- (Great Siberian Railway), railway. D. line Chelyabinsk Omsk Irkutsk Khabarovsk Vladivostok (approx. 7 thousand km), connects the European part of Russia with Siberia and the Far East. Built 1891 1916; electrified over a significant extent.... ...Russian history

- (Great Siberian Railway) railway line Chelyabinsk Omsk Irkutsk Khabarovsk Vladivostok (approx. 7 thousand km), connects the European part of Russia with Siberia and the Far East. Built in 1891 1916 ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Trans-Siberian Railway- (Trans Siberian Railway), a railway that facilitated the development of Siberia and Russia’s penetration into the East. Asia. The page began with money received from the French. loan in 1891, and was practically completed in 1904. The concern it caused in Japan... ... The World History

The Great Siberian Railway, the railway line Chelyabinsk Omsk Irkutsk Khabarovsk Vladivostok (about 7 thousand km), connects the European part of Russia with Siberia and the Far East. Built in 1891 1916. * * * TRANSSIBERIAN HIGHWAY... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Trans-Siberian Railway- Trans-Siberian Railway, Great Siberian Railway, the largest transcontinental double-track railway connecting the central regions of the country with Siberia and the Far East (Moscow Ryazan Syzran … … Dictionary "Geography of Russia"

Trans-Siberian Railway- The world's largest transcontinental railway with a total length of 9332 km (in the Amur region the length is 1104 km). It connects countries with the Far East, passing through the whole of Siberia, which determined its name: Latin... ... Toponymic Dictionary of the Amur Region

Trans-Siberian Railway- Russia. The world's largest transcontinental railway with a total length of 9332 km. It connects countries with the Far East, passing through the whole of Siberia, which determined its name: Latin trans - “through, through”... Geographical names Far East of Russia

Transcontinental railway d., double track throughout. Connects the European part of Russia with Siberia and the Far East along the route: Moscow - Ryazan - Syzran - Samara - ... Geographical encyclopedia

Trans-Siberian Railway- Trans-Siberian Master al... Russian spelling dictionary

Trans-Siberian Railway - … Spelling dictionary of the Russian language

Books

• Trans-Siberian Railway. The history of the creation of the Russian railway network, Volmar Christian. The book of the famous British journalist Christian Volmar "The Trans-Siberian Railway. The history of the creation of the Russian railway network", the author of over a dozen various publications in the field of…
• Trans-Siberian Railway The history of the creation of the Russian railway network, Volmar K.. The book of the famous British journalist Christian Volmar "The Trans-Siberian Railway. The history of the creation of the Russian railway network", the author of over a dozen various publications in the field of...

On October 5, the Trans-Siberian Railway, the longest on the planet, celebrated its 100th anniversary. Its length is 9288.2 km. The starting point of the Trans-Siberian Railway is the Yaroslavsky station in Moscow, and the final point is the Vladivostok station. It took 25 years to build, the road passes through 8 time zones, through Europe and Asia, 11 regions, 5 territories, two republics and one autonomous region, 88 cities, crosses 16 major rivers. This review contains the history of the creation of the Millennium Road.

March 30, 1891 by the head Russian state A decree was issued to begin construction of a route across the entire territory of Siberia. The state committee created on its basis passed a resolution in which it approved such an important task and welcomed the use of domestic labor and material resources for a great cause.

First stage of construction

In May of the same year, the ceremonial laying of the first stone took place, in which the future Russian Emperor Nicholas was directly involved. The creation of the Trans-Siberian road began in very difficult conditions. All along the route there was centuries-old taiga, and rocks awaited the builders near Lake Baikal. To lay sleepers, it was necessary to blast and create embankments.

Huge amounts of money were required to implement the Emperor's plans. The initial estimate was calculated at 350 million rubles. If we take into account the difference in weight of modern Russian currency and a full-fledged gold ruble, then the project will seem very expensive. To reduce financial costs, free labor was involved in construction: soldiers and convicts. At the peak of construction, 89 thousand people were involved in the work.

Extraordinary pace

The railway line was laid with unprecedented speed at that time. In 12 years, the builders managed to create 7.5 thousand kilometers of first-class tracks, although during the intervening period they had to overcome many difficulties. We have never worked at such a pace in any country.

The most primitive mechanisms and tools were used to lay sleepers and rails: hand wheelbarrows, shovels, axes and saws. About 600 km of road were laid every year. The workers worked tirelessly, sometimes to the point of complete loss of strength. The harsh conditions of Siberia had a negative impact on health, and many construction workers died while working.

