All Russian Olympics for schoolchildren
ACCORDING TO HISTORY. CHILDREN STAGE. 5 III CLASS.
2017-2018 SCHOOL YEAR
Completion time: 45 minutes Total points - 100
Task 1. Arrange the dates in chronological order. (5 points) 1) 1945, 2) 998, 3) XVIII century, 4) 2017.
Task 2. Complete the test by choosing the correct answer (for each correct answer I point; 5 points in total).
What is the science of people's past called?
a) geography 6) history
What is a historical source?
a) a document whose validity has long expired;
6) a source, a spring in which water has come to the surface since ancient times; c) something that can tell us about people’s past.
What is an archive? Circle the correct letter. a) ancient records of past events
6) document storage
c) storage of antiques
In which city was the first museum opened in Russia?
a) in St. Petersburg b) in Moscow
What was the name of the first Russian chronicle?
c) in Suzdal
Task 3. On what principle are the rows formed? Give the correct answer (5 points for each correct answer. Total 15 points).
1. King, emperor, president, prime minister.
2.A. Nevsky, M. Kutuzov, A. Suvorov, K. Zhukov.
Ancient buildings, books, coins, household utensils.
Task 4. What or who is odd in the row? Identify the extra word and justify your answer (5 points: 2 6. - word, 3 6. - justification; total 15 points). 1.Kiev, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod.
2.Ivan Kalita, Peter I, Nicholas II.
3. Battle of Moscow, Battle of Stalingrad, Battle of Kursk, Battle of the Ice.
Task 5. Set dates and events (2 points for each correct answer; 10 points in total).
Task 6. Solve the historical crossword puzzle. Write the words in the cells (5 points
for every correct word; only 35 points).
An object manufactured, made by man. The first museum in Russia. 3. Weather record of historical events of ancient times
The science that studies the life and culture of ancient peoples based on surviving material monuments. The last period of the Stone Age, before the onset of the Metal Age. Opening up the earth to study those in the cultural layer
A place where objects of art, antiquities, scientific collections, etc. are collected, stored and displayed for viewing.
Task 7. Some of the historical figures who glorified Russia are depicted in
portraits? Sign their names.
(1 point for each correct answer; 5 points in total).
Fill in the missing words in the text (10 points).
During the period, people began to make durable dishes from
Later, such dishes were fired on fire. This is how it appeared
Craftsmen decorated the dishes with patterns and ornaments.
In the 4th millennium BC. e. was invented
The dishes made on it turned out even, smooth and beautiful.
For many millennia, people wore clothing made from skins or leaves and straw. During this period, man invented the simplest
An even row of threads was stretched vertically onto a wooden frame. To prevent the threads from getting tangled, pebbles were tied to their ends from below. Other threads were passed transversely through this row. This is how the first fabrics were woven.
Threads for weaving were twisted from
ANIMALS, FROM
invented
summary of other presentations“Development of agriculture and cattle breeding” - Neolithic Revolution. If the vessel fell into fire, the rods burned out. Rafts and boats. Ended about 12 thousand years ago glacial period. The earth was loosened with a wooden hoe - a stick with a strong knot. Animal domestication and cattle breeding. Children in the clan community were raised together. Grain harvest. The emergence of agriculture and cattle breeding. The clan community had common dwellings, tools, and food supplies.
“Ancient people on Earth” - Hunting of ancient people. Tribes. Chopped. Lesson assignment. Mastery of fire. Place of your home. Method of making fire. Human Origins. Flakes. The most ancient tools. Choose the correct answer. Animal bones. The use of fire changed people's lives. Ancient people. Austalopithecus.
“The Lifestyle of Ancient Man” - Mastery of Fire. Animal bones. Austalopithecus. Human Origins. Hunting of ancient people. Small pieces. Mastery of fire changed human life. Pithecanthropus. Flakes. Teacher's story. Ancient people. The most ancient tools. Fire. The most ancient people. Tribes.
