formed Ukrainian style. They manifest themselves primarily in stone architecture of Western Ukraine, where the influence of the Renaissance style was organically combined with Ukrainian folk traditions transferred from wooden architecture on stone places of worship and city buildings.

In the XV-XVI centuries. The cities of Lviv, Lutsk, Kamenets-Podolsky, Przemysl, Brody are actively expanding and redeveloping, and large-scale construction of powerful castles-fortresses and castle-palaces is underway.

IN temple construction New trends are also observed. Next to the buildings of the old ancient Russian type, more ceremonial buildings were erected: a tower-like building was built in the Hills Church of Ivan the Baptist, Kuzma and Demyan, in Lviv - Church of St. Onuphrius(XV century), in which fragments (one of the few) frescoes of that time have been preserved, Peter and Paul Church in Podol in Kyiv (XVI century).

Leading positions in architecture belonged to Lvov, whose Renaissance buildings occupy an outstanding place not only in the history of Ukrainian, but also Western European art. So, Assumption Church, Kornyakt Tower, Chapel of the Three Saints together they form a unique architectural ensemble of the late 16th - early 17th centuries.

Facades, portals, interiors of Renaissance houses, palaces, churches, iconostases are decorated with sculptural reliefs and rich wood carving. Closely connected with the traditions of the Renaissance sculptural portrait, which has become widespread in the form of magnificent tombstones: monuments to the Kyiv governor A. Kisel, Prince K. Ostrozhsky(in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra), etc.

Ukrainian painting XIV-XVI centuries developed under the life-giving influence of the icon painting of Kievan Rus. The masters strived for expressiveness, conciseness, and simplicity. The centers of painting were the Kiev Pechersk Lavra, Lviv, and Przemysl.

The manifestation of humanistic Renaissance ideas was the appearance of painters’ signatures on paintings and icons: “Vladyka”, “Yakov”, “Matvey”, etc. (Remember that one of the features of the culture of the Middle Ages was anonymity).

Masters of Ukrainian monumental fresco art were known far beyond the borders of their country. In the Polish cities of Lublin, Krakow, and Wislice, Ukrainian craftsmen decorated churches and chapels. In contrast to the fresco painting of the 13th century, which was dominated by the typical moods of medieval art of asceticism and renunciation of the worldly, in the 15th century. Lyrical, bright, joyful motifs predominate - kindness, self-sacrifice, heroism, love. Unfortunately, these fresco masterpieces have hardly survived in Ukraine itself.

The most common iconographic images were: Yuri (George) Serpent Fighter, Mother of God, Archangel Michael; subjects - the Crucifixion of Jesus, the Last Supper, Christmas, the Last Judgment, Expulsion from Paradise. The saints on the icons increasingly resembled ordinary people, peasants, and not ascetic martyrs, acquired individual characteristics. A striking example of such painting is the icon " Our Lady of Volyn", the majestic silhouette of which makes a deep impression and conveys the understanding of female beauty characteristic of that era.

At the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries. is being widely developed portrait painting. Under the influence of the ideas of humanism, artists began to pay special attention to a person’s face and sought to convey the character of the individual, his intelligence, willpower, and self-esteem. These features are characteristic of portraits of the Polish king Stefan Batory, Prince K. Ostrog, made by such masters of the Lviv school as the artist V. Stefanovich .

Worked fruitfully in Ukraine graphic artists. They masterfully designed books - first handwritten, then printed. Unique in this regard is the design Kyiv Psalter(1397), containing more than 200 original miniatures of the most different topics.

In the XIV-XVI centuries. developed musical culture And performing arts . Musicians, singers, dancers, as before, united around monasteries and episcopal sees.

In instrumental music, instruments such as the whistle, gusli, tambourine, bagpipes, etc. were used.

The Cossacks preferred the trumpet, timpani, bandura, kobza, and lyre.

The original vocal and instrumental genre of that time was historical songs And Duma with free construction of poetic and musical phrases performed kobzars.

Played an important role musical education in fraternal schools. It is then that the so-called partes singing[from lat. partеs - part, voices] - polyphonic singing in parts (by voices), which over time reached a high professional level.

The development of theatrical art was primarily associated with performances buffoons- folk singers, musicians, clowns, acrobats. They were not only performers, but also anonymous creators of folklore.

At the end of the 16th century. The sphere of theatrical art is expanding. A wanderer appears puppet show , and simultaneously with fraternal schools - school theater, in which both students and teachers played. At first it had only educational significance, but from the end of the century it was actively used in the fight against Catholicism.

Achievements of the culture of the Ukrainian people in the XIV-XVI centuries. allow us to draw a conclusion about its bright original character, on the one hand, and a close connection with humanistic Renaissance ideas, on the other.

The unfading cultural values ​​created during that period by mostly anonymous authors are gradually revealed to us. In the lands dominated by enslavers, in the conditions of foreign cultural expansion, all the spiritual energy of the Ukrainian people was directed towards proving their vitality, national dignity and adherence to traditions national culture.

The process of formation of the culture of the Ukrainian people in the period under review simultaneously reflected the formation of the Ukrainian ethnic group, which ended in the 16th century. In addition to the townspeople and the Cossacks, the bulk of the population (the peasantry) acted like " national coastline", to protect the highest spiritual values ​​- language, poetry, songs, folk rituals, unique Ukrainian identity.