Engineering personnel

During construction, many well-known engineers in Russia at that time participated in the project. Among them, Orest Vyazemsky, who owned a large plot of land in the Ussuri taiga, was very popular. The Vyazemskaya station was named in his honor and today preserves the name of the great Russian specialist. The connection between Novosibirsk and Chelyabinsk railways was carried out by another specialist in the field of construction - Nikolai Garin-Mikhailovsky. Today he is better known to descendants for his literary works.

The engineer completed his section of the road in 1896. The section between Irkutsk and Ob was built by Nikolai Mezheninov. Today it is known as the Central Siberian Road. Nikolai Belelyubsky was involved in the design and construction of the bridge across the Ob. He was a connoisseur and expert in mechanics and engine creation. Work on laying the Central Siberian section of the mainline was completed in 1899.

Alexander Liverovsky was in charge of the Circum-Baikal section of the road. Construction took place in very difficult natural conditions. The city of Ussuriysk was connected to Grodekovo by railway tracks in 1901. Thanks to the successful completion of the section, Vladivostok received constant convenient communication with the center of the country. European goods and passengers received a faster and more convenient route to the Pacific Ocean.

Project expansion

The construction of a new route from the central regions of Russia to the Far East created the economic prerequisites for further growth of the regional economy. The expensive project began to provide practical benefits. The war with Japan brought some problems. At this time, passenger and freight traffic by rail decreased many times due to restrictions in several sections.

The highway could handle only 13 trains per day, which was too few for the national economy and the army. On June 3, 1907, at a regular meeting, the Council of Ministers decided to expand the Trans-Siberian Railway. To do this, it was necessary to lay an additional track. Construction management was transferred to Alexander Liverovsky. By the beginning of 1909, the road had doubled its capacity.

The country's leadership decided that one of the main negative factors that influenced the course and result of the war with Japan was poor transport links between Vladivostok and the European part of the country. Among the particularly important tasks, the government highlighted the expansion of the railway network. After the meeting of the Council of Ministers, the creation of the Minusinsk-Achiinsky and Amur sections of the highway began. The total length of the route was almost 2 thousand km.

Completion of construction

The project came to completion in 1916. The railway line connected Chelyabinsk with the Pacific Ocean. At the same time, the construction of the bridge over the Amur and the Amur Mainline was completed. For ease of use, the entire road was divided into four sections. Rail transport grew every year and by 1912 reached 3.2 million passengers. Cargo transportation has also increased significantly. The highway began to generate a lot of income for the country.

Recovery after destruction

Huge damage was caused to the First Highway World War. Many kilometers of tracks were destroyed, bridges and service structures were badly damaged. Even the famous bridge over the Amur fell victim to the revolution and was damaged. The new government understood the importance of the railway connection and already in 1924-1925 began restoring the highway. The railway bridge across the Amur was also reconstructed. In 1925, the Trans-Siberian Railway became fully functional.

The Trans-Siberian Railway (abbreviated as Trans-Siberian, historically known as the Great Siberian Road) is a railway across Eurasia, connecting Moscow and the largest East Siberian and Far Eastern industrial cities of Russia. The length of the highway is 9288.2 km. This is the longest railway in the world. Highest point path - Yablonovy Pass (1019 m above sea level) . Its full electrification was completed in 2002. Historically, the Trans-Siberian Railway is only the eastern part of the highway, from Chelyabinsk (Southern Urals) to Vladivostok. Its length is about 7 thousand km. It was this section that was built from 1891 to 1916. Currently, the Trans-Siberian Railway connects the European part, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East of Russia, and more broadly, the Russian western, northern and southern ports, as well as railway exits to Europe (St. Petersburg, Murmansk , Novorossiysk), on the one hand, with Pacific ports and railway connections to Asia (Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Zabaikalsk). In the fall of 2010, the Minister of Transport Russian Federation Igor Levitin said that the capacity of the Trans-Siberian Railway has been completely exhausted .

Stages of construction of the Great Siberian Route

Construction officially began on May 19 (31), 1891 in the area near Vladivostok (Kuperovskaya Pad), Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich, the future Emperor Nicholas II, was present at the laying. In fact, construction began earlier, in early March 1891, when construction of the Miass-Chelyabinsk section began.

One of the prominent leaders in the construction of one of the sections was engineer Nikolai Sergeevich Sviyagin, after whom the Sviyagino station was named.

