When considering the declension of pronouns (places) in the German language, it is necessary to understand that different classes of pronouns are declined differently, so we will consider them in groups.

In German, there are reciprocal, possessive, demonstrative, interrogative and relative, indefinite pronouns.

Declension of personal places.

To personal places. (Personalpronomen) refer to places. ich, du, er, sie, es, wir, ihr, sie. Personal pronouns have the same cases as nouns and answer the same questions.

Kasus Frage:	Singular					Plural
	1. Person sing.	2. Person sing.	3. Person sing. maskulinum	3. Person sing. feminine	3. Person sing. neutral	1. Person pl.	2. Person pl.
Nominative Was it?	ich	du	er	sie	es	wir	ihr	sie
Genitiv Wessen?	meiner	deiner	seiner	ihrer	seiner	unser	EUER	ihrer
Dativ Wem?	mir	dir	ihm	ihr	ihm	uns	euch	ihnen
Akkusativ Where was it?	mich	dich	ihn	sie	es	uns	euch	sie

Returnable seats. sich used in sentences when the subject and object of the action are the same person. For example, I’m combing my hair = I’m combing myself – Ich käme mich. Returnable seats. sich is used only in the Dative and Accusative cases. And for places. ich, du, wir, ihr the usual case forms of personal places are used as reflexives, and for er, sie, es, sie the form sich is used. Which case of the pronoun should be used depends on the verb and on the question to the object that can be posed: Ich wasche mich (Wen wasche ich? – Akkusativ). Ich wasche mir die Hände (Wem wasche ich die Hände? – Dativ).

Pronomen sich	Dativ	Akkusativ
1. Person sing. – ich
2. Person sing. –du
3. Person sing. Masculinum-er
3. Person sing. Feminine – sie
3. Person sing. Neutrum –es
1. Person pl. –wie
2. Person pl. –ihr
3.Person pl. – sie

However, as we see, differences in the Accusative and Dative cases exist only in the first and second persons singular, that is, in the pronouns ich and du.

Class reciprocal pronouns in German it is represented by only one word - einander. This pronoun is not declined, i.e. all cases coincide with the nominative case form.

Declension of possessives.

Possessive places. express the belonging of an object to a person. This class of pronouns includes mein, dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer, ihr. Since this object can be masculine, feminine or neuter, or there can be several of them, then possessive places. also have gender and number: mein Freund, meine Karte, mein Auto, meine Verwandten, etc. They decline like adjectives.

Singular							Plural
	maskulinum		feminine		neutral		für alle Genera gleich
Nominative
Genitiv
Dativ
Akkusativ

In a similar way inclination and index places. dieser (diese, dieses, diese), jener (jene, jenes, jene), solcher (solche, solches, solche), der, die, das, die(not to be confused with articles), selbst, derjenige (diejenige, dasjenige, diejenige), derselbe (dieselbe, dasselbe, dieselbe). They also change by gender, number and case.

Declension of index places. der, die, das, die.

Singular				Plural
	maskulinum	feminine	neutral	für alle Genera gleich
Nominative
Genitiv
Dativ
Akkusativ

The use of the plural form of the Genitive case, i.e. deren/derer, depends on the position of the word to which the demonstrative place refers: if the defined noun precedes the demonstrative pronoun, then the form deren is used, but if the defined noun comes after the place., then derer is used:

Mein Freund und deren Eltern kommen nächste Woche nach Berlin.

Die Zahl derer, wer unter Mangel an Trinkwasser leidet, wird immer mehr steigen.

Declension of pronouns dieser, jener.

Singular				Plural
	maskulinum	feminine	neutral	für alle Genera gleich
Nominative
Genitiv
Dativ
Akkusativ

Particular attention should be paid to the declination of places. derselbe and derjenige, since the first part of them is declined as an article, and the second as an adjective.

Singular				Plural
	maskulinum	feminine	neutral	für alle Genera gleich
Nominative
Genitiv
Dativ
Akkusativ

When declining seats. Solcher needs to be very careful. This place. usually used with the indefinite article ein. If it comes before an article, it is not inflected:

Ich träume von solch einem Auto.

Mein Bruder hat solch ein Handy.

If it comes after the article, it is conjugated as an adjective in a similar position:

Ich träume von einem solchen Auto.

Mein Bruder hat ein solches Haus.

Location selbst, selber do not bow at all.