1. Describe the historical conditions for the development of Ukrainian culture in the XIV-XVI centuries.

2. Reveal the essence of humanistic processes in Ukrainian culture of that time.

3. Using the example of the work of controversial writers, analyze the essence of reformation ideas in Ukraine.

4. How did science, education, and bookmaking develop in Ukraine?

5. What moral ideal is glorified in historical thoughts and folk songs?

6. What features were inherent in the architecture of Ukraine in the XIV-XVI centuries?

7. Describe national characteristics fine arts in Ukraine XIV-XVI centuries.

V.4. CULTURE OF UKRAINE IN NEW TIMES (XVII-XVIII centuries)

1. Features of the cultural situation in Ukraine in the 17th century.

2. Education and intellectual life in Ukraine in the 17th - first half of the 18th centuries.

3. Contradictions in the development of Ukrainian culture during the Enlightenment.

4. Artistic culture and art of Ukraine in the era of New Time.

Basic Concepts: "condensation", "mandrivni" clerks, academic disputes, Cossack chronicles, Ukrainian (Cossack) baroque, school drama, nativity scene.

1.U Krajina culture in the first half. XVII century developed in conditions of armed struggle both with external enemies - the Crimean Khanate, Turkey, and with an internal enemy - the Polish-gentry state, under whose rule Ukraine was. But internal struggle The masses had to fight against social, national and cultural oppression and against their own landlord-serf elite.

worsened at this time and struggle between Catholicism and Orthodoxy. Wrapped around the tangle of Cossack-gentry social contradictions were Orthodox-Catholic contradictions associated with the reluctance of the Polish elite to recognize the Orthodox tradition in the ancestral Russian lands. Conclusion in 1596 Union of Brest, uniting the Catholic and Orthodox Churches on the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, subordinating the latter to the Pope, caused serious discontent among the Ukrainian population. However, over time Greek Catholic (Uniate) Church nevertheless established itself in the territories of Western Ukraine.

Polonization and Catholicization of the Ukrainian elite led to the fact that the Cossacks had to take on the social role that in other countries was performed by the nobility. The Cossacks become the main defender of the Orthodox faith, as a single whole, rising up for the rights of their co-religionists.

Cossack became a key figure not only in Ukrainian history, but also in culture and national consciousness, like a cowboy in American culture or a Viking in Scandinavian culture.

The increasing role of the Cossacks was accompanied by a powerful renewal of religious and cultural life in Ukraine. Hetman Peter Sagaidachny substantiated the idea of ​​an alliance between the Cossacks and the Ukrainian cultural and religious elite. The form for such a union was chosen fraternities. In 1620, P. Sagaidachny, together with the entire Zaporizhian Cossacks, joined the Kiev Brotherhood, demonstrating the intention of the Cossacks from now on to guard the cultural and religious interests of the Ukrainian people.

Upholding the positions of Orthodoxy contributed to the weakening of the process of polonization and contributed to socio-political and national-cultural awakening of the Ukrainian people. The result of this was an uprising unprecedented in scope - the Cossack liberation war led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky , which ended with the conclusion in 1654 of the historical military-political union of the Hetmanate and the Moscow State.

Exploring the peculiarities of Ukraine’s interaction with the surrounding cultural world, scientists note that in the 16th-17th centuries. Ukraine intensively compensated for its relative cultural lag in previous eras, greedily absorbing everything significant and progressive. During this period there is a mixture of different styles belonging to different periods of European culture. This phenomenon in cultural studies is usually called " condensation".

Thus, the 17th century in the life of the Ukrainian people was marked by intense development of national culture, national identity, the best features of national character, such as the desire for freedom and social justice. At the same time, the phenomenon " thickening"emphasizes the uniqueness of Ukrainian culture, focused on the ideas of the Renaissance and Reformation and formed under the influence of Baroque aesthetics.

2.B the most important indicator of Ukrainian culture in the 17th century. was high level of literacy and education various segments of the population. Many documentary evidence speaks about this. So, a Syrian Arab Christian Pavel Alepsky , traveling through Ukraine, testified that even Ukrainian peasants were literate, and rural priests, teaching orphans, saved them from vagrancy.

Each church had schools where they taught clerks. For Ukrainian culture of this period, the clerk is a very popular figure. Most often, this is a young man who has received or is completing theological education, but does not yet have the priesthood. Their main occupation was teaching in Orthodox schools.

The educational culture of that time was given a special flavor by " mandrivni"clerks[ukr. mandrivny― wandering, traveling], who wandered around Ukraine alone or in groups. The main source of existence for this educated, but very unorganized group of people was intellectual work. They were hired to write letters, compose complaints, compose a rhymed ode, or stage a play they had written, translated from Latin and Greek.

Under the influence of Western European humanistic and reformist ideas in Ukrainian education in the 17th century. significant changes are taking place. Created with high quality new educational institutions based on national traditions, combining advanced domestic and European experience. These include, first of all, organized on the model of European universities Kiev-Mohyla Collegium, which subsequently received the status academy. It was founded in 1632 on the initiative of an outstanding Ukrainian religious and statesman, one of the most educated and most progressive people of the era - the Metropolitan of Kyiv Petra Mogila .

Four languages ​​were studied at the collegium: Slavic, Latin, Greek and Polish. In addition to grammar, rhetoric, poetics, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, metaphysics and other sciences, in high school they also studied philosophy. The entire course of study lasted 12 years. Graduation from the college provided the opportunity to continue education at any university in Europe.

The great merit of the collegium was that the Ukrainian educated elite was formed here, polemicists were trained to defend the faith, and concept of higher education in Ukraine.

Many famous figures of science and culture have emerged from the walls of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy: Feofan Prokopovich , Grigory Skovoroda , Mikhailo Lomonosov and others. They carried out an educational and cultural mission among the people, replenished the governing bodies of the Zaporozhye army, and worked in government institutions. Graduates of the academy were the first professors and teachers at Moscow and St. Petersburg universities, and F. Prokopovich and M. Lomonosov became one of the founders of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Passionate celebrations were often held at this time. controversy on the problems of national and religious independence of the Ukrainian people, which contributed to the flourishing of journalism and oratory of polemicists. Academic disputes― a striking phenomenon of Ukrainian cultural life of the 17th - early 18th centuries. Researchers believe that the heated debates, which represented a real synthesis of the arts, model of Ukrainian culture of the Baroque era.

