Composition
Andrei Platonovich Platonov wrote his works of art about helpless and defenseless people for whom the writer felt true compassion.
In the story “Yushka,” the main character is characterized as an “old-looking” man, a worker in a forge on a large Moscow road. Yushka, as people called the hero, led a modest lifestyle, even “didn’t drink tea or buy sugar,” wore the same clothes for a long time, and practically didn’t spend the little money that the owner of the forge paid him. The hero’s whole life consisted of work: “in the morning he went to the forge, and in the evening he went back to spend the night.” People mocked Yushka: children threw various objects at him, pushed and touched him; adults also sometimes offended, venting their resentment or anger. Yushka’s good-naturedness, his inability to fight back, and his selfless love for people made the hero an object of ridicule. Even the owner’s daughter Dasha said: “It would be better if you died, Yushka... Why do you live?” But the hero spoke about human blindness and believed that people love him, but do not know how to express it.
Indeed, both children and adults did not understand why Yushka would not fight back, would not shout, or scold. The hero did not have such human qualities as cruelty, rudeness, anger. The soul of the old man was receptive to all the beauties of nature: “he no longer hid his love for living beings,” “bended to the ground and kissed flowers,” “stroked the bark of the trees and raised butterflies and beetles from the path that had fallen dead.” Being away from human vanity and human malice, Yushka felt like a truly happy person. Wildlife perceived the hero as he is. Yushka grew weaker and weaker and one day, pointing out to a passerby who was laughing at the hero that all people are equal, he died. The death of the hero did not bring the desired relief to people; on the contrary, life became worse for everyone, since now there was no one to take out all human anger and bitterness on. The memory of a good-natured man has been preserved for long years, because a girl doctor, an orphan, came to the city, whom Yushka raised and trained with his little money. She stayed in the city and began to treat people who, like the hero, had tuberculosis.
So, A.P. Platonov portrayed as the main character a good-natured, defenseless man whom people considered a holy fool. But it was Yushka who turned out to be the most humane of people, showing mercy to the orphan girl and leaving a memory of himself.
(Option 2)
Main character In the story, Yushka is an “old-looking man”: only forty years old, but he has consumption.
Yushka is an unusual person. There were always “uncooling” tears in his eyes, he always saw the grief of people, animals, plants: “Yushka did not hide... his love for living beings... he stroked the bark of the trees and raised butterflies and beetles from the path that had fallen dead, and for a long time I peered into their faces, feeling orphaned.” He knew how to see with his heart. Yushka endured a lot from children and adults who were irritated by his gentleness: the children pushed him, threw earth and stones at him, and the adults beat him. The children, not understanding why he did not react, considered him lifeless: “Yushka, are you true or not?” They liked to mock with impunity. Yushka “believed that the children loved him, that they needed him, only they did not know how to love a person and did not know what to do for love, and therefore they tormented him.” Adults beat me for being “blessed.” By beating Yushka, an adult “forgot his grief for a while.”
Once a year Efim went somewhere, and no one knew where, and one day he stayed and for the first time answered the person who was pestering him: “Why am I bothering you, why am I bothering you!.. I was assigned to live by my parents, I was born by law, The whole world needs me, too, just like you, without me too, which means it’s impossible!..” This first rebellion in his life became the last. Pushing Yushka in the chest, the man went home, not knowing that he had left him to die. After Yushka’s death, people felt worse, since “now all the anger and mockery remained among people and was wasted among them, because there was no Yushka, who unrequitedly endured all other people’s evil, bitterness, ridicule and ill will.” And then it became known where Efim Dmitrievich went.
In Moscow, an orphan girl grew up and studied with the money he earned at the forge. For twenty-five years he worked in a forge, never ate sugar, “so that she would eat it.” The girl “knew what Yushka was sick with, and now she herself has completed her studies as a doctor and came here to treat the one who loved her more than anything in the world and whom she herself loved with all the warmth and light of her heart...” The girl did not find Yushka alive, but remained in this city and devoted her entire life to consumptive patients. “And everyone in the city knows her, calling her the daughter of the good Yushka, having long forgotten Yushka himself and the fact that she was not his daughter.”