To relative places. relate der (die, das, die), welcher (welche, welches, welche). It is necessary to distinguish between indicative places. der (die, das, die) from similar relatives. Indicative places. emphatically point to some object, usually stand before a noun, but are relative places. describe some object, usually come after nouns and form subordinate clauses. But they decline in the same way, with the exception of the plural form of the Genitive case.

Singular				Plural
	maskulinum	feminine	neutral	für alle Genera gleich
Nominative
Genitiv
Dativ
Akkusativ

When studying the shapes of places. welcher pay special attention to the Genitive case.

Singular				Plural
	maskulinum	feminine	neutral	für alle Genera gleich
Nominative
Genitiv
Dativ
Akkusativ

A very large group is indefinite places: man, jemand, irgendwer, irgendjemand, niemand, etwas, nichts, alles, einer (eines, eins, eine), keiner (keine, keins, keine), aller (alle, alles, alle), jeder (jede , jedes, jede), mancher (manche, manches, manche), mehrere.

Location man, jemand, irgendwer, irgendjemand, niemand are used only in relation to animate objects.

Nominative
Genitiv
Dativ
Akkusativ

Location etwas, nichts, alles are used only in relation to inanimate subjects. They don't bow down. Sometimes in the meaning of unspecified places. seats can be used. welch-, but only in the Nominative and Accusative cases and only in colloquial speech.

Nominative
Akkusativ

Pronouns einer (eines, eins, eine), keiner (keine, keins, keine), aller (alle, alles, alle), jeder (jede, jedes, jede), mancher (manche, manches, manche), mehrere can refer to both animate and inanimate nouns.

Singular				Plural
	maskulinum	feminine	neutral	für alle Genera gleich
Nominative
Genitiv
Dativ
Akkusativ

Singular				Plural
	maskulinum	feminine	neutral	für alle Genera gleich
Nominative
Genitiv
Dativ
Akkusativ

Singular				Plural
	maskulinum	feminine	neutral	für alle Genera gleich
Nominative
Genitiv
Dativ
Akkusativ

Singular				Plural
	maskulinum	feminine	neutral	für alle Genera gleich
Nominative
Genitiv
Dativ
Akkusativ

The pronoun mehrere exists only in the plural.

	Plural
Nominative
Genitiv
Dativ
Akkusativ

When considering the declension of pronouns in German, it is worth mentioning interrogative places, but there is no need to go deeper here. There are only a few of them: wer, was, wem, wen, was für einen(eine, ein), wessen. They are used only in these forms indicated by us, which, in fact, are already case forms, and therefore are not declined. Location welchen (welche, welches, welche), used as an interrogative, is declined in the same way as the relative (see above).

Pronouns (places) in German

As part of the speech of places. serves to replace a noun, proper noun or adjective in a sentence without naming them.

There are 9 main groups of pronouns in the German language. This:

1. Personal places. (Personalpronomen) are:

• 1st person – ich (I), wir (we)
• 2nd person: du (you), ihr (you), Sie (polite form of you)
• 3rd person: er (he), sie (she), es (it, this), sie (they)

Use of personal places:

Ich habe ein neues Buch gelesen. Es ist sehr interessant. - I have read new book. She is very interesting.

Nächstes Mal müsst ihr um 8 Uhr kommen. – Next time you should come at eight o’clock.

Personal places. Declined according to cases, however, in the genitive case they are used very rarely - only in cases where it is required by the control of individual verbs or adjectives.

For example: würdig (worthy)

Du bist ihrer nicht würdig. -You don't deserve her.

2. Possessive places. (Possessivpronomen) are derived from personal places. in the genitive case and answer the question “wessen?” (whose?):

ich (I) – mein (my)

du (you) – dein (yours)

er (he) - sein (him)

sie (she) - ihr (her)

es (it) – sein (it)

wir (we) - unser (our)

ihr (you) - euer (your)

Sie (You) – Ihr (Your)

sie (they) – ihr (them)

Possessive places. are placed before a noun and act as an article in a sentence. Thus, they are declined in the same way as articles (in accordance with the gender, number and case of the noun).

For example: Das sind meine Schwestern. - These are my sisters.

Ich gebe meiner Schwester einen Kugelschreiber. – I give my sister a pen.

Ich liebe meinen Mann. - I love my husband.

3. Refundable seats. (Reflexivpronomen) indicates the direction of action towards the subject. In German there are reflexive places. sich is inflected for persons, numbers and has two case forms - Dativ and Akkusativ (depending on the control of the verb).