In the second half. XVII century activity intensifies literary studios. In addition to previously established literary genres, memoirs (memoirs- autobiographical notes, memories).

Historical and memoir prose is presented Cossack chronicles. One of the earliest Cossack chronicles is considered to be " Chronicle of a self-witness". The name of the author is unknown, but he, as the text of the chronicle testifies, was a direct participant in the liberation war of the Ukrainian people led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky .

The most fundamental historical work is the four-volume chronicle Samiyala Velichko "The legend of the Cossack war with the Poles through Zinovy ​​Bogdan Khmelnitsky"(1720). This chronicle by genre belongs to artistic and literary research.

3.P development of cultural life in Ukraine in the era Enlightenment largely due to the economic and political circumstances of the time.

In the first half. XVIII century There has been some revival in the cultural life of the Ukrainian people, especially during the “Hetmanate”. However Russian empire gradually limits and then destroys political independence Little Russia, as Ukraine was called then, having abolished the hetmanate in 1764 and liquidated the Zaporozhye Sich in 1775. And already by the end of the century, Ukraine becomes provincial in all its regions and in all spheres of life- social, economic, cultural, religious, having lost its significance as a cultural conductor between Western Europe and Russia, which she was in the 17th century.

In this period the social structure of Ukrainian society is changing. There is a gradual enslavement of the Ukrainian peasants according to the Russian model and the stratification of the Cossack elders into the petty bourgeoisie and peasantry.

The Ukrainian Orthodox Church ceases to exist as a single whole. On the one hand, the subordination of the Western dioceses to the Pope of Rome, which led to the formation of a separate Uniate Church. On the other hand, the Moscow Orthodox Church, acting as the protector of all Orthodox Christians, essentially " absorbed"Eastern dioceses - by the end of the 18th century, church lands were transferred to the state, the church became completely financially dependent on the government.

Many Russian clergy were suspicious of Ukrainians, considering them " infected"Latin heresies. Under the pretext of eradicating heretical deviations, the Synod forced Ukrainians to print books, paint icons, and build churches according to all-Russian models. Gradually, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church lost its distinctive features, pro-Western orientation, becoming another means of spreading imperial culture.

Fundamental changes have also occurred in the field of education in Ukraine. By the end of the 18th century. leading educational institutions were no longer in Ukraine, but in Russia. The Kiev-Mohyla Academy is being transformed into an ordinary theological seminary. Ukrainians who wanted to gain access to the latest knowledge were now forced to enter higher educational institutions in Russia.

In the second half of the 18th century. Ukrainian bookishness, suppressed by censorship and the general impoverishment of cultural life, is turning into “second-class”. The works of Ukrainian writers are published only in the Great Russian language. In high society, a disdainful attitude towards vernacular. Even " enlightened“To Ukrainians, it seems provincial, has no future, is an interesting, but dying phenomenon.

In the same time, many leading figures of Ukrainian culture formed a sense of Ukrainian patriotism with their works among the educated part of the country's population. So, Semyon Divovich in the poem " Conversation between Great Russia and Little Russia"protests against Russia's imperial policy, and Vasily Kapnist wrote " Ode to slavery"which talks about Ukraine groaning" under the yoke of a heavy power."

A special place in the history of Ukrainian XVIII culture V. belongs to the work of the outstanding Ukrainian philosopher, writer Grigory Skovoroda (1722-1794). The son of a poor Cossack from the Poltava region, he was educated at the Kyiv Academy, worked as a teacher at the Pereyaslav and Kharkov collegiums, and was a “mandivious” philosopher (he was forced to do this by the church authorities, who were hostile to his progressive views and pedagogical methods) (see section I .2).

G. Skovoroda is called " Ukrainian Socrates". Meeting with different people, the thinker entered into polemics with them. Most of all he was interested the question of human happiness. The creative heritage of G. Skovoroda is varied: poems, fables, textbooks on ethics, poetics, philosophical treatises.

It should be noted that Ukrainian poets had very strong feelings of grief for lost rights and loss of autonomy. Although sometimes the desire for a career and class well-being overcame " mind-sets of former times"Romantic dreams did not prevent some Ukrainian cultural figures from supporting the policies of the empire.

Thus, in connection with the historical conditions that developed in the 18th century, in Ukraine neither social nor cultural prerequisites for the widespread development of the Enlightenment arose. In the official culture, oriented towards Russian statehood, a stereotype of the second-class status of everything Ukrainian took shape. Folk culture, which carefully preserved national traditions, was unable to rise to the level of the highest ideals of the Enlightenment, much less defend them.

4.3 significant cultural phenomenon of the 17th-18th centuries. is Ukrainian or Cossack Baroque. This universal style, which has manifested itself in all areas of culture, types and genres of art, is characterized by a joyful worldview, love of life, generosity of soul, harmony with

nature, closeness to the traditions of Ukrainian folk art.

The Baroque style (see section IV.2.) preferred synthesis to novelty in art, which predetermined its attractiveness for Ukrainians. Ukrainian Baroque did not contribute to the emergence of new ideas - rather, it suggested new techniques for Ukrainian art: paradox, allegory, contrast. For the very intermediate position between the Eastern Orthodox and the Latinized Western cultures inclined the Ukrainian people to synthetic thinking and demanded synthetic style:

· in Galicia, Baroque preserved classical Western European traditions as much as possible - ensemble Cathedral of St. George in Lviv (XVIII century);

· whole line Monuments in the Baroque style were created by Russian masters, or under the strong influence of Great Russian official art. Such, for example, are architectural masterpieces of world significance - St. Andrew's Church And Mariinsky Palace, built in mid. XVIII century in Kyiv by the famous Russian architect F. Rastrelli ;

· however, buildings created under the influence of European Baroque on the basis of the traditions of cult Ukrainian art of the Kievan Rus period and folk wooden architecture became a truly Ukrainian phenomenon.

