EASTERN TITLES (Noble titles). Shah (Persian شاه‎ - the title of the monarch in some countries of the Near and Middle East, the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal state (in the form of “padishah”)). Shahinshah (ancient Persian xšāyaθiya xšāyaθiyānām, Persian شاهنشاه‎ - king of kings) - An ancient Persian (of Median origin, borrowed by the Achaemenids), later an Iranian monarchical title. The title was first adopted by the rulers of Iran from the Sassanid dynasty, but it dates back to the Achaemenid era title “xšāyaθiya xšāyaθiyānām”, therefore the first Shahanshah in Iran is called the Achaemenid king Cyrus II the Great. used intermittently for 2,500 years. The last Shahanshah of Iran was Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, overthrown in 1979 during the Islamic Revolution. Mohammed Reza's son Kir Pahlavi is considered by Iranian monarchists to be the legitimate Shahanshah. In Russian-language literature, the title Shahinshah is usually translated as "king of kings". when talking about ancient Persia, and is not translated when talking about modern Iran. A similar Greek title, Basileos Basileon, was adopted by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius after his victory over the Sassanids. The title of Shah existed in some countries of the Near and Middle East. The last Shahs of the 20th century were overthrown in Afghanistan in 1973 and in Iran in 1979. For the first time (in the form “shahanshah”) it began to be used in the Sassanid state. Goes back to the Achaemenid title “xšāyaθiya xšāyaθiyānām” - “king of kings” (similar titles are known from earlier times; the first known “king of kings” (šar šarrāni) was the Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta I, reigned c. 1244-1207 BC. e.). One of the earliest known examples of such principalities in Europe was Danube Bulgaria, ruled by a khan or khan from at least the 7th to the 9th century AD. It should be noted that the use of the title "khan" by the rulers of this state is not directly attested in inscriptions and texts; the only such name, Kanasubidi, was found exclusively in the inscriptions of three successive Bulgarian rulers, namely Krum, Omurtag and Malamir. The title Khan came into use when the Mongol tribal leader, Temuijin, proved himself to be a military genius by creating the Mongol Empire, the largest empire on earth ever to exist. He bore the title of khagan "Khan of Khans" (as in the Persian Shahanshah meaning King of Kings). After the death of the last Mongol emperor, the empire began a process of gradual disintegration, and his successors initially retained the title "khan". Khan was also the name of the rulers of various breakaway states later reunited into Iran, for example 1747 – 1808. Khanate of Ardabil (in northwestern eastern Iran and west of the southwestern Caspian Sea), 1747 – 1813. Khanate of Khoy (northwestern Iran, north of Lake Urmia), 1747 – 1829. Khanate of Maku (in northwestern Iran, northwest of Khoy, and 60 miles south of Yerevan, Armenia), 1747 – 1790. Khanate of Sarab (northwest east of Iran), 1747 - 1800 Khanate of Tabriz (capital of Iranian Azerbaijan). There were various small khanates in and around the Caucasus. In modern Armenia there was the Khanate of Yerevan. Various khanates existed in Azerbaijan, including Baku (the modern capital of the state), Ganja, Javad, Quba, Salyan, Shakki and Shirvan, Talish (1747-1814); Nakhchivan and Karabakh. The title Khan of Khans was among the numerous titles used by the Sultans of the Ottoman Empire, as well as by the rulers of the Golden Horde and its descendant states. The title Khan was also used in the Seljuk Turkish dynasties of the Middle East to designate the head of a variety of tribes, clans, or nations. Padishah, (Padshah, Padeshah, Badishah or Badshah) is a very prestigious title, which is composed of the Persian words Pati "owner" and the famous title Shah "King", which was adopted by several Islamic monarchies, being the highest title of a ruler, roughly equivalent to the Christian Emperor or the Ancient Concept of the Great King. The rulers of the following major Muslim empires bore the title of Padishah: Shahanshah of Iran (King of the Kings of Persia), also recognized by some Shia Muslims as the rightful Caliph (a claim for universal Aryan rule, as their Zoroastrian and Sasanian predecessors often expressed their state as "Iran"). The Grand Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, also holding the title of Caliph (the highest religious title, signifying the successor of the Prophet Mohammed), was recognized by the majority of Sunni Muslims; his Persian main rival was a Shiite)). Throughout most of the Indian subcontinent, Sultan Mungal of Delhi as the head of the vast Mongal Empire. This title was also used by Muslim rulers throughout smaller parts of the subcontinent. In Afghanistan, Ahmed Shah Duranni founded the Duranni Empire in 1747, taking the title of Padishah. After Sadozai's overthrow in 1823, there was a brief restoration of the title by Shah Shoja in 1839. The title was not used after his assassination in 1842 until 1926, when Khan Amanullah revived the title of Padishah from 1937, but in 1973 the Afghan monarchy used the title of Emir or Malik. The last Basha Bey of Tunisia, Muhammad (VIII) Al-Amin (ruled from May 15, 1943), assumed the supreme title of Padshah on