Material for a lesson based on A. Platonov’s story “Yushka”.
Teacher Khabibullina Chulpan Shamilovna,
MOUSOSH Aznakaevo, RT
To love “with all the warmth and light of your heart.”
What are you looking for, Diogenes, during the day with a lantern? - the Athenians asked him
“I’m looking for a man,” he answered.-
Who exactly? Me? His?
“I’m looking for a person,” the sage repeated, peering into the faces of his
fellow citizens, and continued his way through the city square.
I. Kuzmichev. Literature and moral educationpersonality.
A lesson based on the story of A. Platonov is dedicated to the upbringing of a person and good feelings in him"Yushka."
Teacher's word.
Andrey Platonov is a wonderful writer. According to A.I. Solzhenitsyn,“of unheard-of depth and amazing beauty.”
Everything is unusual, unlike anything in the world of A. Platonov. He's interested in meaningphenomena, the state of nature, the state of the human soul.
His heroes are craftsmen, village truth-seekers, machinists, “orphans”to their spiritual state...A. Platonov wrote about them “quietly”, not listeningthe sound of phrases, but into complex thoughts, contemplating and comprehending the world he was talking about.He seemed ashamed of the booming and flowery, but soulless words. He always seemed to rememberabout one thing: “When you speak, your words should be better than silence...”
A. Platonov is always an interlocutor who addresses an individual. He is all “at the human heart.” “At the human heart” - that’s what A. Platonov wanted to call hisbest book. He tells everyone and every person individually - there is no such thing as someone else’s grief; man is the first and probably the main name.
We will try to determine what A. Platonov wanted to say with his story “Yushka”.And for this we will need to look closely at every line of the story.
The story is called after the name of the main character “Yushka”. They call him Yushka, but his real name is Efim Dmitrievich. We learn about this only at the end of the story.Why?
Efim Dmitrievich was called Yushka because no one respected him, everyone laughed and mocked him.
Who was Yushka?
Yushka was an old-looking man. Worked as an assistant to the chiefblacksmith He brought water, sand, coal to the blacksmith; fanned the furnace with fur... did all sorts of thingsother work that needed to be done.”What kind of appearance did Yushka have?
“He was short and thin; on his wrinkled face, instead of a mustache and beard, grewindividually sparse gray hair; his eyes were white, like a blind man’s, and there was always moisture in them, like never-cooling tears.”
Could people like Yushka’s appearance like that?Could not.
What clothes did he wear?
“.. He wore the same clothes for many years without changing: in the summer he wore trousers and a blouse, black and sooty from work, burned through by sparks, so that his white body was visible in several places, and barefoot; in winter, he put on a sheepskin coat over his blouse, which he inherited from his deceased father, and shod his feet in felt boots, which he hemmed in the fall and wore the same pair every winter all his life.”
Where did Yushka live and what did he eat?
“Yushka lived in the apartment of the owner of the forge, in the kitchen. The owner fed him for his workbread, cabbage soup and porridge, and tea, sugar... Yushka had his own: he had to buy them with his salary - 7 rubles and 60 kopecks a month. But Yushka didn’t drink tea or buy sugar, butdrank water..."
How did Yushka work?
He worked from morning to night. “In the morning he went to the forge. And in the evening I went back toovernight stay When Yushka walked down the street to the forge early in the morning, the old men and women got up and said that Yushka had already gone to work, it was time to get up, and they woke up the young people. And in the evening, when Yushka passed by for the night, people said that it was time to have dinner and go to bed - Yushka had already gone to bed.” How did children and teenagers treat Yushka?
“Seeing old Yushka walking quietly, the children stopped playing in the street and ran after Yushka and shouted:
There comes Yushka! There's Yushka! The children picked up dry branches, pebbles, and rubbish from the ground in handfuls and threw them into Yushka.” How did Yushka behave?
He did not take offense at the children and did not even cover his face.What did the children do?
They again threw clods of earth at him, pushed him, hit him.Why?
Because he was not like all the adults who would chase them with a twig. Because the children needed “for him to respond with evil to them and cheer them up,” because they were bored.
But why was Yushka not angry with the children, but even happy?