Original Ukrainian architects did not copy Western European models; their buildings, as a rule, are less decorative, their forms are calmer, they are characterized by majestic proportions, rich stucco moldings and paintings, in which folk motifs were clearly heard, and a bright color scheme. Taking into account these peculiar and original features, this style was named Ukrainian or Cossack Baroque(see section IV.2).

Among the masterpieces of this style is the recently restored St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral in Kyiv, and most buildings Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.

The most significant achievements of the Ukrainian Baroque painting connected with Zhovkiv art center. This association included painters who had European fame: I. Rudkevich, Y. Shimonovich, V. Petrakovich .

A special place in Ukrainian baroque fine art is occupied by sculpture, which has both independent and applied significance - as a sculptural decoration. works of the most famous Lviv sculptor Ivan Pinzel decorate, for example, the facades of St. George's Cathedral. The work of the talented master balances on the verge of Baroque and Rococo. However, the serious passions that his characters experience leave no doubt about their belonging to the expansive world of the Baroque.

A feature of Ukrainian baroque plastic art is its commitment to the traditional material in Rus' - wood, who lost in European art popularity since the Middle Ages. " Carving“[Ukrainian wood carving] remained an equal type of sculptural decoration along with the use of marble, bronze and other materials. Therefore, many of Ivan Pinzel’s works, plastic, dynamic, colorful, are made of painted and gilded wood.

Baroque ideas appeared in all types and genres of Ukrainian art of that time, giving them new depth, originality and dynamics.

For baroque musical art characterized by the desire to understand the essence of man, to show the depth of his spiritual experiences, permeated with the struggle with human passions.

These features were especially evident in spiritual (church) music. The leading genre in it was partes concert[ital. a cappella], which was also called " Kyiv singing".Outstanding representatives of Ukrainian sacred music were the following composers: Maxim Berezovsky, Dmitry Bortnyansky .

Along with the spiritual in the 18th century. Secular music appears: romances (chamber vocal works, mainly of a sentimental nature), opera, symphonic music.

Ukrainian continues to develop performing arts. At the beginning of the 17th century. remains especially popular school drama, in which teachers and students of fraternal schools played. And in the second half. XVII century arises nativity scene[old glory] cave (in which Jesus was then believed to have been born)] - traveling theater, which staged performances based on biblical Christmas stories. Were different types nativity scenes - in some cases it was puppet show, others were played by costumed actors.

In general, the period of the XVII-XVIII centuries. - a paradoxical era in the history of Ukrainian culture. On the one hand, it became evidence of the remarkable flourishing of national culture with its intricately ornate baroque style and educational ideas, on the other hand, Ukrainian culture, having begun to adapt to Western European or Russian imperial models, is deprived of many of its original features and achievements.

QUESTIONS FOR INDEPENDENT WORK:

1. Under what historical conditions did Ukrainian culture develop in the 17th century?

2. How did education develop in Ukraine in the 17th-18th centuries? What is the history of the formation and development of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy?

3. What do you know about Ukrainian literature of the 17th-18th centuries? What phenomena in the cultural life of Ukraine are evidenced by the appearance of Cossack chronicles?

4. Describe the culture of Ukraine during the Age of Enlightenment.

5. Why is G. Skovoroda called " Ukrainian Socrates"?

6. What is the essence and features of the Ukrainian (Cossack) Baroque?

7. Tell us about the development of Ukrainian art in the 18th century.

Multifaceted and complex processes of the origin of peoples and cultures constantly attract the attention of researchers over the years. The centuries-old history of the Ukrainian nation made it possible to create its own cultural heritage and make a significant contribution to

Origins. Trypillian culture

The cultural history of Ukraine dates back to the 4th millennium BC. e. It is to this time that scientists attribute the heyday. The first inhabitants of Ukrainian lands were farmers and cattle breeders. They cultivated the land, grew crops, and engaged in various crafts.

Trypillians lived in fairly large cities, the number of which was about 10 thousand inhabitants. They worshiped their own gods, kept their own calendar, and regularly monitored the movements of celestial bodies.

Ukraine between old and new eras

The Cimmerians inhabited the area modern Ukraine in the 9th-7th centuries. BC. the tribe did not have a developed culture, leaving behind many reminders. The pottery and copper products of the Cimmerians, which have survived to this day, surprise even sophisticated connoisseurs with the subtlety of work and elegance of finishing.

The culture of Ukraine received a powerful impetus during the heyday of the Scythian power. Archaeologists find many works of art and household items during excavations of Scythian burial mounds. The heyday of the Scythian power occurred in the 4th century BC. e. Subsequently, the Scythian state was conquered and assimilated by the Sarmatians. Ukrainian cultural monuments of that time include ceramics, jewelry made of precious metals, and weapons.

The patterns were zoomorphic in nature - the Scythians descended from various real and mythical animals. Among the creatures they revered were horses, goats, deer and even griffins.

The Scythians and Sarmatians had extensive trade and cultural ties with the Greek city-states, which flourished on the shores of the Black Sea. It is from the written sources of the Greeks that contemporaries draw information about the culture of the proto-Ukrainian peoples of those times. Greek cities fell into decay by the 5th century AD. e., when a new Slavic state began to be built - Kievan Rus.

Culture of Kievan Rus

At the beginning of the 1st millennium, the civilization of the Eastern Slavs began to form. Small tribes united into alliances, cities and defensive fortifications arose. Our ancestors knew the nature of their land very well and worshiped their gods. Even before the adoption of Christianity, the Slavs had developed architecture, had a written language and a set of beliefs that explained the origin of the elements and natural phenomena.