March 20, 1956, and held it until July 25, 1957. The major prestige of this title in the Islamic world, and even beyond it, is clearly evident from business relations Ottoman Empire with (predominantly Christian) European states. As the Europeans and Russians gradually drove the Turks out of the Balkans, Central Asia, and the Caucasus, they even insisted on using the title "Padishah" for themselves in the Turkish versions of agreements with the High Ottoman Porte, as confirmation that their Christian emperors were in all diplomatic and protocol traditions equal to the Turkish ruler. The compound title Padshah-i-Ghazi or "Victory Emperor" was used by only two individual rulers: H.M. Shah Ahmad, bore the title Padishah-i-Ghazi, Dur-i-Durran Padshah of Khorasan (modern Afghanistan) (Padshah-i-Ghazi, Dur-i-Durran (“pearl of pearls”)) 1747 – 1772 H.H. Rustam-i- Dauran Aristu-i-Zaman, Asaf Jan IV, Muzaffar ul-Mamalyuk, Nizam ul-Malk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Farkhunda Ruler Ali Khan, Sipah Salar, Faz Yang, Ain Waffadar Fidvi-i-Senlina, Iqtidar-i -Kishwarsitan Muhammad Akbar Shah Padshah-i-Ghazi, Nizam of Hyderabad 1829 – 1857 MALIK - melik (Arabic ruler, ruler, king, king, monarch), before the emergence of Islam, the ruler of the Arab states of the Ghassanids and Lakhmids, the head of the confederation. tribes in Central Arabia and some tribes of South-East Arabia, a representative of the tribal nobility. Ilkhan is the title of the highest rulers of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples. It is first found in sources as the title of Bumyn, the founder of the Turkic Khaganate (552). rulers of the Hulaguid state in the Middle East (XIII-XIV centuries). The title is formed from the Turkic words el/il (“people”) + khan and literally means “ruler of nations.” The more precise meaning depends on the understanding of the term el/il, which is interpreted differently by different researchers. Vizier (also wazir, vezer, vizier, vizier; Arabic وزير‎‎ - “minister”) is the title of the first (chief) ministers and senior dignitaries in many eastern states, the head of the entire administration, both military and civil. The word “vizier” comes from Pahlavi - vih’r (arbiter/one who decides). Traditionally, the term “vizier” is used to refer to similar positions, for which some eastern countries had (or still have) their own original names, for example, “chati” in Ancient Egypt. In the Khazar Kaganate, the title of vizier (wazir) was held by the commander of the Khorezm mercenary guard Al-larisiya. In the Ottoman Empire, the great, or supreme, Vezir (vezir-i azam, sadr-azam) headed the government (Porto) and the state council (Diwan); promulgated the sultan's decrees (fermana), issued decrees (irade) on behalf of the sultan, signed peace treaties; with the liquidation of the Sultanate in Turkey (1922), this position was abolished. Atabek, or atabey (a composite of two Turkic words “ata” - father and “bey”, or “bek” - leader) - a hereditary title among the Seljuks, which meant that the person who wore it was the governor of a country or province, accountable to the monarch - and often - performing the duties of a regent for a minor heir, or the heirs of the late sovereign. Sometimes atabeks married widowed mothers of the master’s sons entrusted to their care. Sometimes atabeks became independent rulers, and even entire dynasties of atabeks emerged. As an example of such an autocratic atabek, one can take Imad-ed-Din Zangi. Beylerbey (beglerbeg or beklerbek) (from Tur. Beylerbeyi, lit. bek of all begs) - a governor in the Safavid state and in the Ottoman Empire, subordinate only to the monarch (shah and sultan, respectively), combining civil and military power in his hands. He headed an administrative-territorial unit (beylerbey or beylerbey). Elected from the khans. This title and governance structure existed later, under the Afshar, Zend and Qajar dynasties, as well as in Ottoman Turkey and the Golden Horde. In the territory of Transcaucasia under the Safavids there were 4 beylerbeys - Tabriz (Azerbaijan), Chukhur-Saad (Erivan), Karabakh and Shirvan. On the territory of the Ottoman Empire there were 2 beylerbeys (eyalets) - Rumelia (European) and Anatolia (Asian). October revolution Most of the Murzas emigrated. Murza is the highest layer of the Turkic nobility. In Russia these were princes. It is known that many of the largest noble families of Russia, including princely ones, were proud of the fact that they descended from noble Tatar clans The Golden Horde and its successors - various Tatar khanates and principalities. Such nobles, descended from Tatar princes and princes, were called both princes and murzas. If we talk about the Kazan Khanate, then we can say the following that the princes in the Kazan Khanate comprised 4 groups - emirs, biks, murzas and foreign sovereign princes. The emirs, whose number was limited to a few individuals - one member each of the noblest families, occupied hereditary positions in Karachi. A peculiarity of the nobility among the Kazan Tatars, as well as among other Turkish peoples, was that the father's title was inherited only to the eldest son, while the younger sons did not inherit either the title or the privileges of the father. After the emirs, the biks came in order of nobility: the younger sons of the biks had the title “Murza” or “Mirza” - a word made up of the Persian “emir” (prince) and “zade” (son), i.e. son of a prince. The composition of the titled aristocracy in the Kazan Khanate was quite diverse. This included, first of all, local Bulgarian princes, representatives of the old native aristocracy, which included the famous biks Altun, Galim and Ali. Then a number of princely Crimean families joined, who came from Crimea along with Ulu Muhammad, for example, the Shirin family of emirs. Subsequently, the composition of the princes was constantly replenished and updated - the Siberian princes (Rast with his sons, Kebek, etc.), Nogai (Zenket), Kasimov (Murza Nyr-Ali Gorodetsky), Crimean (Murza Begadur, Prince Chelbak, etc.) and others joined here. etc. Such a title, Murza, was completely obsolete in a short time, because its purpose did not correspond to anything in this society. Bek, run, bik, bai, biy, bi, bey (Turkic bәy, bəy) - a noble title among some peoples of the Middle East and Central Asia, a category of the privileged population. A synonym for the Arabic “emir”, it corresponds to the titles prince, ruler, master. The title bek initially, in tribal relations among the ancient Turks, was the head of the clan and headed the clan militia as part of the general tribal army, headed by the khan. The title was first mentioned in the 14th century, when the Khan of the Golden Horde, Uzbek Khan, awarded the title “beg” to the Mongol feudal lords, the Noyons, who converted to Islam. Later it acquired other meanings (see below), and also spread among other peoples. Title of nobility in the countries of the Near and Middle East. The Turkic peoples of Central Asia and Transcaucasia in the Middle Ages and Modern times had the title of landowner. In Turkey, from the second half of the 19th century century and in Azerbaijan, a respectful form of address. In Tunisia in 1705-1957 hereditary ruler. In Dagestan, the bek is higher in rank than the chanka: the latter are children from an unequal marriage, when the father is a khan or bek (prince), and the mother is an uzdenka (noblewoman), or the father is an uzden (nobleman), and the mother is a biyke (princess). Often the title "bek" was added to the name as an example; Alburi-bek, Aselder-bek. In some areas of Iran, the title of tribal rulers. In the Armenian melikdoms of Karabakh, the youngest sons of meliks (princes) were called beks. In Bashkortostan, Bashkirs-patrimonial people who owned large livestock, land or capital became bays. Some bai had hereditary titles (biy, prince, murza, tarkhan, khan). The bai had preferential rights in land ownership and use and used the labor of the poorest segments of the population. The bai led tribes, clans and clan divisions, organized kurultai, yiyyns, etc. Beklyarbek was the manager of the region, the internal ulus. One of the two main administrative positions in the Golden Horde. Beklyarbek was Nogai under Khan Mengu-Timur and Mamai under Khan Berdibek. His functions included leadership of the army, foreign affairs and the supreme court. Vali - a position in the administration of Islamic countries, corresponding to the position of governor of a province or other administrative unit into which the country is divided. The position has been known since the 7th century, from the very beginning of the formation of the Islamic state apparatus. The wali were the governors of the caliphs in the newly conquered lands and were directly appointed by them. Subsequently, as the central government weakened, the wali gained significant autonomy and some of them became the founders of independent Muslim dynasties. In the Late Middle Ages and Modern Times, the governors (governors) of the provinces of the Ottoman Empire were called wali, and the provinces themselves were called vilayets. In Egypt, Muhammad Ali and his successors used the title wali from 1805 to 1866 before accepting the title of Khedive. Currently, the term wali as a title for the position of provincial governor is used in a number of Islamic countries, including Afghanistan, Algeria, Morocco, Oman, Tunisia, Turkey and Turkmenistan. Inal (їnal/inäl) is an ancient Turkic title with two main interpretations of the term: “. 1. The son of a woman from the khan’s family and a commoner; a person of noble birth; high-born; 2. title, position. II. ...proper name" About the term inal interesting messages Early medieval authors were cited by S. M. Akhinzhanov: “Mahmud of Kashgar has information for the beginning of the 11th century. about the existence among the Kipchaks of a certain khan named Inal Uz. Inal is one of the Turkic titles and means heir to the throne.” Kazasker was a member of the State Divan (Divan-i Humayun), where he examined court cases and complaints that came for consideration; The Casasker's decision was final. For the performance of their duties, the casaskers held land grants (arpalyk estates) and received a salary. In 1481, two casasque positions were established in the empire. The European possessions of the Sultan were subject to the decisions of the Rumelian Casasker, and the Asian and African parts of the state were subject to the decisions of the Anatolian. The post of Kasasker of Anatolia was once occupied by Baki, the court poet of Suleiman the Magnificent. After the military-administrative reforms carried out by Sultan Mahmud II in the 1820-1830s, the position of