For example: Ich kaufe mir ein neues Kleid. – I’m buying myself a new dress.

In third person places. sich does not change.

For example: Sie kauft sich ein neues Kleid. - She is buying herself a new dress.

4. Signposts. (Demonstrativpronomen) answer the question “welche (-s, -r)?” – “which (which, which)?”

To the index places. relate:

diese (dieser, dieses) – this (this, this)

jene (jener, jenes) – that (that, that)

solche (solcher, solches) – such (such, such).

Indicative places. in a sentence they stand before the noun and are declined according to numbers and cases like a definite article.

For example: Ich habe jenen Mann schon einmal gesehen. “I’ve already seen that man once.”

Often in colloquial speech with singular nouns the expression solch ein (such) is used. In this case, the first part does not change, but only the indefinite article ein is declined.

For example: Ich habe nie solch eine schöne Stadt gesehen! – I have never seen such a beautiful city!

5. Interrogative places. (Interrogativpronomen) in German are: wer, was, welche (-r, -s), was für.

Location wer and was are not used in the plural and do not change according to gender and have three case forms - Nominativ, Dativ and Akkusativ.

Eg: Wem gibst du dieses Buch? – Who are you giving this book to?

Was best du (von Beruf)? - What is your profession?

Location welche changes by gender and in all cases like the definite article.

For example: Nach welchem ​​Land fährst du? – What country are you going to?

Welche Gruppe gefällt ihr? – What group does she like?

6. Relative places. (Relativpronomen) are mainly used in complex sentences. Relative pronouns in German are: der (which), die (which), das (which), welche (which), die (which). Relative pronouns are inflected by case and serve as allied words in subordinate clauses.

For example: Der Junge, den Sie getroffen haben, ist mir bekannt. – The young man you met is familiar to me.

7. Uncertain places. (Indefinitpronomen), such as jemand (someone), etwas (something), man, alle (all), einige (some), wenige (some, some), serve as subject or object in a sentence. Unlike other indefinite pronouns, man is not translated into Russian and is used in indefinite personal sentences. Location man does not change its form (same as etwas).

For example: Man sagt, sie kocht am besten. “They say she cooks better than anyone.”

8. Impersonal places. es does not change and is used in the 3rd person singular. numbers in impersonal sentences. Most often, es is used to denote weather and natural phenomena.

For example: Es schneit (it is snowing), es regnet (it is raining), es ist heiß (it is hot), etc.

9. To negative places. (Negativpronomen) include kein (none), niemand (no one), nichts (nothing). Location kein changes according to gender, number and case and is used only with nouns.

For example: Ich habe keinen Freund. - I do not have a friend.

Location nichts, niemand are used only in the 3rd. face units the numbers don't change.

For example: Niemand versteht mich. - Nobody understands me.

Ich kann nichts finden. - I can't find anything.

Before talking about personal (personal) pronouns (places) in German, let us remember what places are. in its general sense.

Location

in German, it is a word or part of speech that indicates an object, but does not name it. The main function of a pronoun is to prevent long repetitions of nouns (or proper names) several times. Most frequently used places. in German are personal. places (Personal Pronomen). Personal places. indicate the person performing the action (1st person), the person to whom the speech is addressed (2nd person), and the person about whom we're talking about

(3rd person).

For example:

Doktor Theiss arbeitet in diesem Krankenhaus. — Doctor Theiss works at this hospital. Er arbeitet hier schon seit 15 Jahren. — He has been working here for 15 years.

In this sentence personal. places er indicates a proper name (Doktor Theiss) without naming it.

es - it (it)

Lich. places plural:

Particular attention should be paid to the fact that in German there are two designations for personal places. second person plural: 1) ihr, if one addresses a group of persons, each of whom is addressed with “you”; 2) polite form Sie, if one or more persons are addressed, each of whom is addressed with “You”.

Examples of using personal places:

Ich schreibe Gedichte gern. — I love writing poetry.

Willst du einen neuen Artikel schreiben? — Do you want to write a new article?

Sie sieht heute ganz gut aus. — She looks good today (pretty good).

Es ist sehr angenehm, dich wieder hier zu sehen. “It’s very nice to see you here again.”

Wir sehen Filme jeden Abend zusammen an. — Every evening we watch films together.

Habt ihr die Aufgabe verstanden? - Did you understand the task?

Sie hören die gleiche Musik an. — They listen to the same music.