Kievan Rus existed in the 9th-13th centuries. The culture of the people of Ukraine finds its origin precisely in the heritage of this great state. Along with Christianity, writing came to these lands, and trade and cultural ties with other countries revived. The culture of Ukraine during the Kievan Rus era is known to us thanks to the literature of that time, magnificent examples of temple and secular architecture, icon painting and oral folklore. The Cathedral of St. Sophia in Kyiv dates back to the times of Kievan Rus - a wonderful example of ancient Ukrainian architecture.

Constant invasions of nomads and bloody civil strife turned the great country into many small principalities. So Kievan Rus ceased to exist.

Culture of Ukraine in the 14th-17th centuries

Most of the territory of modern Ukraine became part of the Principality of Lithuania. The cultural traditions of Rus' provided an incentive for the formation of educational and cultural processes in the Lithuanian principality.

The first book printer in Ukraine was the Bulgarian Ivan Fedorov. Having mastered the printing business in Moscow, he came to Ukraine in 1566, where he founded the first printing house in the city of Zabludov. During these years, the first Ukrainian books were published - “Abetka” and “Teaching Gospel”. Later a branch was opened in Ostrog. It became famous for the fact that the Ostroh Bible was printed there.

During this period, Ukrainian architecture was transformed. Defense elements disappear in buildings and castles, castles become more comfortable and spacious. Ancient buildings are being restored, wood is being replaced with stone.

Noticeable changes have occurred in Ukrainian icon painting. The Ukrainian icon acquires its own recognizable features, the images become warm and humane. More everyday and genre scenes appear in painting.

Education in Ukraine

The development of culture in Ukraine after the collapse of the Principality of Lithuania slowed down somewhat. This is explained by the fact that most of the Ukrainian lands became part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Ukrainian culture and the Orthodox Church began to come under pressure from the Polish authorities. During this period, a special literary genre emerged - polemical literature, in which Ukrainian authors defended their national and religious authenticity. The level of education increases, a large number of schools and theological institutions are formed, and in 1701 the Kiev-Mohyla Academy appears - the first higher education institution. educational institution Eastern Slavs.

Ukrainian Baroque

The impetus for further development The Ukrainian nation became a national revolution in 1648-1676. The culture of Ukraine in the 18th century is characterized by the emergence of a special artistic style, called “Ukrainian Baroque”. The art of this movement is characterized by dynamism, a penchant for allegory, pomp and theatricalization of reality.

Ukrainian culture of the 18th century

Architectural cultural monuments of Ukraine give an idea of ​​this special style, which successfully combined European style with the traditions of ancient Russian architecture. Excellent examples of Ukrainian are the Intercession Cathedral in Kharkov and St. George's Church in Kyiv.

Painting of the 18th century reflected the global trend of the Baroque style - rich decorations, gilding and complex semantic composition. This trend also affected icon painting. The introduction of the Ukrainian ethnic type is observed in the images, they are iconized and historical figures. A school of icon painting opens in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra.

The development of culture in Ukraine cannot be imagined without the literary masterpieces of that time. New directions are emerging in literature: in contrast to dogmatic religious literature, secular works of various genres are being created - satire, epigram, poetry and others. The famous “Aeneid” by Kotlyarevsky, the odes of G. Skovoroda and the scientific works of F. Prokopovich date back to this time.

To summarize, we can say that the culture of Ukraine in the 17-18th century gained a second wind and began to master and develop new directions in art, painting and literature.

History of Ukraine, 8th grade

Topic: Culture of Ukraine in XVI century.

Goal: to determine the conditions and state of cultural development in Ukraine in XVI century, characterize the influence of these conditions on the development of education, printing and art; develop in students the ability to independently work with different sources of information and, on their basis, determine the characteristic features of the development of Ukrainian art, draw conclusions and generalizations, and develop students’ ability to work with ICT; to cultivate national-patriotic and aesthetic feelings.

Predicted results:

Students will be able to:

• determine the conditions and state of development of culture in Ukraine in XVI century;
• characterize the influence of these conditions on the development of education, printing and art;
• name the names of outstanding cultural and artistic figures;
• evaluate their activities;
• recognize and describe outstanding cultural monuments;
• independently work with different sources of information and, on their basis, determine the characteristic features of the development of Ukrainian art;
• Work with ICT.

Lesson form: project defense.

During the classes

Students are divided into 3 groups.

Group 1 received a proactive task to prepare a mini-project “Development of education in XVI century"

Group 2 received an advanced task to prepare a mini-project “Development of literature and book printing in XVI century"

Group 3 received an advanced task to prepare a mini-project “Features of the development of architecture, sculpture, painting in XVI century."

Each group prepared a presentation on a given topic.

І. Updating basic knowledge.

Brainstorm.

Problematic issue: to determine the conditions for the development of culture in Ukraine in XVI century.

1. Did Ukraine have its own state during this period?
2. Which states did Ukraine belong to?
3. What policies did these states pursue towards the Ukrainian people?
4. What role did the Orthodox Church play in the life of the Ukrainian people?
5. What is culture?
6. How, in your opinion, did the socio-economic and political situation of Ukrainian lands influence the development of Ukrainian culture?
7. Could this stage in the history of Ukraine become a period of nationwide cultural revival?

Students work with a historical document, filling out the following table:

“Conditions for the development of culture in Ukraine in XVI century"

Positive factors

Negative factors

Document No. 1

« Ambiguous processes have been an integral part of the cultural development of Ukraine at this time. The officials who destabilized the cultural process became the fall of the Byzantine Empire. This gave the Christian Orthodox religion more support from the outside world, radically reoriented trade, and influenced the culture of rule in the Ukrainian lands; the existence of a powerful state; the growing threat of Polarization and Catholicism after the establishment of the Union of Lublin; Tatar aggression. The advent of Ukrainian culture was supported by technical and technological progress; viniknennya and the development of the Vlasny drukarstva; the appearance of the Cossacks. Together, these officials have radically changed the cultural image of the Ukrainian lands.”(Boyko O.D. History of Ukraine)

Checking Student Tables

Conclusion: At this stage of historical development, the Ukrainian lands did not have their own state and were part of other states, which determined the unique development of their culture.