kazasker lost its former significance, but as one of the highest Ottoman titles it existed until 1922, when Turkey was declared a republic. Kaymakam (Turkish kaymakam, Crimean catat. qaymaqam, Ottoman. قائم مقام‎ from Arabic. قائم مقام‎‎ “locum tenens, governor, deputy”) - in Turkey, Northern Cyprus and Lebanon, and earlier in the Ottoman Empire the head of the district administration ( tur. ilçe, Osman. kaza) - administrative-territorial unit of the second level. Pasha (abbreviated Persian “padishah”; Turkish paşa, Ottoman پاشا‎ - paşa, from Persian پادشاه‎, dating back to the other Persian pāti-xšāya- - ruler) is a high title in the political system of the Ottoman Empire. Goes back to the title of infantry, applied to provincial governors back in the Assyrian and Old Persian empires and mentioned in the Bible. As a rule, governors or generals were called pashas. As an honorific title, "pasha" is roughly equivalent to "sir" or "mister". Only Ottoman Sultan and (by delegation) the Khedives of Egypt could bestow the title of Pasha. Initially, the title was used exclusively for military leaders, but was later devalued and could be applied to any high-ranking official or general outsider who was awarded such an honor. Above the pashas stood the khedives and viziers, below - the beys. There were pashas of three degrees - beylerbey pasha, mirmiran pasha and mirliva pasha, which was marked by the number of horse tails (bunchug), peacock tails or yak tails; four tails were worn only by the sultan himself as the supreme military leader. Sanjak Bey, Sanjak Bey (Turkish Sancak Beyi) - the ruler of the sanjak, a military-administrative unit in the Ottoman Empire. The sanjak corresponds to the district, and the ruler of the sanjak was at the same time the head of its armed forces. The word "sanjak" literally meant "banner". This word defined the military formation that a given sanjak fielded. Accordingly, the ruler of the sanjak was also considered the commander of this military detachment. Sanjak Bey had the same rights as Beyler Bey, but was subordinate to Beyler Bey. His rights extended only within his district. The responsibilities of the sanjak bey also included chasing bandits, prosecuting heretics, and providing weapons and food for the army and navy. Bey, biy is a Turkic title and rank, military and administrative, originally coming from the common Turkic title bək - leader. In the original version, it meant the leader of a clan within a tribe, the head of which was the khan. He led the clan militia in the general tribal army. In the general hierarchy of ancient Turkic titles he came second after the khan. As usual in Turkic languages, this title has a direct parallel in terms defining family relationships - husband, spouse, head of the family. Initially the head of an independent clan, tribal and even political (state) territorial unit. In later Turkic languages ​​there was a concept of “beglerbegi”, which meant an administrative position. In large Turkic political associations - kaganates, sultanates, etc. - beg (bey) occupied a certain hierarchical position among titled administrators. In the Ottoman Empire, the descending sequence was as follows (although not at all times) - pasha, bey, aga, effendi. The title of bey as an individualized title could be worn by princes (lords) of Moldavia, Wallachia, Tunisia, the islands of Samos, etc. In modern Turkey and Azerbaijan, as well as among the Crimean Tatars, the word “beat” acquired the meaning of a polite address to a respected person (analogous to the European addresses master, mister, monsieur, sir, sir, etc.). d.). Among the Kumyks, Karachais, Balkars: biy is a prince; ullu-biy - senior prince. Among the steppe nomads of Central Asia, in particular among the Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Karakalpaks, as well as among the Altaians and Nogais, the word biy in the past was an addition to the name, for example Tole biy, Aiteke biy, Kazybek biy, Kokym-biy Karashorin, Sasyk-biy and so on. This addition to the name was awarded only to judges: for example, judges guided by the provisions of the codified steppe law of Zheta Zhargy (Seven Provisions). Among the Bashkirs, the word “biy” meant a person who was essentially the head of the tribe, for example, Muiten-biy, Mikey-biy. Naib (Arabic: نائب‎‎ - deputy, authorized, governor) - in medieval Muslim states, the position of deputy or assistant to some boss or clergy, sometimes - the head of the local police, the foreman of a rural community. The word “naib” (Arabic: نائب‎‎) translated from Arabic means “deputy”. The word comes from “naba” (Arabic ناب‎‎ - “to take someone’s place”, “to replace someone”). Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) is the duty of every Muslim man and woman. Sometimes it happens that a Muslim has the means to perform the Hajj but for some reason cannot do it (for example, due to poor health). Islam allows a person who is unable to perform the Hajj himself to authorize another person (naib) to perform it. The Naib should take money only to cover his daily, vital expenses. The goal of the naib should be to perform all the rituals of Hajj in place of the person who sent him, and under no circumstances should he go to Mecca for the purpose of trade and other matters. The Naib's expenses are borne by the person who sent the Naib on Hajj in his place.

