Address is a word or combination of words that names the one to whom or what is addressed in speech. Most often it acts as a noun in the nominative case. It is very important to distinguish it from the subject, as this will help you punctuate the address sentence correctly. 5th grade faces with punctuation problems. It can be not only a noun, but also any other part of speech in its meaning, for example, an adjective, adverb, etc. After reading the article, a 5th grade student can easily cope with this topic by composing sentences independently.
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How not to confuse the address with the subject
One of the most common problems that entails a punctuation problem is confusion with the definition of sentence members.
Compare two sentences from works of Russian literature:
Tell me, uncle, it’s not for nothing... (Lermontov, “Borodino”).
My uncle has the most honest rules... (Pushkin, “Eugene Onegin”).
In the first case the word“uncle” is separated by commas. In the second case, “uncle” is the subject and is not separated by commas.
If you are not sure whether to separate a noun or another part of speech in the meaning of a noun, follow these steps:
1. Find the subject and predicate. Highlight them with characteristic symbols(one straight line and two straight lines). For example:
My daughter washed the dishes.
Here the subject is daughter. Predicate - washed. By underlining two terms, you will clearly see that the subject is not an address. Let's try to make a proposal:
Daughter, wash the dishes!
In this case, the word “daughter” is separated by a comma. Imagine that a mother asked her daughter to wash the dishes and called her.
Remember: an appeal is not a part of a sentence! There are no exceptions. This word or part of a word is not part of the grammatical basis and is never the subject.
2. Say the sentence to yourself, trying to catch the intonation. The address does not sound like an ordinary subject. In the same example we looked at earlier, you can notice differences in intonation. For example:
Mom washed the dishes.
This example is pronounced without highlighting commas in a voice, i.e. in one breath, without stopping or breathing.
In the example:
Mom, will you wash the dishes?
You can clearly hear that the word “daughter” stands out intonationally. To distinguish the subject from the address, say the necessary example to yourself several times.
3. One detail to remember is the change in predicate. If the subject is expressed by a noun, then the predicate is in the third person:
My daughter washes the dishes.
If the noun- this is an appeal, then the sentence itself turns into a one-part one with a verb already in the second person:
Daughter, will you wash the dishes?
To avoid confusion, you can use the following tips:
- Often this is the name, animal name or designation. For example:
Ira, will you go out for a walk today?
Mom, I did my homework.
2. Geographical names are very often found in the works of great poets. When we refer to nature, mountains, rivers and other geographical objects, it is necessary to separate the word with commas:
I love you, my beloved city.
3. Set expressions with the words “Lord” and “God” are not isolated:
God forbid!
Lord have mercy.
Examples
The appeal can appear in any part of the sentence. At the same time, it is important to remember that it will be isolated in any case, no matter where it stands.
- At the beginning of the sentence:
Madam, the water in the Seine is very cold at this time (Paustovsky, “Precious Dust”).
2. The address in the middle is isolated on both sides.
Come on my friend, smile.
Well, Alina, how are you doing?
3. At the end the request is separated by a comma, and the sign at the end of the sentence is determined by intonation:
Keep me, my talisman (Pushkin).
Are you here, mom?
I love you, my country!
Nuances in the placement of punctuation marks
- Please note that a word or phrase may appear at the beginning of a sentence and be pronounced with an exclamatory intonation. In this case, the comma must be replaced with an exclamation point. Let's take sentences with appeal from fiction:
Old man! Forget about the past... (Lermontov).
Poet! do not value people’s love (Pushkin).
2. Sometimes the word at the beginning may be preceded by the particle o, which is also not a member of the sentence. The particle o is not separated by a comma:
O Sand, your age has died on the chopping block (Pushkin).
An interjection can easily be confused with a particle. The interjection about appears in the meaning of “ah”. According to the rules of the Russian language, the interjection is isolated:
Oh mom, did I do something wrong?
3. The following transformations occur when particles yes and a appear:
Oh, Lisa, it’s you! Come in.
There are a lot of rules in the Russian language that make it easier to work with spelling. Some of them are related to the correct writing of letters, others - to punctuation marks. Today we will consider such a concept as a proposal with an appeal. What is an appeal? How does it stand out? How does it combine with other words in a sentence?
General concept of conversion
An address is either a single word or a group of words that indicate the subject to whom the speech in the text is addressed. For example: “Polina, give me pudding and a cup of tea for tea.”