“He knew why the children laughed at him and tormented him. He believed that children lovehim, that they need him, only they don’t know how to love a person and don’t know what to do forlove and therefore torment him.”
Do children really love Yushka?No. Because they only had evil in their hearts.
Why don’t children know how to love a person? Why don't they know how to love anyone? Nobody taught them to love. And they treated Yushka this way because adultsthey treated him cruelly. They also told the children: “You will be just like Yushka!You will grow up and walk barefoot in the summer and in thin felt boots in the winter, and everyone will torment you, and you will not drink tea with sugar, but only water!”
Adults treated Yushka even worse than children. If children's hearts werefilled with evil, then the hearts of adults are filled with fierce rage. Fierce rage is anger,causing torment. The adults tortured and beat Yushka because they believed that he was to blame for the fact that they felt bad. They took out their grief and resentment on Yushka. But whyDid Yushka always endure beatings meekly and never object to his tormentors?
He was sure that the people loved him. “He loves me without a clue,” he saidYushka.
But did the people love him?
No. People “didn’t allow him to walk on the street and mutilated his body.” But why did people torment Yushka, “make fun of him and torment him”? Because Yushka was not like everyone else. He was kind, patient, meek. People were annoyed that he was not like them. “Why are you walking around here so blessed and unlikeable? What do you think is so special? You live simply and clearly, as I live, and don’t think anything secretly! Tell me, will you live as you should? - the adult man said to Yushka. An adult called Yushka “such an animal”, “God’s stuffed animal”, “fool”waste".
Fool - holy fool, blessed... For a long time in Rus' there were many blessed ones. People,those who wanted to take on the feat of foolishness distributed their property to the poor and beggars
and left home. They had nowhere to lay their heads and usually slept in the openfield. They walked barefoot, half naked in summer and winter. In the reproduction of the painting “Boyaryna Morozova” in the foreground on the right you see the holy fool. He is wearing a torn shirt, throughher open collar shows scars rubbed with the iron chain of the chain. With his bare feet crossed, the holy fool sits straight in the snow, not noticing either the cold or the weight of his chains. He voluntarilydoomed himself to physical suffering for the sake of spiritual asceticism for the sake of Christ.
Blessed Basil, who lived during the time of Ivan the Terrible, looked the same. BasilThe blessed one was born into a peasant family around 1564. When he turned 16, he left his home and the master from whom he studied shoemaking. Began to live onMoscow squares and streets, among the noise and shouting of the crowd, trying to be closer to disadvantaged people, the beggars and the crippled. In winter and summer he walked naked and pretended to be speechless. “If winter is bitter, then paradise is sweet,” he said. The king himself loved andrevered Blessed Basil, and when the blessed one died, he carried his coffin to the grave. FeatSaint Basil's foolishness lasted 72 years. People called him a miracle worker. The relics of the blessed one were placed in the Vasilyevsky chapel of the Moscow Intercession Cathedral. But this cathedral is better known as St. Basil's Cathedral. Great memoryBlessed Basil deserved it.
People of different ranks and social status became holy fools. Nikolai Matveich Rynin came from a merchant family. He also gave away his property and became a beggar. He had no shelter and wandered from place to place. He walked with a large staff in his hand,in winter and summer without a hat, in a blue canvas robe, with leather supports on his feet. Behind himCrowds of children chased him and threw stones at him, which wounded his head, threw sand from the road, and dust got into his eyes, like Yushka. But Nikolai Matveich had a loving heart and humbly endured all insults. One day a man, mocking him, asked him to sow some rye for him. Throwing seeds, Andrei said: “It’s gone, it’s frozen!” and not a single ear of grain grew in this field. And when Andrey sowed the fieldanother peasant who believed that Andrei was pleasing to God - he gave birth tounprecedented harvest.