Eastern title of nobility

The first letter is "b"

Second letter "e"

Third letter "y"

The last letter of the letter is "th"

Answer for the question "Eastern title of nobility", 3 letters:
hit

Alternative crossword questions for the word hit

Title of senior officers and officials in Sultan Turkey

Definition of the word beat in dictionaries

Wikipedia Meaning of the word in the Wikipedia dictionary
Bey is a polysemantic word: Bey is a Turkic title and rank, military and administrative, coming originally from the common Turkic title "bək" - leader. Bey is an imperative mood from the Russian verb “beat”, used in the titles of many films and other...

Dictionary Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova. The meaning of the word in the dictionary Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.
-ya and BEK, -a, m. Title of small feudal rulers and officials in certain countries of the Near and Middle East (until 1917 also in Transcaucasia and Central Asia), as well as the person holding this title; adding to the name in meaning. Mr.

Big Soviet Encyclopedia The meaning of the word in the dictionary Great Soviet Encyclopedia
title of tribal and then feudal nobility in the countries of the Near and Middle East: see Running.

New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova. The meaning of the word in the dictionary New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
m. Title of tribal and feudal nobility, officials - rulers of regions, military leaders, etc. (in the countries of the Near and Middle East). A person holding such a title. Mister (used after a proper name as a form of polite address or reference)....

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov The meaning of the word in the dictionary Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. D.N. Ushakov
Beya, m. (Turkish bey). In old Turkey - the title of a minor vassal prince; now - an addition to the name, in the meaning. Mr.

Examples of the use of the word beat in literature.

It took about an hour on horseback to get from the Oman estate bey get to Daulad Abaza, a tiny town that all residents of nearby places considered something like a capital.

It was a desire, at least for a while, to get rid of endless waiting, questions, counting the hours and minutes that would be needed for the name of the winner to reach first Maimana, then Dualad Abaza, and then Osman Bey.

In the evening, when Aivazovsky entered the classroom, someone threw a coat over his head, someone turned off the electricity, then a cry was heard: - Bay!

Bey They treat her to irimchik and ayran, and ask her about the Pavlodar uprising.

Later we learned that Brigadier Takh Bey transferred to a secondary post in Asyut, in southern Egypt.

Aristocracy of Japan

The court ARISTOCRACY (kuge) is one of the most mysterious social strata of feudal Japan. Much less is known about him than about the military-feudal nobility - the Buke.

Its history can be divided into three periods. The first period (VI-XII centuries), when with the emergence of the imperial court a court aristocracy arose. Its golden age occurred during the Heian period (9th-12th centuries), when the brilliance, grandeur and influence of this elite of then Japan played a significant role in the formation of Japanese society and national culture.

The court rank system was introduced in Japan in 603 by Prince Shotoku. Subsequently, it was revised several times. In the 8th century The Taihoryo Code established a procedure for obtaining ranks that remained unchanged for a long time and was in effect until the Meiji Restoration. All courtiers, both men and women, received ranks.

One emperor had no rank. For members of the imperial family there was a special system that determined their position in the family. There were 4 gradations for them, membership in which depended on the degree of relationship with the imperial family. At first, all sons and brothers of the emperor received the title of sinno (closest relative of the monarch) and one of the highest ranks.

The constant expansion of the imperial family was a significant material problem for the imperial treasury, therefore, starting from the 9th century. Many sons and grandsons of emperors began to be given surnames and separate estates.

For courtiers there were eight ranks with the addition of an initial rank and with many divisions into stages and degrees, in combinations giving 30 gradations. With few exceptions, all holders of the first three ranks (“ki” - “noble”) and many holders of the fourth and fifth ranks constituted the court elite.

In the Japanese court, the assignment of rank usually preceded the holding of an official court position. The first five ranks were granted directly by the emperor, ranks six through eight were distributed by the imperial government and approved by the emperor. The initial ranks were at the complete disposal of the government. Every year on the fifth or sixth of January, the names of those who received ranks were announced in the presence of the emperor at the ceremony of awarding court ranks. On January 8th, every two years, a ceremony was held to award ranks to women.

With rare exceptions, holders of the first three ranks occupied all the highest positions at court: regents for child emperors, chancellors, chief minister of the government, minister of the left and minister of the right. Sometimes the same group included the middle minister and advisers of various ranks. This group constituted the top of the court aristocracy.