Part of the necessary cargo for the construction of the highway was delivered by the Northern Sea Route; hydrologist N.V. Morozov sailed 22 steamships from Murmansk to the mouth of the Yenisei.

The working movement of trains along the Trans-Siberian Railway began on October 21 (November 3), 1901, after the “golden link” was laid on the last section of the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway.

Regular communication between the capital of the empire - St. Petersburg and the Pacific ports of Russia - Vladivostok and Dalniy by rail was established in July 1903, when the Chinese Eastern Railway, passing through Manchuria, was accepted for permanent (“correct”) operation. The date July 1 (14), 1903 also marked the commissioning of the Great Siberian Road along its entire length, although there was a break in the rail track: trains had to be transported across Baikal on a special ferry.

A continuous rail track between St. Petersburg and Vladivostok appeared after the start of working traffic on the Circum-Baikal Railway on September 18 (October 1), 1904; and a year later, on October 16 (29), 1905, as a section of the Great Siberian Route, it was accepted for permanent operation; and regular passenger trains for the first time in history were able to travel only on rails, without using ferries, from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean (from Western Europe) to the shores of the Pacific Ocean (to Vladivostok).

After Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, there was a threat that Russia would be forced to withdraw from Manchuria and thus lose control of the Chinese Eastern Railway, thereby losing the eastern part of the Trans-Siberian Railway. It was necessary to continue construction so that the highway passed only through the territory Russian Empire.

End of construction on the territory of the Russian Empire: October 5 (18), 1916, with the launch of the bridge across the Amur near Khabarovsk and the start of train traffic on this bridge.

The cost of construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway from 1891 to 1913 was 1,455,413,000 rubles (in 1913 prices).

Modernization of the Trans-Siberian Railway

In the 1990-2000s, a number of measures were taken to modernize the Trans-Siberian Railway, designed to increase the capacity of the line. In particular, the railway bridge across the Amur near Khabarovsk was reconstructed, as a result of which the last single-track section of the Trans-Siberian Railway was eliminated. In 2002, complete electrification of the highway was completed.

Further modernization of the road is expected due to the obsolescence of the infrastructure and rolling stock.

On January 11, 2008, China, Mongolia, Russia, Belarus, Poland and Germany entered into an agreement on a project to optimize Beijing-Hamburg freight traffic.

Transsib directions

Northern Moscow - Yaroslavl - Kirov - Perm - Ekaterinburg - Tyumen - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Krasnoyarsk - - Vladivostok. New Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod- Kirov - Perm - Yekaterinburg - Tyumen - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Krasnoyarsk - - Vladivostok. Southern Moscow - Murom - Arzamas - Kanash - Kazan - Ekaterinburg - Tyumen (or Petropavlovsk) - Omsk - Barnaul - Novokuznetsk - Abakan - - - Vladivostok. Historical Moscow - Ryazan - Ruzaevka - Samara - Ufa - Chelyabinsk - Kurgan - Petropavlovsk - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Krasnoyarsk - - Vladivostok.

Neighbors of the Trans-Siberian Railway

The lines of the West Siberian Railway from Omsk and Tatarsk (via Karasuk and Kulunda) connect the Trans-Siberian Railway to Northern Kazakhstan. From Novosibirsk to the south, through Barnaul, Turksib leads to Central Asia. At the end of the 20th century, a railway was laid in the Far East north of the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Settlements along the Trans-Siberian Railway

Settlements and railway stations located along the Trans-Siberian Railway (entire list in alphabetical order):