“The Life of an Ancient Man” - The most ancient tools. Austalopithecus. The most ancient people. Needles and awl. Pithecanthropus. Friction. Chopped. People lived in herds. How did ancient people differ from animals? Mastery of fire. Hunting of ancient people. Flakes. Use of fire. Fire. Human Origins.
"The First Ancient People" - Flakes. Human Origins. The most ancient people. The first people appeared in East Africa. Australopithecus lived in trees. Pithecanthropus. Many tribes. Use of fire. Hunting of ancient people. Needles and awl. If the fire went out, the culprits were expelled. The most ancient tools. Tools. The choppers were fragile. Lesson assignment. Mastery of fire. Austalopithecines were small in stature.
“Species of Ancient People” - Homo heidelbergensis. Australopithecus africanus. The first almost indisputable example of Neanderthal art has been discovered. H. Erectus certainly already knew how to use fire. Body size increased sharply. Height and width - about 10 cm. Neanderthal culture. Australopithecus bahrelghazali. An important difference between all objects of Neanderthal art. Ardipithecus ramidus. Authors of a new kind. Homo erectus.
Today it is difficult for us to imagine our life without dishes. To ancient people for a long time I had to do without it. Your first dishes primitive began to make from bark and wood, weaving baskets from twigs. But all these dishes were inconvenient, you couldn’t cook in them, you couldn’t store liquids.
People tried to use all available materials to store food: shells, shells of large nuts, made bags from animal skins and, of course, hollowed out vessels from stone.
And only in the Neolithic era - in the last era of the Stone Age (approximately the 7th millennium BC) - was the first artificial material invented - refractory clay, from which they began to make ceramic dishes.
It is believed that pottery was invented by a woman. Women were more involved in housework, and they were the ones who had to take care of the safety of food. At first, wicker dishes were simply coated with clay. And, probably, by chance such dishes ended up not far from the fire. It was then that people noticed the properties of baked clay and began to make dishes from it.
To prevent the clay from cracking, sand, water, crushed stone, and chopped straw were added to it. There was no potter's wheel then. They made ropes from clay, placed them on top of each other in a spiral and squeezed them. To make the surface of the dishes more even, they smoothed them with grass. The damp dishes were covered with some flammable material and set on fire. In this way it was possible to burn the dishes from all sides.
The oldest ceramic dishes are simple in shape: the bottom is pointed, the walls widen towards the top and resemble an egg with the upper part cut off. The walls of the vessels are thick, rough, unevenly burned. But, already having such dishes, a person was able to significantly diversify his food, learned to cook porridge, soups, stews, fry in fat and oil, and boil vegetables.
Gradually, primitive potters improved their dishes; they became thinner and more perfect in shape. Ancient people sought to make it not only comfortable, but also beautiful. Various designs began to be applied to dishes. Rough dishes were covered with liquid clay and painted with mineral paints. Sometimes the pattern was scratched out with special sticks.
Most often, the dishes were decorated with various ornaments, these were geometric figures, dancing people, flower rosettes, animal figures.
In addition to the dishes, primitive people learned how to make stoves and hearths. Bread began to be cooked in ovens. A fire was lit inside the clay oven. The walls of the oven became hot, and when the fire died down, bread cakes were placed in it.
Development of trade in Russia
The 17th century was the most important stage in the development of market trade relations, the beginning of the formation of an all-Russian national market. In the grain trade, Vologda, Vyatka, Veliky Ustyug, and Kungur district acted as important centers in the north; southern cities - Orel and Voronezh, Ostrogozhsk and Korotoyak, Yelets and Belgorod; in the center - Nizhny Novgorod. By the end of the century, a grain market appeared in Siberia. Salt markets were Vologda, Sol Kama, Lower Volga; Nizhny Novgorod served as a transshipment and distribution point.
In the fur trade, a major role was played by Vychegda Salt, which lay on the road from Siberia, Moscow, Arkhangelsk, Svensk Fair near Bryansk, Astrakhan; V
the last third of the century - Nizhny Novgorod and the Makaryevskaya Fair, Yrbit (Irbit Fair) on the border with Siberia.