Holders of the fourth and fifth ranks served as officials under ministers, chiefs and senior officers of the emperor's security, and heads of various departments. Smaller positions were filled by those with the remaining low ranks.

The second period (XII-XIX centuries) is the time of the dominance of the samurai class, when the imperial court lived in Kyoto in isolation and apart, frozen in its faded, nominal greatness. It included the emperor's family, a small number of noble aristocratic houses - Fujiwara, Sugawara, Taira, Minamoto, Kiyowara, Abe, Urabe, etc., who had the right to serve at the imperial court, as well as the emperor's security officers.

The process of providing the emperor's numerous relatives with all conceivable and inconceivable benefits became noticeably more complicated after the emperor lost power and became financially dependent on the shoguns.

Since the number of princes was constantly increasing, at the beginning of the 17th century. A decree was issued that representatives of only three families would have the right to bear the title of Sinnoh and, in emergency circumstances, inherit the throne: Fushimi, Katsura and Arisugawa. In the 18th century to these was added the Cunneen family. They made up the four main branches of the imperial family, members of these families were considered princes of the blood. Since their number was rapidly increasing, some of them were obliged to become bonzes. There were 13 Buddhist temples, where the abbots were princes of the blood; they were deprived of their court ranks and removed from the court allowance.

Marriages between noble courtiers and members of the imperial family meant that eventually almost all the families of the court aristocracy were directly or indirectly related to the emperors.

Sometimes ranks were assigned to the most noble samurai.

The courtyard was not burdened with state affairs. The activities of the courtiers were purely traditional - intrigue with the aim of obtaining a higher rank and getting closer to the emperor, ceremony and etiquette, poetry, science and art, especially since the code for the court aristocracy “Kuge Shohatto” clearly stated: “They are promoted in ranks out of turn.” persons who have demonstrated scholarship, ability in service and talent in versification.”

The Emperor continued to perform the religious ritual of worshiping the main deity of the Shinto pantheon, the sun goddess Amaterasu, as well as rituals and ceremonies that had a centuries-old tradition, such as those associated with planting rice and harvesting crops.

One way or another, the imperial court performed its functions as a guardian and bearer of traditional culture regularly.

Kyoto remained the center of traditional culture, even without being the residence of rulers.

The third period (19th-20th centuries), from the Meiji Restoration until the adoption of the Japanese Constitution in 1946, when the system of court ranks began to gradually become simpler. From 1869 to 1887, the number of court ranks was reduced from 30 to 16. An imperial decree of 1872 abolished all feudal titles and ranks and established three classes: the aristocracy (kazoku), the nobility (shizoku) and the common people (heimin).

In 1884, the government introduced five European-style aristocratic titles: prince, marquis, count, viscount and baron. New titles were granted to kuge, daimyo, and some samurai. After 1889, members of the imperial family stopped receiving ranks, and in 1946, by decision of the Cabinet of Ministers, the awarding of court ranks was abolished.

Chinese aristocracy

The Chinese aristocracy has one very important feature- neither origin nor personal wealth gave any rights or privileges. In other words, even if you were the first rich man in the city, . In medieval China, the aristocracy was actually tied to the bureaucracy and had a fairly significant dependence on it. The influence of the aristocracy on politics largely depended on the rank and position held by representatives of a particular aristocratic clan.
In addition, the aristocracy in China was not actually an established class; it did not have any legal formalization of its rights and obligations.
The aristocrats could accept such a position only because the close connection and subordination to the state guaranteed the preservation of the basis of the aristocracy - birth.
And here the so-called “shadow institution” comes to the fore. “Giving shade” in medieval China meant “the opportunity, in accordance with the significance of rank, to provide patronage and protection to one’s sons, as well as grandchildren and great-grandchildren.”

An interesting system of ranks was used in relation to the female relatives of the emperor. The emperor's aunts "Da Zhang Gongzhu", sisters "Zhang Gongzhu" and his daughters "Gong Zhu" had the rank of the first category. The wives and mothers of officials depended on the ranks of their men - husbands and sons. They were called “guo furen”.

Belonging to the aristocratic class was also evident in clothing. They wore robes belted with a wide belt with long sleeves hanging down to the floor. The dressing gown was decorated with dragon embroideries.
Each class had its own robes. The robe that belonged to an aristocratic person was distinguished by the quantity and quality of the fabric, color and the presence of embroidery and other decorations.

Khan is a sovereign (from sovereign, independent ruler) and military title to designate a ruler in Altaic languages. The title originally came from the Turkish language, meaning the tribal leaders of the Mongols and Turks. This title now has many equivalent meanings, such as commander, leader, or ruler. Now the Khans exist mainly in South Asia, Central Asia and Iran. Female alternative titles are Khatun, Khatan and Khanum.