1. Abramtsevo
2. Aksenovo-Zilovskoe/Zilovo
3. Alexandrov
4. Alzamay
5. Amazar
6. Angarsk
7. Anzhero-Sudzhensk/Anzherskaya
8. Antropovo
9. Arhara
10. Achinsk
11. Babushkin/Mysovaya
12. Balesino
13. Barabinsk
14. Belogorsk
15. Beloyarsky/Bazhenovo
16. Bikin
17. Birobidzhan
18. Biryusinsk
19. Bogdanovich
20. Bogotol
21. Bolotnoye/Bolotnaya
22. Bureya
23. Vereshchagino
24. Vladivostok
25. Volochaevka
26. Volno-Nadezhdinskoye/Nadezhdinskaya
27. Vyazemsky/Vyazemskaya
28. Galich
29. Glazov
30. Golyshmanovo
31. Dalnerechensk
32. Danilov
33. Darasun
34. Ekaterinburg
35. Ekaterinoslavka
36. Erofey Pavlovich
37. Zhireken
38. Curled
39. Zavodoukovsk
40. Zaigraevo
41. Zalari
42. Zaozernaya
43. Winter
44. Zuevka
45. Izhmorskaya
46. Ilanskaya
47. Kalachinskaya
48. Kamyshlov
49. Kansk/Kansk-Yeniseisky
50. Kargath
51. Karymskoe/Karymskaya
52. Kirov
53. Kozulka
54. Kormilovka
55. Kotelnich
56. Kochenevo
57. Krasnoyarsk
58. Ksenyevka/Ksenyevskaya
59. Kuitun
60. Kultuk
61. Kungur
62. Kutulik
63. Leninskoe/Shabalino
64. Lesozavodsk
65. Luchegorsk
66. We love you
67. Lyubinsky/Lyubinskaya
68. Magdagachi
69. Maisky/Tchaikovskaya
70. Manturovo
71. Mariinsk
72. Mikhailovka/Dubininsky
73. Mogzon
74. Mogocha
75. Moscow
76. Moshkovo
77. Mytishchi
78. Nazyvaevsk/Nazyvaevskaya
79. Nizhneudinsk
80. Nizhny Ingash/Ingashskaya
81. Nizhny Novgorod
82. Lower Poima/Reshoty
83. Novopavlovka
84. Novosibirsk
85. Novochernorechensky/Chernorechenskaya
86. Obluchye
87. Omutinsky/Omutinskaya
88. Orichi
89. Pereyaslavka/Verino
90. Pervouralsk
91. Permian
92. Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky/Petrovsky Plant
93. Ponazirevo
94. Priiskovy/Priiskovaya
95. Pushkino
96. Pyshma/Oshchepkovo
97. Radonezh
98. Rostov-Yaroslavsky/Rostov
99. Sergiev Posad
100. Candle
101. Free
102. Seryshevo
103. Sibirtsevo
104. Skovorodino
105. Slyudyanka
106. Smidovich/In
107. Sofrino
108. Spassk-Dalniy
109. Station-Oyashinsky/Oyash]]
110. Strunino
111. Taiga
112. Taishet
113. Tankhoy
114. Tatarsk/Tatarskaya
115. Takhtamygda
116. Tugulym
117. Tulun
118. Tyumen
119. Tyazhinsky/Tyazhin
120. Ubinskoe/Ubinskaya
121. Ulan-Ude
122. Usolye-Sibirskoye
123. Ussuriysk
124. Ust-Kishert/Kishert
125. Ushumun
126. Falenki
127. Khabarovsk
128. Khilok
129. Khotkovo
130. Cheremkhovo
131. Chernigovka/Muchnaya
132. Chernyshevsk/Chernyshevsk-Zabaikalsky
133. Chulym/Chulymskaya
134. Sharya
135. Shelekhov/Goncharovo
136. Shilka
137. Shimanovsk/Shimanovskaya
138. Yalutorovsk
139. Yaroslavl
140. Yashkino

Below is the main route of the Trans-Siberian Railway, operating since 1958 (the name of the railway station is given through a fraction if it does not coincide with the name of the corresponding locality):

Moscow-Yaroslavskaya - Yaroslavl-Glavny - Danilov - Bui - Sharya - Kirov - Balezino - Vereshchagino - Perm-2 - Ekaterinburg-Passenger - [Tyumen - Nazyvaevsk/Nazyvaevskaya - Omsk-Passenger - Barabinsk - Novosibirsk-Glavny - Yurga-I - Taiga - Anzhero-Sudzhensk/Anzherskaya - Mariinsk - Bogotol - Achinsk-1 - Krasnoyarsk-Pasazhirsky - Ilansky/Ilanskaya - Taishet - Nizhneudinsk - - Irkutsk-passenger- -1 - Ulan-Ude - Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky/Petrovsky Plant - Chita-2 - Karymskoye/Karymskaya - Chernyshevsk/Chernyshevsk-Zabaikalsky - Mogocha - Skovorodino - Belogorsk - Arkhara - Birobidzhan-1 - Khabarovsk-1 - Vyazemsky (city)| Vyazemsky/Vyazemskaya - Lesozavodsk/Ruzhino - Ussuriysk - Vladivostok

Trans-Siberian Railway in literature

Mazhit Gafuri began his path in literature with a book Seber timer yuly yaki әkhүәle millat(“The Siberian Railway, or the State of the Nation”) (Orenburg, 1904).