As a rule, a sentence with an appeal is distinguished by intonation. If you read this, you will immediately understand who it is addressed to. For example: “Ivan Karlovich, you are biting. Hurry up and pull out your fishing rod."
In more detail, in oral speech the address is usually distinguished by raising and lowering the voice. That is, if one word acts as an address, then its first syllable involves a rise in voice, and the next one – a decrease in voice. If the address is presented in several words, then the voice is raised on the first of them, and the voice is lowered on the last.
Where can the appeal appear in a sentence?
The address is always in the nominative case and is a noun. If we talk about its position in the text, then it can appear in a sentence:
- at first;
- in the middle;
- at the end.
Where is the appeal: examples
For example: “Svetlana, your pies seem to be burnt. There’s something smoking in your kitchen.” This sentence with an address clearly shows that the address - “Svetlana” - is at the very beginning of the phrase.
Another example: “Listen, Alexey Kondratyevich, there is an article about you in today’s press.” As can be seen from this sentence, the appeal is located in the center of the utterance. In this case, the address will be “Alexey Kondratyevich.”
For example: “How late you told me about the exam, Slavik. I won’t have time to prepare for it at all.” This sentence with an address (the word “Slavik”), as you can see, is at the very end.
How is the appeal highlighted in a sentence?
As it becomes clear from the examples, addresses are distinguished by punctuation marks. Moreover, if it stands at the beginning and is pronounced calmly, then on one side it is highlighted with a comma (the punctuation mark is placed after the address). If it has a similar location, but is pronounced with a special feeling, then an exclamation point is placed after it. For example: “Friends! We are pleased to tell you good news. From tomorrow we will have two days off a week.”
Please note that after “Friends!” are highlighted with an exclamation mark, the next word begins with a capital letter.
If the address is in the middle of a phrase or sentence, it is separated by commas on both sides. The previous sentence with the address (“Listen, Alexey Kondratyevich...”) clearly demonstrates this.
An address at the end of a sentence is separated by a comma on one side only. In this case, a comma is placed before the address.
What is the purpose of reversal in the test?
Typically, sentences with appeals are used to attract the attention of a person. In addition, it is with the help of an address that you can demonstrate your attitude towards a person. For example: “Honey, pay attention! I've been walking under the window for two hours now. Open the doors."
In literature, you can often use address to refer to an inanimate object. For example: “Tell me, wind, is it possible to feel the need for communication and love?”
Sometimes there are interesting offers with appeals. In particular, we are talking about sentences that use not one, but several addresses at once. For example, “Let’s find a place to stay for the night today, my darling, Martyn Petrovich.”
An address in itself is not a member of a sentence, but it can have words dependent on it. For example: “My dear friend and dedicated comrade! A lot depends on your decision today.” Moreover, in the first part of the text (before the exclamation mark) we see the address “Friend and Comrade”, which is bordered by additional words.
The appeal can relate to either one or several subjects at once. In such cases, “and” is placed between these calls. For example: “Kolya and Igor, today it’s your turn to be on duty in the classroom. Remove trash and dust from bookshelves.” In this case, the address is “Kolya and Igor”.
In addition, references may be repeated in the same sentence. For example: “Lena, Lena, aren’t you ashamed?!”
You can often see the interjection particle “o” before the address. For example: “Don’t despair, oh friends. Everything will be alright!"
How sentences with appeals are distinguished in business letters: examples
When drawing up business documentation, appeals are also used. As a rule, they are written separately from the rest of the text and are highlighted with an exclamation point. Eg:
Dear users of the Internet provider “XXX”!
The company XXX LLC reminds you that from 07/20/2015 to 07/21/2015 it carries out preventive work. Due to this, the Internet will not work.
Please note that our address already includes the word “dear”, therefore it is not separated by commas. Another example:
Hello, dear subscriber!
The UUU company is pleased to inform you that you can now pay for our services without commission in your personal account.
In this example, you can see that the title is “dear subscriber.” In this case, “hello” is not part of the address. It is a bright predicate and is therefore highlighted with a comma. Similar sentences with appeals (you can see examples in our article) clearly demonstrate the location of appeals in business letters.
How are addresses with introductory words written?
Introductory words are sentences or phrases that introduce a special shade of modality into the text. Moreover, they relate either to specific members of the sentence or to the sentence as a whole. In addition, water words can convey uncertainty and confidence, as well as other feelings (joy or sadness, admiration). Example of introductory words: “We will certainly fulfill our promise to increase your salary next month.”