ІІ. Development of education.

Mini project 1 group.

Questions for consolidation:

1. What and how was taught in fraternal schools?
2. What requirements were put forward to the teachers of such schools?
3. What do you think the pupils of such schools were like?
4. What place did educational institutions occupy in national and cultural development?

"Press" method

How, in your opinion, did the socio-economic and political situation of Ukrainian lands influence the development of education during the period under study?

III . "The development of literature and printing in XVI century"

Mini project 2 groups

Questions for consolidation:

1. What do you know about the activities of Schweipolt Fiol? What significance did the appearance of his printed books have for the cultural life of Ukraine?
2. What was the significance of Ivan Fedorovich’s activities? What books were published?
3. What role did chronicles play?

Ranked series method

Make a ranked series in groups based on the given topic.

Yes it is…

Yes, that's true, but...

No, that's not true...

No, that's not true, but...

IV . Features of the development of architecture, sculpture, painting in XVI century.

Mini project 3 groups

Students receive a creative task:Based on the group’s mini-project, draw up block diagrams:

1. Main directions in the development of architecture.

2. Main directions in the development of sculpture.

3. Main directions in the development of painting.

V . Generalization and systematization.

Microphone method

1.Today in class we studied the topic...

2.During the lesson we learned...

3. Basic characteristic features development of Ukrainian culture during the period under study are...

4. Today we met such cultural figures as...

5. Today we got acquainted with such cultural monuments as ...

6. We learned such characteristic signs of the development of art as...

Discussion method

Did you worry in the XVI century is Ukrainian culture a period of revival?

Summarizing.

Homework: preparation for control testing, prepare an additional message on the topic:

“The culture of our region during the period under study”

Construction of religious buildings

Urban planning.

Defense palaces

construction of defense structures and castles

Sculptural

portrait

Sculptural

reliefs

Monumental sculpture

Main directions in the development of sculpture

Engraving

Portrait genre

Book

miniature

Fresco

Iconostasis

Iconography

Main directions

In the development of painting

Brotherhood Ukrainian provided military and material support. Belonging to the European state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth allowed Ukrainians to study at European universities, that is, to know many languages, take advantage of world achievements, perceive the ideas of the Reformation and disseminate them in Ukraine.

Observing the neglect of the education and culture of their native people, the small Ukrainian population began to think about the rise of national education. Centers for the development of education in the cities of Ostrog, Lviv, Kyiv.

Old Russian city Ostrog in the 70s pp. XVI century was a significant center of Ukrainian culture, "Athens". Its owner, Konstantin Ostrozhsky, became a zealous defender of Ukrainian culture. Occupying the Kyiv governor, he served and participated in the suppression of the Cossack-peasant movement. However, while remaining Orthodox, K. Ostrozhsky defended the faith and language of the Ukrainian language. In 1576, he founded the Greco-Slavic school, which existed until 1640. It studied Old Church Slavonic, Greek, Latin, as well as the “free sciences”: arithmetic, grammar, logic, rhetoric, music, etc. Soon the school received the status of Ostrog and took its rightful place among contemporary European universities. The position of the first rector was taken by a famous teacher and writer. It was taught by Vasily Surazhsky, a graduate of European universities, Demyan, and Cleric Ostrozhsky. The school contributed to the spread of education in Ukraine and produced many educated people. Among them are the hetman of the Zaporozhye Cossacks and the son of the rector, later a famous scientist, writer and church leader Meletiy. He authored many polemical works, and also published the book “Slovenian Grammar” in 1618; for many years, until the end of the 18th century, it was used as a manual of the Old Church Slavonic language and was reprinted several times.

At the end of the 16th century. Brotherhoods began to play an outstanding role in the organization of Ukrainian schools, and the Ostrog school contributed to the opening of fraternal schools in Lutsk and Lvov. The number of schools increased, and therefore the number of educated people increased. The spread of education contributed not only to the development of culture, but also to the liberation movement.

The first and largest in Ukraine was founded in 1586 in Lviv fraternal school. In accordance with the charter, children were recruited into it different classes. The students were taught the then Ukrainian book language that they understood. They studied Old Church Slavonic, Greek and Latin, rhetoric (literature), theology and music. The school produced highly educated people, through whom it had a great influence on school education not only in Ukraine, but also in Belarus, Moldova, and other countries.

The Kiev fraternal school founded in 1615 deserves even greater recognition. One of its organizers and the first rector was, who had previously been the rector of the Lviv fraternal school. Having borrowed the main statutory and educational ideas from the Lvov school, the leaders of the Kyiv fraternal school significantly expanded the range of subjects studied and deepened their content. The school has won public recognition. Private individuals, including the hetman, helped her.

The students of the fraternal school came from a Cossack background. In 1632, on the initiative of Peter, the Kiev fraternal school merged with the school of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra and was reorganized into a higher educational institution - the Kiev-Mohyla Collegium.

Printing spread in Ukraine in the second half of the 16th - early 17th centuries. At this time, printing houses appeared in Lvov, Ostrog, Kyiv, Chernigov and other cities, where the same brotherhoods were engaged in them. Printing especially developed upon the arrival in Lvov of an experienced printer expelled from Moscow, a graduate of the University of Krakow. Arriving in Lvov, he outlined his educational goals in the following words: “I must scatter throughout the world and distribute spiritual benefits to everyone. In 1573 I. opened a printing house in Lvov, and 1574 p. published a complete edition of the book “,” which tells about the deeds of the disciples of Jesus Christ. This was the first book printed in Ukraine with highly artistic design in miniatures, the coat of arms of Lviv and the personal sign of the printer. Ivan’s Primer was also published here.