Interesting facts about the Trans-Siberian Railway

1. Although Vladivostok is the final station of the Trans-Siberian Railway, on the branch to Nakhodka there are stations more distant from Moscow - Cape Astafiev and Vostochny Port.
2. Until recently, the world's longest train No. 53/54 Kharkov - Vladivostok ran along the Trans-Siberian Railway, covering 9,714 km in 174 hours and 10 minutes. Since May 15, 2010, this train has been “cut off” to Ufa station, but the operation of direct carriages has been preserved. The farthest direct carriage in the world at the moment is Kyiv - Vladivostok, distance 10259 km, travel time 187 hours 50 minutes.
3. The "fastest" train of the Trans-Siberian Railway is No. 1/2 "Russia", connecting Moscow - Vladivostok. It passes the Transsib in 6 days 2 hours.
4. At the Yaroslavsky station in Moscow, as well as in Vladivostok, special kilometer posts are installed indicating the length of the highway - “0 km” on one side and “9298 km” on the other side (and in Vladivostok the sign says “9288”).

Reconstruction plans

The need to reconstruct the Trans-Siberian Railway and BAM was announced at a meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin on the modernization of railways in July last year. Russian Railways OJSC and the Russian government intend to allocate 562 billion rubles by 2018 for the reconstruction of the BAM and Trans-Siberian Railways, of which 150 billion rubles. allocated from the National Welfare Fund, 110 billion rubles. - in the form of direct budget investments, about another 300 billion rubles. it is planned to attract through the investment program of Russian Railways. In general, according to minimal estimates, the implementation of the project requires 900 billion rubles. investments. However, according to the president of Russian Railways OJSC Vladimir Yakunin, the real volume of required investments reaches 1.5 trillion rubles. When implementing the project by 2020, it is expected to ensure cargo flows of up to 55 million tons per year, compared to today’s 16 million tons. As the preliminary results of the TPA showed, the economic effect from the implementation of the projects for the reconstruction of the BAM and Trans-Siberian Railway is estimated by investors in the amount of 100 billion rubles.

The decree of the Russian government, which allows the use of funds from the National Welfare Fund for the modernization of the Baikal-Amur and Trans-Siberian Railways, was signed by Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev.

Completion of Transsib construction

Europe learned about the Trans-Siberian Railway at the 1900 World Exhibition in Paris, where Russia first announced the ongoing construction of the Siberian Railway. The Great Siberian Railway, a grandiose technical structure, was the longest railway in the world. The builders laid it through the impassable taiga and rocky mountains of Transbaikalia, overcoming enormous difficulties associated with the harsh climate, and in some places with permafrost. At that time, the Great Siberian Railway was built at an extremely fast pace and was completed in less than 15 years. History has never seen such a pace of construction. Thanks to the railway, new hard-to-reach areas were brought into the economic life of Russia. The Trans-Siberian Railway became one of the main railways in Russia.

In 1875, at the International Geographical Congress in Paris, the words of the scientist, engineer and public figure E.V. Bogdanovich: “It is now a completely established fact that the question of the industrial exploitation of Siberia comes down to the question of the railway.” And he was right. Only a railway that could operate all year round could ensure the transportation of necessary goods, bring vast territories to life, and open access to the untold riches of Siberia. Bogdanovich's words turned out to be prophetic. 16 years later, on March 15, 1891, the highest rescript of Emperor Alexander III was published: “I command that we begin the construction of a continuous railway across the whole of Siberia, which will connect the Siberian regions, abundant in natural gifts, with a network of internal rail communications.”

Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich at the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Vladivostok. 1891

The construction of this gigantic highway, more than eight thousand kilometers long, began on May 19, 1891, and was completed in January 1916. The France newspaper wrote: “After the discovery of America and the construction of the Suez Canal, history has not noted an event richer in direct and indirect consequences than the construction of the Siberian road." It was a feat. After all, on the path of the builders there were mountain ranges, swamps and swamps, permafrost, impenetrable taiga and high-water Siberian rivers. And all this was conquered with picks, shovels, rakes and a rare overseas excavator, and most importantly - with the skill, dexterity and tenacity of the Russian people.