Introductory words, separated by commas, can be used in sentences together with addresses. Here is one example of a sentence with appeals and introductory words:
It seems, Ivan Petrovich, in this case you don’t understand the question at all. We will have to turn to a more knowledgeable person.
In this example, the role of the introductory word is “seems”, and the address here is “Ivan Petrovich”. In this case, the introductory word is at the beginning of the sentence and, therefore, is highlighted by a comma on one side. The second comma in this text refers to our appeal.
Here is another example where the introductory word is at the beginning and the address is in the middle:
It looks like your game is lost, dear friend.
Examples of what introductory words can convey:
How does address feel in the presence of interjections?
In the Russian language there are sentences with addresses and interjections. Let us recall that interjections are a certain part of speech that serves to endow expressions and sentences with some emotions. Interjections include such short words as: “Oh!”, “Ah!”, “Fathers!”, “Ay!” - and others.
If there is an appeal in a sentence together with an interjection, then the first is highlighted with an exclamation mark, and the second - with a comma or commas. For example: “Alas! Ivan, Makarovich, your letter was delivered by messenger yesterday.”
If the interjection “o” occurs in a sentence and it comes before the address, then the exclamation mark is not placed. For example: “Oh, gods, is it really possible to spend your hard-earned money like that?!”
In addition, often an address can stand next to an interjection and then a comma and an exclamation mark are not placed between them. For example: “Oh, you, but I had a better opinion of you.”
In conclusion, we say that the appeal gives the sentence a special sound. It goes well with both similar and other parts of speech. Now you know how to write sentences with addresses and introductory words, as well as with interjections.
An address is a word or combination of words that in direct speech refers to the person to whom the speech is addressed. For example, Sasha go get some bread; Young friend, always be young; And you, Dasha, will you go to the cinema?
Addresses are similar to introductory words in the sense that they, like introductory words, are set off in writing by commas, but are not members of a sentence, so they are not emphasized during syntactic parsing. The appeal can be at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence. At the beginning of the sentence: Yuri, have you done your homework? In the middle of the sentence: Can you play the violin, Klava? At the end of the sentence: Why do you need a broken bicycle, Pavel?
At the beginning of a sentence, the address may be separated by a comma or an exclamation mark if the address is pronounced with a raised exclamation. You can say: Kolya, go take out the trash. But you can also say this: Kolya! go take out the trash. Unlike introductory words, addresses are not distinguished by dashes, but only by commas. After the calls there is a pause.
The appeal is not always easy to find in the text. For example, And you, dear friends, come tomorrow. An inexperienced student can highlight the address in a sentence like this: And you, dear friends, come tomorrow. Therefore, it is important to be careful when highlighting the appeal.
Thus, appeals can consist of one single word (Vladimir, put a hat on your head, otherwise it’s cold outside) and common when two or more words are used: And you, snowstorms, where are you rushing?
It should also be noted that there are also such appeals that can be scattered throughout the sentence, that is, one part can be, for example, at the beginning of the sentence, and the second at the end of the sentence. For example, Where are you going, darling, girl. Such appeals are typical of colloquial speech.
Sometimes the particle “o” is used together with addresses. For example, O my youth, where have you gone? In such cases, the particle “o” is not separated by a comma from the address, but represents a single address.
The main thing to remember
- appeals can be common and not common;
- not emphasized;
- addresses and introductory words are not the same thing;
- separated by commas.
Appeal- this is a word or phrase that names the one to whom or what the speech is addressed. For example: Wouldn't you be chasing something cheap, pop?(Pushkin).
The main purpose of the address is to attract attention, although sometimes the address can also express an attitude towards the interlocutor. For example: What are you doing sweetie?(Ostrovsky).
One sentence may even contain several addresses directed to the same addressee, one of which only names the listener, and the other evaluates, for example: Go, darling, Ilya Ilyich!(Goncharov).
Sometimes in poetic speech rhetorical personification-appeal is possible. It calls upon an inanimate object to become a participant in communication. For example: Make noise, make noise, obedient sail, Worry beneath me, gloomy ocean.(Pushkin.)
The address is not a member of the sentence, but can have dependent words, that is, be common, for example: Low house with blue shutters, I will never forget you!(Yesenin).