Möchten Sie eine Tasse Kaffee trinken? — Would you like to have a cup of coffee?

Lich. places in a sentence they can serve as both subject and object.

For example: Ich rufe ihn jeden Tag an. — I call him every day.

Lich. places declined according to cases.

Genitiv meiner deiner seiner ihrer seiner unser euer Ihrer ihrer

Note that the genitive case is personal. (Genitiv) is used in very rare cases when its use is associated with the control of individual verbs (usually obsolete) or adjectives.

For example: the verb gedenken (remember, remember, honor the memory) requires a noun or person after it. places in the genitive case.

Die sowjetischen Soldaten hatten eine überragende Rolle in der Geschichte unseres Landes gespielt. Wir gedenken ihrer. — Soviet soldiers played a huge role in the history of our country. We honor their memory.

There are a number of specific prepositions requiring the genitive case that can be used from places: wegen (because of), statt (instead of), um...willen (because of, for the sake of).

(3rd person).

Ich habe die Übung statt deiner gemacht. - I did this exercise for you.

Combinations of pronouns and prepositions wegen and um...willen are constructed in a special way: deinetwegen (because of you), um deinetwillen (for your sake, because of you); unsertwegen (because of us), um unsertwillen (for our sake); Ihretwegen (because of you), um ihretwillen (for your sake), etc.

Deinetwegen wird sie heute nicht spazieren gehen. “Because of you, she won’t go for a walk today.”

Um ihretwillen riskierte er sein Leben. “He risked his life for you.”

Pronouns (die Pronomen) in German, as in any other language, are a part of speech that indicates an object, attribute, quality or person and can replace them without naming them.
Pronouns are personal, interrogative, indefinite and negative. In this lesson we will look at the system of personal pronouns in the German language.

Personal pronouns: rules, pronunciation

As in Russian, in German there are three persons (1st, 2nd and 3rd) and two numbers (singular and plural) of pronouns. It is important to note that the German language also has a system of cases - there are four of them. The table below shows pronouns in the nominative (Nominativ) case.

Please note that the pronoun “ihr” (you) is used when addressing a group of people as “you”. If you want to address someone formally or to show politeness, you should use the pronoun “Sie” (You), which, as in Russian, is always written with a capital letter.

Remember! Personal pronouns ich, du, wir, ihr, Sie always denote persons. Personal pronouns er, sie (she), es, sie (they) can denote both persons and objects.

To know which pronoun to replace this or that noun, you must know the gender of the noun. We will look at the topic of gender of nouns in one of the following lessons, but for now let's talk about another important part of speech - the verb.

Verb conjugation: rules, examples

A verb (das Verb) is a part of speech that denotes an action, state or process. Verbs of the German language are conjugated, that is, they change according to persons and numbers, tenses, moods, and have a voice. Conjugated (inflected) forms of a verb are called finite forms of the verb.

1. Person and number. Verbs have three persons and two numbers - in each person and number the verb has its own endings. Verbs that are used in all three persons are called personal. However, in German there are verbs that are used only in the 3rd person singular (for example: regnen - to talk about rain). Such verbs are called impersonal.
2. Time. Verbs denote actions in three tenses: present, future and past. There are six tense forms for their expression in German.
3. Mood shows the speaker's attitude towards the statement. There are indicative (der Indikativ), imperative (der Imperative) and subjunctive (der Konjunktiv) moods.
4. Pledge shows the direction of action. Whether the subject performed the action independently, or whether the action was performed on him.

The verb in German also has three main forms: infinitive (Infinitiv), preteritum (Präteritum) and participle II (Partizip II). The verb consists of a stem and an ending “en”: geh-en, schlaf-en, hab-en.

According to the type of conjugation, verbs in German are divided into:

1. Strong verbs. Three forms are formed by changing the root vowel: gehen – ging – gegangen.
2. Weak verbs. They do not change the vowel at the root when conjugating: machen – machte – gemacht.
3. Verbs of mixed type (verbs that, when conjugated, exhibit both the characteristics of weak and the characteristics of strong verbs).
4. Irregular and modal.

In this lesson we will look at conjugating weak and strong verbs. All weak verbs are conjugated the same way. This is the largest group of verbs in the German language. Strong verbs are modified according to special rules. This is a small group of verbs - it should be learned by heart (all three main forms). You can find verb tables in a dictionary or any grammar textbook.