People often laughed at holy fools for their old, worn-out clothes. The holy fool Glebushka (from the story by V.A. Nikiforov-Volgin “The Holy Fool Glebushka”), also a merchant’s son, walked winter and summer in a caftan of faded blue cloth, belted with a rope. On his head was a tall, holey top hat, given by someone as a mockery, and on his feet were heavy supports from peasant boots. Glebushka said: “Christ hugs me as if he were his relative... Everyone around me knows nothing about me... They onlythey notice my stupidity, but that angels talk to me at night and we are bread and saltwe share together, people don’t know about that!...They come quiet, quiet...white, like a churchours... and sparkling, like Father’s Easter vestments... will come and sit next to me...”Angels came to Glebushka in a field where there were no people. In the field, talking with the angels, Glebushka did not hide his feelings. And where did Yushka not hide his feelings? Why didn't he show people that he loved them?
People would start making fun of him again. And he did not hide his feelings when he left the city. “In July or August, Yushka put a knapsack withbread and left our city. On the way, he breathed the fragrance of grasses and forests, lookedinto the white clouds that were born in the sky, floating and dying in the bright airy warmth, he listened to the voice of the rivers muttering on the stone rifts, and Yushka’s sore chest rested, he no longer felt his illness - consumption. Having gone far away, where it was completely deserted, Yushka no longer hid his love for living beings. He bent down to the ground and kissed the flowers, trying not to breathe on them so that they would not be spoiled by his breath, he stroked the bark of the trees and picked up butterflies and beetles that had fallen from the pathdead, and peered at their faces for a long time, feeling orphaned without them. But alivebirds sang in the sky, dragonflies, beetles, working grasshoppers made merry sounds in the grass
sounds, so Yushka’s soul was light; the sweet air of flowers, smelling of moisture and sunlight, entered his chest.”
Was an adult right to call Yushka a holy fool? What is Yushka like?holy fools?
Yushka, like the holy fools, had an ugly appearance, old clothes Andworn shoes. He endured mockery of himself with meekness and also loved thosewho mocked him. And he also denied himself food and clothing. He denied himself food and clothing so that his adopted daughter could study and drink tea with sugar.Could Yushka, just like Glebushka, say that “Christ hugs him likeyour relative"?
Could. Because he loved those who offended him, beat him and mocked him.
Do you think Yushka was right in enduring beatings and bullying in silence?
Right. Because he would have been beaten even more, and then his adopted daughter would notI would finish school and university. Yushka said: “I can’t die.”
Would they ever have respected Yushka if he had not died from the blow of a cheerful man?
They probably would have, because he raised a good daughter. She was outwardlylooks like Yushka: “The girl looked frail and short in stature, but she had a soft, cleanher face was so tender and meek, and her large gray eyes looked so sad. It was as if they were about to burst into tears.”
When Yushka left the city, people thought that “he lives in a distant villageYushkina’s beloved daughter, as kind and unnecessary to people as her father.” But it turned out,that she has become the most necessary person in the city. Why?
“The girl doctor remained forever in our city. She began working in a hospital for consumptives, she went to houses where there were tuberculosis patients, and did not charge anyone for her work. Now she herself has already grown old, but she still heals and comforts sick people all day long, without tiring of alleviating suffering and delaying pain.death from the weak. And everyone in the city knows her, calling her the daughter of good Yushka, having forgottenlong ago Yushka himself and the fact that she was not his daughter.”
She treated people and loved them, just like Yushka. But she loved Yushka “with all the warmth and light of her heart.” The city became better with her. And with Yushka in the city tooit was better, because when he died, “... all the anger and mockery remained among people and was wasted among them...” People did not understand that they had to live loving each other as they lovedeach other Yushka and his adopted daughter - “more than anything in the world and with all the warmth and lightof your heart..."
What did A. Platonov want to say with his story? -
We must love people “with all the warmth and light of our heart”, “Love people with all the warmth and light of our heart” - this is how we titled our lesson.
References
1.A.Trifonov. “Holy Wives of Rus'”, M., publishing house “Encyclopedia of Russian villages", 1994.
2.Moscow patericon. Publishing house "Capital", 1991.
Many researchers of Platonov’s work paid attention to the exceptional accuracy in the choice of titles of works, names of characters, etc. But we know that a name determines a lot in a person’s character and destiny.
1. Vocabulary work
What does the word mean? Yushka ? (Ozhegov’s Dictionary. Yushka - this is blood, a life-giving fluid, a significant loss of which threatens the body with death, its loss is destructive for people.)