In writing, requests are separated by commas. If the appeal is emotionally charged and is at the beginning of the sentence, then there may be an exclamation mark after it. Compare the examples below:
Why did you get up so early, dad? (Pushkin)
Guys! Isn't Moscow behind us? (Lermontov)
In official letters, addresses are usually written on a separate line. In this case, an exclamation point is placed after the address. For example:
Dear Ivan Ivanovich!
Please note: the word DEAR is part of the address and is not separated by a comma. Compare:
Hello, Ivan Ivanovich!
In this example, a comma is needed after the word HELLO, since it is not part of the address, but acts as a predicate.
Interjections- this is a special part of speech that serves to express various feelings and volitional impulses. This part of speech includes the words AY!, AH!, ALS!, BATYUSHKA! and others.
Interjections, like addresses, are not parts of a sentence, but in writing are separated by a comma or an exclamation mark.
Alas! His confused mind could not resist the terrible shocks (Pushkin).
Life, alas, is not an eternal gift (Pushkin).
Like many spelling rules, there is an exception to this rule that you need to remember. If the interjection O in a sentence comes before the address, then a comma or exclamation mark is not placed between the interjection and the address. Compare:
Oh, why am I not a bird, not a steppe raven! (Lermontov).
Your holy sentence, oh heaven, is wrong (Lermontov).
In addition, you need to know that sometimes interjections are part of integral combinations, for example: EH YOU, EH YOU, WELL, OH YES. In this case, there is no need to put commas, for example: Well, what should we do now?
Exercise
- What do you want, old man? (Pushkin).
- Tsyts_ damned_ how there is no death for you (Turgenev).
- Have mercy_ the lady fish (Pushkin).
- You_ the queen_ are the cutest of all, the most ruddy and whitest of all (Pushkin).
- You stupid devil, where did you come after us? (Pushkin).
- Farewell to free elements! (Pushkin).
- But how can I give orders, Father Ilya Ilyich? (Goncharov).
- And look at his face: wow, what importance shines in his eyes! I have never heard him say an extra word (Gogol).
- Yeah_ You yourself admit that you are stupid (Pushkin).
- What are you_ guests_ trading with and where are you going now? (Pushkin).
- Ba_ all the faces are familiar! (Griboyedov).
- Hello, my beautiful prince! (Pushkin).
- Oh_ you_ vile glass! You are lying to spite me (Pushkin).
- Sovereign, you are ours_ Vladimir Andreevich_ I, your old nanny, decided to report to you about Papenkin’s health (Pushkin).
- Master, would you order me to come back? (Pushkin).
- Well_ Maksimych_ go with God (Pushkin).
- Saints_ how she was dressed! Her dress was white, like a swan: wow, so lush! and how I looked: the sun, by God, the sun! (Gogol).
- Oh_ gods_ gods_ why are you punishing me? (Bulgakov).
- Oh_ don't believe this Nevsky Prospekt! (Gogol).
- The wind twisted the sand, the water rippled, grew cold, and, looking at the river, Palaga whispered: “Lord, I wish there would be frost soon!” (Yesenin).
- Don’t you have at least Pogodin’s edition_ general? Then I wrote here in a different font: this is a round, large French font, from the last century... (Dostoevsky).
- Ay-ay_ what a voice! (Gogol).
- “Where did you_ beast_ cut off your nose?” - she shouted with anger (Gogol).
- - O_ hero! We all lined up in front of You one by one in order to express our admiration for Your bold and completely senseless act (Klyuev).
- “Stop_ Praskovya Osipovna! I will put it, wrapped in a rag, in a corner: let it lie there for a little while; and then I’ll take it out” (Gogol).
- Follow me_ reader! Who told you that there is no true, faithful, eternal love in the world? (Bulgakov).
- “Neither give nor take, a copy of “Inconsolable Grief,” a copy of you_ Erofeev,” I immediately thought to myself and immediately laughed to myself (Erofeev).
- He placed them in front of me, opened my bag of drugs and announced that he would try all the drugs on these children until he found the right one. This is how King Don Rumata was poisoned... (Strugatskys).
- How happy I am that I left! Priceless friend, what is the human heart? I love you so much: we were inseparable, and now we have separated, and I rejoice! (Goethe).
- On the fourth day I arrived here_ dear friend_ and, as promised, I take up the pen and write to you (Turgenev).
- - Well, brother Grushnitsky, it’s a pity that he missed! - said the captain... (Lermontov).