So, weak verbs are verbs that:

• have the suffix -(e)te- in Imperfekt;
• have the suffix -(e)t in Partizip II;
• do not change the vowel radically: machen – machte – gemacht.

Let's conjugate the weak verb machen (to do).

Singular
ich	mach e
du	mach st
er	mach t
sie
es

If the stem of the verb ends in -t, -d, -dm, -tm, -dn, -tn, -chn, -gn, -ffn - then in the 2nd and 3rd person singular and in the 2nd person In the plural, the connecting vowel “e” is added to the stem of the verb.

Let's conjugate the verb baden (to wash).

When conjugating strong verbs, the vowel changes radically in the 2nd and 3rd person singular:

1. a changes to ä (except for the verb schaffen - to create);
2. au changes to äu;
3. e changes to i, ie(except for the verbs gehen - to go, heben - to raise).

Let's conjugate the verb schlafen (to sleep). This is a strong verb, which means the vowel in the root in the 2nd and 3rd person will change.

Important! For verbs whose stem ends in — s, —ss, —ß, — z, —tz in the 2nd person singular the final consonant of the stem merges with the personal ending.

Sie

Lesson assignments

To consolidate the material you have covered, try doing a few exercises on your own.

Exercise 1. Conjugate weak verbs:

fragen (to ask), lernen (to teach), glauben (to believe), leben (to live), kosten (to stand).

Exercise 2. Conjugate strong verbs:

geben (give), fahren (ride), laufen (jump), stoßen (push), tragen (carry, carry).

Answers to exercise 1:

Answers to exercise 2.

Meaning pronouns in German very large. Often they can replace a noun, adjective, numeral, article. In a sentence, a pronoun can act as the subject. Using pronouns, interrogative or impersonal sentences and negations are made. This topic is quite extensive and requires in-depth study. Master pronouns in German The table will help.

Personal pronouns in German

Personalpronomen

_________
* Sie - polite form of you

Declension of personal pronouns

Nominativ/ Im. P.	Dativ/Dat. P.	Akkusativ/ Vin.p.
	Singular - units
	Plural - plural
sie, Sie - they, you	ihnen, Ihnen - to them, to you	sie, Sie - them, you

For example:

Ich warte auf dich. I'm waiting for you.
Ich (I) - nominative case.
Dich (you) is the accusative case of the pronoun du (you).

Ihm gefällt Deutschland.He likes Germany.
Ihm (to him) is the dative case of the pronoun er (he).

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronoun in German- this is nothing more than the genitive case (Genetiv) of personal pronouns. It is formed as follows:

For example:

Ich liebe deine Schwester. I love your sister.
Ich is a personal pronoun.
Deine is a possessive pronoun.

Indefinite pronouns in German

Indefinite pronouns include pronouns such as: jemand, etwas, einer, mancher, alles, irgendein and others. This group can also include the indefinite personal pronoun man. In a sentence, they act as the subject or object (all except man, which is only the subject).

For example:

Alles ist in Ordnung. Everything is fine.
Sie muss etwasändern. She must change something.
Man kann dieses Fahrrad reparieren. This bike can be fixed.

Relative pronouns in German

Performing the function of a connective word, relative pronouns are used in complex sentences.

Das ist die Frau, deren Auto vor dem Haus steht. This is the woman whose car is parked in front of the house. This is a woman whose car is parked in front of the house.

Relative pronouns include: wer, was, welcher, der. The pronouns der, das, die are formed as follows:

DER (m.r.)	Gen. DES+EN
DIE (female)	Gen. DER+EN
DAS (average)	Gen. DES+EN
DIE (plural)	Gen. DER+EN
DIE (plural)	Dat. DEN+EN

Demonstrative pronouns in German

In a German sentence, demonstrative pronouns most often act as a determiner, however, in some cases they can take on the role of subject or object. The majority of demonstrative pronouns are inflected in the same way as the definite article.

	Nominativ/ Name			Akkusativ/ V.p.

Demonstrative pronouns in German include:
Dieser(this), der(That), jener(That), solcher(such), derselbe(the same), selbst(himself), etc.

(3rd person).

Dieses Buch mast mir spaß. This book gives me pleasure.
Dieses (this) - demonstrative pronoun, s.r., im.p.
Mir (to me) - personal pronoun, date pad. from ich.

The topic “Pronouns in German” is very extensive. In this article we looked at only some of the most basic types of pronouns and ways of their declension.