The Khan rules the Khanate (sometimes written as Khanate). The Khan heads the ruling dynasty, and is the ruler in a monarchical state. The Khan is also sometimes perceived in the European sense as a king or prince, but this is wrong. Initially, the khans only headed relatively minor tribal domains, in the vast Eurasian steppe, where the tribes led a largely nomadic lifestyle.

Some khans managed to establish small principalities because their armed forces could and, repeatedly, proved that they posed a serious threat to empires such as China, Rome and Byzantium.

One of the earliest known examples of such principalities in Europe was Danube Bulgaria, ruled by a khan or khan from at least the 7th to the 9th century AD. It should be noted that the use of the title "khan" by the rulers of this state is not directly attested in inscriptions and texts; the only such name, Kanasubidi, was found exclusively in the inscriptions of three successive Bulgarian rulers, namely Krum, Omurtag and Malamir.

The title Khan came into use when the Mongol tribal leader, Temuijin, proved himself to be a military genius by creating the Mongol Empire, the largest empire on earth ever to exist. He bore the title of khagan "Khan of Khans" (as in the Persian Shahanshah meaning King of Kings). After the death of the last Mongol emperor, the empire began a process of gradual disintegration, and his successors initially retained the title "khan".

Khan was also the name of the rulers of various breakaway states later reunited into Iran, for example 1747 - 1808. Khanate of Ardabil (in northwestern eastern Iran and west of the southwestern Caspian Sea), 1747 - 1813. Khanate of Khoy (northwestern Iran, north of Lake Urmia), 1747 - 1829. Khanate of Maku (in northwestern Iran, northwest of Khoy, and 60 miles south of Yerevan, Armenia), 1747 - 1790. Khanate of Sarab (northwest east of Iran), 1747 - 1800 Khanate of Tabriz (capital of Iranian Azerbaijan).

There were various small khanates in and around the Caucasus. In modern Armenia there was the Khanate of Yerevan. Various khanates existed in Azerbaijan, including Baku (the modern capital of the state), Ganja, Javad, Quba, Salyan, Shakki and Shirvan, Talish (1747-1814); Nakhchivan and Karabakh.

The title Khan of Khans was among the numerous titles used by the Sultans of the Ottoman Empire, as well as by the rulers of the Golden Horde and its descendant states. The title Khan was also used in the Seljuk Turkish dynasties of the Middle East to designate the head of a variety of tribes, clans, or nations.

Padishah

Padishah, (Padshah, Padeshah, Badishah or Badshah) is a very prestigious title, which is composed of the Persian words Pati "owner" and the famous title Shah "King", which was adopted by several Islamic monarchies, being the highest title of a ruler, roughly equivalent to the Christian Emperor or the Ancient Concept of the Great King.

The rulers of the following major Muslim empires bore the title of Padishah:

* Shahanshah of Iran (King of the Kings of Persia), also recognized by some Shia Muslims as the rightful Caliph (demand for universal Aryan rule, as their Zoroastrian and Sassanid predecessors often expressed their state as "Iran".
* The Grand Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, also held the title of Caliph (the highest religious title, signifying the successor of the Prophet Mohammed), was recognized by the majority of Sunni Muslims; his Persian main rival was a Shiite)).
* Across most of the Indian subcontinent, Sultan Mungal of Delhi as the head of the vast Mongal Empire. This title was also used by Muslim rulers throughout smaller parts of the subcontinent.
* In Afghanistan, Ahmed Shah Duranni founded the Duranni Empire in 1747, taking the title of Padishah. After Sadozai's overthrow in 1823, there was a brief restoration of the title by Shah Shoja in 1839. The title was not used after his assassination in 1842 until 1926, when Khan Amanullah revived the title of Padishah from 1937, but in 1973 the Afghan monarchy used the title of Emir or Malik.
* The last Basha Bey of Tunisia, Muhammad (VIII) Al-Amin (ruled from May 15, 1943), assumed the supreme title of Padshah on March 20, 1956, and held it until July 25, 1957.

The major prestige of this title in the Islamic world, and even beyond it, is clearly evident from the Ottoman Empire's dealings with (predominantly Christian) European states. As the Europeans and Russians gradually drove the Turks out of the Balkans, Central Asia, and the Caucasus, they even insisted on using the title "Padishah" for themselves in the Turkish versions of agreements with the High Ottoman Porte, as confirmation that their Christian emperors were in all diplomatic and protocol traditions equal to the Turkish ruler.