Meaning of the name Efim(b pious, benevolent, sacred). The name of the hero determines his purpose in the work.
The name Dmitry goes back to the name of Demeter, the ancient Greek goddess of agriculture and fertility.
Reading the story, you remember the famous formula of F.M. Dostoevsky: "Man is a mystery". Yushka seems frankly understandable in his “naked simplicity” to the people he lives next to. And the thoughts and soul of which they could not comprehend - it turned out to be a mystery for them, and it is this mystery that we will try to comprehend.
2. Answer these questions(you will find the answers in the story “Yushka”):
1) How do people see Yushka? (quote)
2) How does he dress?
3) What does he eat? Where does he live?
4) What do people know about him? (leaving the village).
5) Why did he have little strength in his hands? (he was seriously ill with tuberculosis)
7) Does Yushka like to work? (Confirm with text pp. 230-231)
8) Do others notice Yushka? (Yes)
9) Yushka, in a conversation with Dasha, states: “People love me, Dasha!” Is it so? Do people love Yushka?
3. Research
We will trace through the text how adults and how children treated Yushka.
What attracts children to Yushka? (waiting for the natural reaction of evil to evil). The evil of children is a manifestation of the norm and nature of life.
Why isn’t Yushka offended by them? (quote)
Why do adults offend and hate Yushka?
Why do their hearts fill with fierce rage at the sight of Yushka?
How do we respond to people Yushka?
How do they, adults, make us feel? (They are disgusting. Adults cannot forgive Yushka’s dissimilarity and meekness)
Platonov writes: “He does not return blow for blow: he knows that to beat the evil is to beat children. Forgiving the little ones. It is important and true to see in adults only their truly childish traits. An adult is just a deformed child."
4. Think and reflect on the questions:
Were there any happy moments in Yushka’s life?
Where did Yushka go every year for a month?
What happened, why did Efim leave this world? How did Yushka disturb the cheerful passerby?
Why did Yushka get angry, probably for the first time in his life? (Every person is valuable, every person is unique)
Maybe there was no need to be angry?
Why did people feel sad without Yushka? Can we also say: “Forgive us, Yushka?”
Have you ever asked anyone for forgiveness? And is it worth it
: do?
Why did he become Efim Dmitrievich after his death?
Name the main qualities of Yushka.
Bible teaches us not to take revenge, but enjoy life, do good and love your enemies, so does Yushka.
“Overcome evil with good,” says the Bible. Yushka does the same.
Do you consider yourself moral, humane?
Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh: « Moral man must honor his father and his mother. Children should love their parents, not contradict them, not offend them, and help them. You have to be kind"
-What do Gorky's Danko and Yushka have in common?(In the legend of Danko, a nameless man stepped on a proud heart. And in the story “Yushka,” a cheerful passerby, also nameless, laughed at Yushka. In Gorky’s legend: “People, joyful, did not notice Danko’s death and did not see what was next to Danko’s corpse his heart is burning." In the story “Yushka”: “After lying down, Yushka turned over on his face and did not move or get up again.” Although Yushka was noticed by the carpenter after a while, we can say that they pass away unnoticed. , brave and kind. The other is quiet, patient and very kind).
Posted on 03/16/2018
that people love him?
- What feelings does Platonov’s story and its characters make you feel?
- How can you explain Yushka’s language? How is it different from the language of all the people around him?
Literature 7th grade, questions for Platonov’s story “Yushka”
Platonov Yushka,
Platonov's stories
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Lady v
1 hour ago
Platonov's story "Yushka" evokes complex feelings in me. The cruelty and callousness of ordinary people towards a person who is different from them is outrageous. And what seems especially scary is that these people are actually not evil at all and may not even be bad. But Yushka was so different from them that he caused rejection among people; he just wanted to hurt so that he would not look so happy and convinced that everyone around him loved him.
And it also seems to me that Yushka was wrong when he said that people love him. It was he who loved people and attributed his own virtue to them.
And it was precisely because of this universal love of his that Yushka explained himself in a strange language, often using diminutive, affectionate words, even addressing his tormentors in this way.