Flax and hemp were sold through Pskov and Novgorod, Tikhvin and Smolensk; the same goods and canvases - through the Arkhangelsk port. Leathers, lard, and meat were traded on a large scale in Kazan and Vologda, Yaroslavl and Kungur, and iron products in Ustyuzhna Zheleznopolskaya and Tikhvin. A number of cities, primarily Moscow, had trade relations with all or many regions of the country. Quite a few townspeople formed a special “merchant rank”, engaged exclusively in trade. The merchant class - the pre-bourgeoisie - was emerging.
The dominant position in trade was occupied by the townspeople, primarily guests and members of the living room and cloth hundreds. Large traders came from wealthy artisans and peasants. In the trading world, an outstanding role was played by guests from Yaroslavl - Grigory Nikitnikov, Nadya Sveteshnikov, Mikhailo Guryev, Muscovites Vasily Shorin and Evstafiy Filatyev, Dedinovo brothers Vasily and Grigory Shustov (from the village of Dedinova, Kolomensky district), Ustyug residents Vasily Fedotov-Guselnikov, Usov-Grudtsyn , Barefoot, Revyakins, etc. Traded various goods and in many places; trade specialization was poorly developed, capital circulated slowly, free funds and credit were absent, and usury had not yet become a professional occupation. The scattered nature of trade required many agents and intermediaries. Only towards the end of the century specialized trade appeared. For example, the Novgorod Koshkins exported hemp to Sweden, and from there they imported metals.
Retail trade took on a large scale in the cities (in shopping arcades and huts, from trays, benches and peddling). Township small traders walked around the counties with a body filled with various goods (peddlers); Having sold them, they bought canvas, cloth, furs, etc. from the peasants. Buyers emerged from among the peddlers. They connected peasants with the market.
Foreign trade operations with Western countries were carried out through Arkhangelsk, Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, Putivl, and the Svensk Fair. They exported leather and grain, lard and potash, hemp and furs, meat and caviar, linen and bristles, resin and tar, wax and matting, etc. They imported cloth and metals, gunpowder and weapons, pearls and precious stones, spices and incense, wine and lemons, paints and chemicals (vitriol, alum, ammonia, arsenic, etc.), silk and cotton fabrics, writing paper and lace, etc. Thus, they exported raw materials and semi-finished products, imported products of Western European manufacturing industry and colonial goods. 75% of foreign trade turnover came from Arkhangelsk - the only and also inconvenient port connecting Russia with Western Europe. Astrakhan played a leading role in eastern trade. It was followed by the Siberian cities of Tobolsk, Tyumen and Tara. The treasury and private traders conducted transactions with the countries of Central Asia and the Caucasus, Persia and the Mughal Empire in India. Since the end of the 17th century, especially after the conclusion of the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689), trade relations with China have been developing.
The competition of foreign merchants in the domestic market caused collective protests from less wealthy Russian merchants. In the 20s - 40s, they filed petitions, complaining that they “left their trades and therefore became impoverished and incurred great debts.” They demanded that the operations of foreigners be limited, and those who, despite the prohibitions of the Russian authorities, conducted retail trade, be expelled from the country.
Finally, in 1649, English merchants were banned from trading within the country, and then they were all expelled. The reason in the decree was explained simply and artlessly: the British “killed their sovereign King Charles to death.” A revolution took place in England, and its participants, led by Oliver Cromwell, executed their monarch, which in the eyes of the Russian court was a clearly reprehensible and unforgivable offense.
According to the Customs Charter of 1653, many small customs duties remaining from the time of feudal fragmentation were eliminated in the country. In return, a single ruble duty was introduced - 10 money per ruble, i.e. 5% from the purchase price of goods (1 ruble = 200 money). They took more from foreigners than from Russian merchants. The New Trade Charter of 1667 further strengthened protectionist tendencies in the interests of the Russian commercial and industrial class.