The compound title Padshah-i-Ghazi or "Victory Emperor" was used by only two individual rulers:

*H.M. Shah Ahmad, bore the title Padishah-i-Ghazi, Dur-i-Durran Padshah of Khorasan (modern Afghanistan) (Padshah-i-Ghazi, Dur-i-Durran ("pearl of pearls)) 1747 - 1772.
*H.H. Rustam-i-Dauran Aristu-i-Zaman, Asaf Jan IV, Muzaffar ul-Mamalyuk, Nizam ul-Malk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Farkhunda Ruler Ali Khan, Sipah Salar, Faz Yang, Ain Waffadar Fidwi-i-Senlina , Iqtidar-i-Kishwarsitan Muhammad Akbar Shah Padshah-i-Ghazi, Nizam of Hyderabad 1829 - 1857

Murza

Murza is an aristocratic title in Tatar states such as the Kazan, Astrakhan and Crimean Khanates. After the capture of Kazan by Russian troops in 1552, some Murzas went into Russian service, and some were executed. Some Murzas lost their land holdings and became merchants. During the reign of Catherine the Great, the Murzas were given equal rights with the Russian nobility. After the October Revolution, most of the Murzas emigrated. Murza is the highest layer of the Turkic nobility. In Russia these were princes. It is known that many of the largest noble families of Russia, including princely ones, were proud of the fact that they descended from the noble Tatar families of the Golden Horde and its heirs - various Tatar khanates and principalities. Such nobles, descended from Tatar princes and princes, were called both princes and murzas.
If we talk about the Kazan Khanate, then we can say the following that the princes in the Kazan Khanate comprised 4 groups - emirs, biks, murzas and foreign sovereign princes. The emirs, whose number was limited to a few individuals - one member each of the noblest families, occupied hereditary positions in Karachi. A peculiarity of the nobility among the Kazan Tatars, as well as among other Turkish peoples, was that the father's title was inherited only to the eldest son, while the younger sons did not inherit either the title or the privileges of the father. After the emirs, the biks came in order of nobility: the younger sons of the biks had the title “Murza” or “Mirza” - a word made up of the Persian “emir” (prince) and “zade” (son), i.e. son of a prince. The composition of the titled aristocracy in the Kazan Khanate was quite diverse. This included, first of all, local Bulgarian princes, representatives of the old native aristocracy, which included the famous biks Altun, Galim and Ali. Then a number of princely Crimean families joined, who came from Crimea along with Ulu Muhammad, for example, the Shirin family of emirs. Subsequently, the composition of the princes was constantly replenished and updated - the Siberian princes (Rast with his sons, Kebek, etc.), Nogai (Zenket), Kasimov (Murza Nyr-Ali Gorodetsky), Crimean (Murza Begadur, Prince Chelbak, etc.) and others joined here. etc.
Such a title, Murza, was completely obsolete in a short time, because its purpose did not correspond to anything in this society.

Maharaja

The word Maharaja comes from Sanskrit, and means "great king" or "high king" (karmadharaya from mahant "great" and rajan "king". Due to the strong influence of Sanskrit in most languages ​​in India, the term "Maharaja" is common in many new languages, such as Bengali, Hindi, Gujrati, etc. Its use primarily characterizes Hindu rulers (rulers or sovereigns). The female equivalent of this title is Maharani, denoting either the wife of a Maharaja or, in states. , where it was common for a woman to rule the state, the head of state. The term Maharaj also denotes certain noble and religious titles.

On the eve of independence in 1947, India (including modern Pakistan) included more than 600 kingdoms, each with its own ruler, often called a Raja or Thakur (if the ruler was a Hindu) or a Nawab (if he was a Muslim). The British directly ruled 2/3 of the kingdoms of India, the rest were under indirect rule by the above-mentioned princes under significant influence of British representatives.

The title of Maharaja was not common before the British colonization of India, after which many Rajas and other Hindu rulers were elevated to the title of Maharaja, regardless of the fact that many of these new Maharajas ruled small states. The two Rajas who became Maharajas in the twentieth century were the Maharaja of Cochin and the legendary Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala.

*Variations of this title include: Maha-, great" with an alternate form of Raja "king", so all subsequent titles imply "Great King": Maharana (as in Udaipur), Maharawal (as in Dungarpur/Jaisalmer), Maharavat (Pratapgarh) ), Maharao (as in Kota, Bundi) and Maharaol (as in Bariya).
* The title "Maharaja" has been changed in spelling due to changes in time. This title was even shortened to "Maharaj" and "Maraj".
* Dharma Maharaja was the ecclesiastical title of the rulers of the Ganga dynasty.

It was very common in the Mughal Empire to reward various princes (hereditary or not) with a number of high titles. Many of them were based on the title of Maharaja:

* Mr. Maharajadhiraja
* Maharajadhiraja: Great prince above princes.
* Sawai Maharaja
* Mister Maharaja

Like Raja and various other titles, Maharaja served as a title that was repeatedly awarded to celebrities not descended from ruling dynasties.