The pace of construction of the Great Siberian Railway (and now the Trans-Siberian) amazed the imagination of contemporaries: in 13 and a half years (from March 1891 to September 1904) a continuous rail track was laid for train traffic from Miass in the Southern Urals, west of Chelyabinsk, and Kotlas on the banks of the Northern Dvina - to Vladivostok and Port Arthur on the shores of the Pacific Ocean. This is all the more significant since the steel gauge of the Trans-Siberian Railway was laid through large rivers, undeveloped areas, passes and areas with permafrost and heavy profile, and the technical level of construction 100–110 years ago was significantly lower than today. So, about 9,100 versts, or a little less than 10,000 kilometers (taking into account the adjacent branches built at the same time), were laid with an average construction rate of 740 kilometers per year. This is a high figure even for modern construction. The final completion of construction - through Manchuria, taking into account the launch of the Circum-Baikal Railway into permanent operation and the completion of all bridges and tunnels along the route - took place in October 1905, so we can assume that this transcontinental railway was built over more than 14 years; and the average pace of construction, taking into account all engineering structures, was approximately 670 kilometers (630 versts) per year.

In just a quarter of a century of construction of the Great Siberian Railway, 12,120 versts of rail track were laid (including the CER, South Manchurian Line, sections Miass - Chelyabinsk, Perm - Yekaterinburg, Vyatka - Kotlas and all secondary branches), 3,465 versts of the main line were straightened and strengthened progress and second tracks were built over a distance of 3,655 versts. The actual length of the Trans-Siberian Railway along the main passenger route is 9288.2 km. By this indicator, it is the longest on the planet, crossing almost all of Eurasia by land. The Yaroslavsky railway station in Moscow has been considered the beginning of the Trans-Siberian Railway for about 70 years. The end of the Trans-Siberian Railway on the eastern outskirts of Russia - Vladivostok Station - is located on the shore of the Golden Horn Bay of the Sea of ​​​​Japan.

The Trans-Siberian Railway runs from west to east across two continents: Europe (1777 km) and Asia (7512 km). Europe accounts for 19.1% of the length of the Trans-Siberian Railway, Asia – 80.9%. The 1778th km of the Trans-Siberian Railway, near the city of Pervouralsk, is accepted as the conventional border between Europe and Asia.

The Trans-Siberian Railway passes through the territories of 13 regions, 4 territories, 2 republics, 1 autonomous region and 1 autonomous district: Moscow, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Kirov regions, Udmurt Republic, Perm Territory, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo regions, Krasnoyarsk region, Irkutsk region, Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug, Buryat Republic, Chita, Amur regions, Jewish Autonomous Region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories (listed sequentially, from west to east). All of them are located on the territory of the current Russian Federation. Part of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which previously passed through the territory of Kazakhstan, was duplicated to the north after the collapse of the USSR.

There are 87 cities on the Trans-Siberian Railway: 5 with a population of over 1 million people (Moscow, Perm, Yekaterinburg, Omsk, Novosibirsk), 9 with a population of 300 thousand to 1 million (Yaroslavl, Kirov, Tyumen, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Chita , Khabarovsk, Vladivostok) and 73 cities with a population of less than 300 thousand. The 14 cities through which the Trans-Siberian Railway passes are the centers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and the starting point, Moscow, is the capital of Russia.

On its way, the Trans-Siberian crosses 16 major rivers: the Volga, Vyatka, Kama, Tobol, Irtysh, Ob, Tom, Chulym, Yenisei, Oka, Selenga, Zeya, Bureya, Amur, Khor, Ussuri. Of these, the Amur is the widest (about 2 km), since the highway crosses it in the middle reaches. Large rivers such as the Ob and Yenisei are crossed by railway closer to their upper reaches, so their width at the intersection with the Trans-Siberian Railway is about 1 km. The most dangerous river on the way is the Khor, in the south of the Khabarovsk Territory: during flood periods it can rise 9 (!) meters. The river that caused the greatest damage to the Trans-Siberian Railway in its entire history should be recognized as the Trans-Baikal River Khilok - during the flood of 1897, it washed away and destroyed most of the western section of the Trans-Baikal railway.

For 207 km, the Trans-Siberian Railway runs along Lake Baikal.

The steepest descent on the Trans-Siberian Railway is between the Andrianovskaya and Slyudyanka-2 stations. It continues from the Andrianovsky Pass to the shore of Lake Baikal. Over 30 km, the railway descends more than 400 meters, and in some sections - such as the Medlyanskaya and Angasolskaya loops - the slopes reach 17 thousandths. This site was built in 1947–1949.

The longest bridge on the Trans-Siberian Railway, with a length of 2568 m, was built in 1913–1916. across the Amur River and included 18 spans of 127 meters with a 200-meter left-bank overpass. In 1999, its dismantling began, and a nearby building was built between 1992 and 1999. combined road-railway bridge with a channel length of 2612 m.