Having moved through material deprivation to the estate of K. Ostrogsky in Ostrog, Fedorov founded the Ostrog printing house there and published the now unique “Ostrog Bible” in it in 1580. This was the first complete edition of the Bible in Old Church Slavonic, long years served the Orthodox in the fight against the offensive in Ukraine. The printer also published an ABC book called “ABC with Grammar,” which became an important tool for the dissemination of education.

A famous printing house in Ukraine was founded in 1615 by Archimandrite Elisha Pletenetsky at the Kiev Pechersk Lavra. It was already a fairly developed enterprise and produced a significant amount of literature. It published mainly works of religious content: stories about the deeds of Christ and ministers of the Orthodox Church. The first book of this enterprise printed in 1616 was the Book of Hours, a collection of prayers. Some copies of the book have survived to this day. And most famous book This publishing house has also been preserved to this day, “Kievo-Pechersk Patericon”. This precious collection of stories about the Kiev Pechersk Lavra, imbued with religious fiction, absorbed original works, starting from the times of Rus' and until the 15th century. The Patericon glorifies the leading figures of Rus'-Ukraine and the Pechora Monastery, builders, and artists. It describes the life and everyday life of princes, church ministers and the attitude of different segments of the population towards them and the monastery.

3 late 16th century Writers, teachers, and printers are increasingly beginning to turn to the living spoken language of the Ukrainian people. This “plain language” gradually became the language of business papers and works of art, and she herself began to acquire new features of the “book”, or literary, language. Translations were also carried out from Church Slavonic into the language of the Ukrainian common people. At 1561 p. In the town of Peresopnitsa, the son of Archpriest Mikhail Vasilyevich and Archimandrite of the local monastery Gregory translated the Gospel from Church Slavonic into “simple” language. Written on parchment, it has many decorations, ornaments, miniatures, and headpieces. And phonetics, grammar, vocabulary have distinct signs of a lively conversational Ukrainian language. Today, the President of Ukraine took the oath of allegiance to the people at the “Peresopnytsia Gospel”.

Ukrainian scientists paid great attention to the study of language. Even before at 1596 p. In Lviv, Lavrentiy Zizaniy published “Slovenian Grammar,” containing the foundations of the future Ukrainian grammar. A 1627 p. Pamvo Berinda published the first Ukrainian-Old Church Slavonic dictionary in Kyiv - “The Slovenorsky Lexicon. It contains about seven thousand explanations of Church Slavonic words in Ukrainian.

In the 16th century Ukraine has its own, diverse and multi-genre literature. The events in Berestti caused a whole stream of polemical (discussion) literature between Catholics, Uniates and Orthodox. Talented writers and thinkers directed their works to substantiate the correctness or error of Brestsky's decisions and the legality of the spread of Uniatism and Catholicism. In response to the speech with the book “In Defense of the Union of Brest-Litovsk,” which justified the conquest of Orthodoxy in Rome, many polemical works appeared. Ipatiy Potiy spoke on the Uniate side.

The rector of the Ostroh school, Gerasim Smotrytsky, was one of the first to respond in defense of Orthodoxy. He was supported by the book "A Warning". Great piece“Polinode, or the Book of Defense” was written by Archimandrite of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Zacharias Kopystensky. He called for the unity of the Slavs and the unity of all Orthodox Christians. And the greatest contribution to polemical literature was made by the talented Ukrainian writer Ivan Vyshensky, originally from Judicial Vyshnya. According to I., he was “one of the parents and creators of folk South Russian literature.” An ardent patriot of Ukraine, a humanist, he used religious polemics to speak out against social injustice. Having spent 40 years in the Athos monastery in Greece, I. Vishensky sharply criticized Rome, the Union of Brest and the Uniate officials. He conducted especially heated polemics in the works: “A Brief Answer to Peter’s Complaint,” “Memoirs to the Latin Philosophers,” “Epistle to Escaping from the Orthodox Faith.” In all his works (17 of them came to us), Ivan Vyshensky exposed the love of money of the church and secular churches of all three churches, their desire to finally enslave Ukraine and its unfortunate population.

Religious works were distributed in large quantities - translations of the Bible, reflections on the commandments and church teachings. Their authors were clergymen - Elisha Pletenetsky, Melety and Gerasim Smotrytsky, Zechariah Kopystensky. In their work they paid great attention to the education of morality, brotherly love, humility and respect.

The past of our people continued and recaptured. The most famous among the chronicles of that time were the Kiev (852-1500), Gustyn (from Rus' to 1598) and Lithuanian-Russian (1515-1543). Their authors glorified the people's struggle against foreign invaders and called on the Slavic peoples for unity in this struggle.

Poetry was born, the first works of which were close in meaning and form to folk songs. the poems were supplemented with humorous and satirical panegyrics, fables, and epigrams. With the development of literature, Ukrainian speech improved. Speech included all the richness of folk speech, it rose to the literary level.

The creation of school theaters was a completely new phenomenon. First they arose in Ostroh and Lvov schools, and later in Kyiv, Lutsk and others. Teachers wrote poems, recitations, panegyrics, cries (lamentations), and dialogues. Students trained for this became actors, and performances were held in school and church yards.

The creation of school theater was facilitated by works of poetry and rhetoric, most of which, unfortunately, have not reached us. Among the surviving unique dramatic publications of that time one can name “Russian Tragedy” by an unknown author. its content consists of a prologue, three acts and an epilogue. Characters conducted a dialogue in Ukrainian. The comedy of the burlesque (jocular) style was reminiscent of Ukrainian folk art in content.

At first, plays on religious and church themes (mysteries) were staged in school theaters. But later comedies on everyday themes spread. During the intermissions between the acts of the main productions, miniature comic works were performed - interludes and interludes. We have come down to us in fragments of drama and interludes by Yakov Gavatovich, written in beginning of the 17th century

And the mobile puppet theater - the nativity scene - enjoyed special love among the people. It was a rather large wooden box on two floors, where religious dramas were staged at the top, and skits on various topics below. The actors in it are students - students who walked with the nativity scene from city to city, thus earning a living. Speaking for the dolls, students exposed greed, dishonesty, injustice and other human vices in a humorous and satirical manner.

Received significant development folk epic. One after another, numerous historical songs and thoughts appeared, mourning the suffering of the people from attacks, oppression and Tatar robberies. In oral folk art such talented monuments of the Ukrainian epic were born as “The Duma of Pavlyuk and”, “The Escape of Three Brothers from Azov”, “Marusya”, “Samoilo the Cat”, “Zatuzhila Ukraine”, dedicated to the heroic struggle of the Ukrainian people for freedom and independence. And also heroic-epic songs about the unprecedented brave deeds of the Ukrainian Cossacks - defenders of the people: “Oh, it’s early early on Sunday,” “The lights are burning across the river.” One of the Ukrainian folk songs- “The Danube, the Danube, why do you flow sadly” even ended up in the content of Czech grammar of the 16th century.

The heavy Cossack-lacking talent was sung in the People's Duma about “Feska Ganju Andyber, Hetman of Zaporozhye. It says: “The Cossack-non-tyazhi in the city of Cherkassy arrives to the Cossack-non-tyazhi three semiryazs, a cattail patina, a hop belt. The poor Cossack has morocco morocco on him - prominent fives and fingers.”

Already in the 16th century. songs and thoughts were performed by traveling singers - kobzars and bandura players. They passed on their skills and knowledge for 3 generations. Kobzars are called Ukrainian Homers for the wonderful works they composed and performed. Ukrainian People's Dumas have remained unique to this day, perfect in artistic form and musical richness.

Music and dance developed according to the traditions of the past. Professional music mainly served church services. Ritual songs and carols acquired an increasingly secular character. Everyday, lyrical songs and dances - hopaki, cossacks, snowstorms - spread. Kobzars used violins, tambourines, and lyres next to the kobza and lyre. Traveling musicians united, creating unique ensembles, most often “triple music”. They served holidays, weddings, and various rituals. The number of music workshops in the cities increased, and Cossack military bands appeared. The art of performing religious choral and solo singing of psalms and cants, the creators and performers of which were, as a rule, teachers and students of fraternal schools, was thoroughly developed.

The original and unique architecture of different regions of Ukrainian lands appears before us rich and varied. These are wooden buildings of the inhabitants of the Carpathians, stone temples and houses of Galicia and the Dnieper region. A few architectural sights of Ukraine from that era have survived to this day. These include churches and individual private houses. Despite their age, religious buildings still fascinate with their elegant architectural forms, white walls, magnificent stucco ornaments, multi-colored roofs, gilded domes and rich interior decoration.

A shopping center was created in Kyiv on Podol, in the complex of which the town hall and the house of the Kyiv brotherhood occupied the leading place. After the fire of 1527, the center of Lviv was built in stone. Here, numerous stone merchants and townspeople combined monumentality with the aesthetic design of facades. An example of civil development is the house of the merchant Kornyakt, built in 1580, on Rynok Square.

At the beginning of the 17th century. In construction, the bizarre forms of the Baroque style borrowed from Europe became noticeable. The buildings were decorated both on the facade and in the interior with sculptures, paintings, and decorative ornaments. The tombstone of Prince Konstantin Ostrozhsky was made and installed in the Baroque style in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra.

Reached a high level art Ukraine, in particular, painting - portraits and walls, painting, icon painting and graphics. Schools of painters and engravers existed throughout Ukraine. They taught talented young men to draw icons and portraits of the nobility. The image of a living person appears in art, the master’s desire to move away from the canonical Byzantine icon-painting models. There is more earthly, human, vitality in him. This is noticeable in the portraits of Prince K. Ostrozhsky, merchant K. Kornyakt, Metropolitan, Donas received the names of the artists - Nikolai Petkhnovich, Fyodor Senkovich, Sebastian Korunka.

Authors of miniatures in handwritten books and engravings in printed books have achieved certain successes. A striking example of highly artistic and rich design with colored miniatures is the “Peresopnitsa Gospel”. The first engravings on secular themes appeared in 1622. These are illustrations for “Poems on the plaintive cellar of Hetman Peter,” which was written by the rector of the Kyiv fraternal school Sakovich.

In the history of Ukraine, as in world history, XVI century became an important milestone that marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of new times of civilization. The great geographical discoveries had little impact on the Ukrainian lands, where the agrarian society continued to develop. But changes were felt in him too. The first Lithuanian Statute and the “Charter on Portages” legislatively consolidated the situation of servitude, and at the interstate level transferred Ukrainian lands to Poland.

A significant page in the historical existence of the Ukrainian people of the 15th century. became the formation of the free and its glorious - a stronghold of the struggle against the Polish-Lithuanian oppressors and Tatar robbers.

Under conditions of foreign rule, in the absence of statehood, the main exponent of Ukrainian national isolation was the Orthodox Church. The immediate consequence of the Lublin Union of Poland and Lithuania was 1596. It sharpened the national-religious issue in Ukraine to the extreme.

3 late XVI and 30th pp. XVII century attacks against social and national-religious oppression swept across the Dnieper Ukraine. Despite the difficult living conditions, Ukrainians still developed their own science, education, and various fields of art and culture.