The longest tunnel is under the Amur, parallel to the Amur Bridge (length more than 7 km). It was built for strategic reasons in 1937–1942. But since it is located parallel to the main passage, and the main passage goes along the Amur Bridge, the longest tunnel on the main passenger passage of the Trans-Siberian Railway was considered Tarmanchukansky, built in 1915. Its length is about 2 km.

The largest station was built at the Novosibirsk-Glavny station (3336th km of the Trans-Siberian Railway) in 1940, before the Great Patriotic War. At the time of completion, this station was the largest in the pre-war USSR.

The busiest section in terms of traffic intensity: Omsk - Novosibirsk (in 1985, when the Soviet economy was operating at full capacity, this section was the busiest in the world). High-speed (passenger train speeds up to 130–140 km/h) are areas located in the West Siberian Lowland: Karbyshevo-1 (west of the Irtysh) – Nazyvaevskaya – Yalutorovsk – Voynovka (before Tyumen); Shartash (station in Yekaterinburg) – Bogdanovich – Tyumen. There are small (up to 200 km) high-speed sections west of Khabarovsk (Birobidzhan - Priamurskaya), in the Amur region (Belogorsk - Zavitaya - Bureya), west of Kirov (Kotelnich-1 - Sharya) and near Moscow (Alexandrov - Yaroslavl-Glavny).

Now we need to talk about dates. The date of the “start” of the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway is widely known - May 19 (31), 1891, when Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich, the future emperor, solemnly laid the first link of the Great Siberian Railway near Vladivostok, and also laid the first stone in the foundation of the Vladivostok station. Although this date is most likely just a symbol - since the actual start of work on the western side occurred a little earlier, in March 1891, when the construction of a rail track from Miass to Chelyabinsk began, chosen by the Committee for the Construction of the Siberian Railway as the starting point of the future Trans-Siberian Railway. In addition, the following raises reasonable questions: known fact: to the place where the Siberian Railway was laid in the Kuperovskaya Pad area of ​​Vladivostok, on that very day of May 19, Tsarevich Nicholas proceeded... along the rails, in a specially decorated carriage! This means that part of the route had already been laid before his arrival, and in fact, the Trans-Siberian Railway began to be built from the east earlier than May 19, 1891, if we strictly follow the historical truth.

July 1, 1903 - “the day of the official transition of the CER to permanent operation.” Speaking modern language, the then state commission finally “accepted” the object, albeit with some shortcomings (which are also described in this book). Thus, it became possible for transit traffic of regular trains along the entire length of the Great Siberian Route - from the capital of the empire, St. Petersburg, to the Pacific port of Vladivostok. What happened almost immediately - in July the first through Trans-Siberian carriages were organized, in which a passenger could travel without a change from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, and in August 1903, notices from the Chinese Eastern Railway Society about the opening of a through passenger carriage were published in the world press. traffic to Dalny (China) and Vladivostok.

Next are compared at a price of three different ways from London to Shanghai - via the Trans-Siberian Railway, by steamship through the Suez Canal and by steamship through Canada, and the conclusion is drawn: traveling by rail along the Great Siberian Road is one and a half times faster and almost half the price.

So, July 1, 1903 became the watershed between two transport eras - the old one, when the Far East was cut off from the rest of Russia in the sense of direct communication, and the new one, when the Trans-Siberian Railway connected the shores of the foggy Baltic and the Pacific Ocean by rail, when everything started working its component parts. True, there was a gap in the Baikal area - but a regular ferry-railway crossing Baikal - Mysovaya was organized there, and trains went through it.

Next date: October 16, 1905 the Circum-Baikal Road was accepted for permanent operation; and for the first time in history, regular trains were able to travel only on rails, without using ferries, from Western Europe and all the way to Vladivostok. But even before it was put into operation, military echelons going to the Russian-Japanese front passed through it.

And the last date, which marks the complete and final completion of the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway entirely across the territory of the Russian Empire, is October 5, 1916. It was on this day that train traffic was opened on the Amur Bridge, the largest in Eurasia at that time, in the Khabarovsk region, 2594 meters long.

Today the Trans-Siberian Railway is the largest highway in the world. It accounts for 70% of cargo transported by Russian railways. The Trans-Siberian Railway is capable of handling up to 160 thousand containers per year. To increase the attractiveness of the Trans-Siberian Railway for foreign carriers, it is necessary to improve traffic safety, improve service and reduce the cost of transportation. Solving these problems will make it possible to receive additional income from transit container transportation and switching freight flows between the Old World and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region to the Trans-Siberian Railway.

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(historical name) is a rail track connecting the European part of Russia with its central (Siberia) and eastern (Far East) regions.
The actual length of the Trans-Siberian Railway along the main passenger route (from Moscow to Vladivostok) is 9288.2 kilometers and by this indicator it is the longest on the planet. The tariff length (by which ticket prices are calculated) is slightly larger - 9298 km and does not coincide with the real one.
The Trans-Siberian Railway passes through the territory of two parts of the world. Europe accounts for about 19% of the length of the Trans-Siberian Railway, Asia - about 81%. The 1778th kilometer of the highway is accepted as the conventional border between Europe and Asia.

The issue of building the Trans-Siberian Railway has been brewing in the country for a long time. At the beginning of the 20th century, vast areas of Western and Eastern Siberia and the Far East remained isolated from the European part of the Russian Empire, so there was a need to organize a route along which one could get there with minimal time and money.

In 1857, the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia, Nikolai Muravyov-Amursky, officially raised the question of the need to build a railway on the Siberian outskirts of Russia.
However, it was only in the 1880s that the government began to resolve the issue of the Siberian Railway. They refused the help of Western industrialists and decided to build at their own expense and on their own.
In 1887, under the leadership of engineers Nikolai Mezheninov, Orest Vyazemsky and Alexander Ursati, three expeditions were organized to survey the route of the Central Siberian, Transbaikal and South Ussuri railways, which by the 90s of the 19th century had largely completed their work.
In February 1891, the Committee of Ministers recognized it as possible to begin work on the construction of the Great Siberian Route simultaneously on both sides - from Chelyabinsk and Vladivostok.

Emperor Alexander III considered the start of work on the construction of the Ussuri section of the Siberian Railway to be an extraordinary event in the life of the empire.
The official date for the start of construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway is considered to be May 31 (May 19, old style) 1891, when the heir to the Russian throne and future Emperor Nicholas II laid the first stone of the Ussuri Railway to Khabarovsk on the Amur near Vladivostok. The actual start of construction occurred somewhat earlier, at the beginning of March 1891, when construction of the Miass - Chelyabinsk section began.
The construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway was carried out in harsh natural and climatic conditions. Almost the entire length of the route was laid through sparsely populated or deserted areas, in impassable taiga. It crossed the mighty Siberian rivers, numerous lakes, areas of high swampiness and permafrost.

During the First World War and Civil War The technical condition of the road deteriorated sharply, after which restoration work began.
During the Great Patriotic War The Trans-Siberian Railway carried out the tasks of evacuating the population and enterprises from the occupied areas, uninterrupted delivery of goods and military contingents to the front, without stopping intra-Siberian transportation.
In the post-war years, the Great Siberian Railway was actively built and modernized. In 1956, the government approved a master plan for the electrification of railways, according to which one of the first electrified routes was to be the Trans-Siberian Railway on the section from Moscow to Irkutsk. This was accomplished by 1961.

In the 1990s - 2000s, a number of measures were taken to modernize the Trans-Siberian Railway, designed to increase the capacity of the line. In particular, the railway bridge across the Amur near Khabarovsk was reconstructed, as a result of which the last single-track section was eliminated
In 2002, complete electrification of the highway was completed.

Currently, the Trans-Siberian Railway is a powerful double-track electrified railway line, equipped modern means information and communications.
In the east, through the border stations of Khasan, Grodekovo, Zabaikalsk, Naushki, the Trans-Siberian Railway provides access to the railway network of North Korea, China and Mongolia, and in the west, through Russian ports and border crossings with the former republics Soviet Union- to European countries.
The highway passes through the territory of 20 constituent entities of the Russian Federation and five federal districts. More than 80% of the country's industrial potential and major natural resources, including oil, gas, coal, timber, ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores, are concentrated in the regions served by the highway. There are 87 cities on the Trans-Siberian Railway, of which 14 are centers of constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
More than 50% of foreign trade and transit cargo is transported via the Trans-Siberian Railway.
The Trans-Siberian Railway is included as a priority route in communication between Europe and Asia in the projects of international organizations UNECE (UN Economic Commission for Europe), UNESCAP (UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific), OSJD (Organization for Cooperation between Railways).

The material was prepared based on information from open sources