La douleur passe, la beauté reste (c) Pierre-Auguste Renoir

Carl Gustav Carus(01/03/1789-1869) - one of the largest representatives of German romantic landscape.
Originally from Leipzig, Carl Gustav received an excellent education, first at school and then at the University of Leipzig. Painting accompanied him from a young age, but nevertheless Carus chose gynecology and obstetrics as his profession. In Dresden, he became a professor in the department of obstetrics, and the university clinic now bears his name.
Carus himself had a “philosophical” approach to art to a much greater extent than any of the landscape painters of that era. Carus was not an artist by training and came to painting from his own already established scientific and philosophical views. A famous Dresden natural scientist, thinker and doctor, he, like many outstanding people of that time, had a spiritual universalism that allowed him to turn to different types of activity - science, art, literature - and have his say in each.
A great example of such universalism at that time was Goethe, who combined in himself a poet, artist and scientist. But Goethe himself wrote to Carus in one of his letters: “Really, in your activities you combine so many personality traits, abilities, skills, the deep living connection of which is surprising.” Their friendship and scientific communication, which began when Carus was still a young obstetrician professor in Dresden, continued until Goethe's death. As is known, the fusion, enriching interpenetration of art and science was no less characteristic of the era of romanticism than the appeal of art to fairy tales, myths, and fantasies. Romantic natural philosophy turned the idea of ​​the universe upside down, gave everything a new, spiritualizing justification - and in the eyes of the romantics, the specific sciences of nature were filled with a new, mysterious and even poetic meaning. The poet Novalis was interested in the structure of rocks, the artist Runge was engaged in the physical theory of color, Carus, in connection with his painting tasks, began the scientific study of atmospheric phenomena, the laws of formation and structure of clouds...
The romantic worldview brought nature and man face to face, seeing in both the manifestation of a single and infinite spiritual principle. In the view of the romantics, the spirit, living an unconsciously creative life in nature, giving rise to all the diversity of its forms, manifests itself in man as consciousness, a variety of feelings, thoughts, and activities. A person senses a being akin to himself in nature, cognizes and expresses it - both in science and in art; the spiritual essence of man strives to merge with the spiritual essence of the world. Therefore, it is not for nothing that the natural scientist and the artist in that era became so close to each other, and the landscape became the most fruitful direction of romantic art in Germany.
Carus, in the spirit of romantic philosophy, defined the relationship of art to science this way: science cognizes the parts, the spirit of the whole is subject to art, for in art man himself is partly likened to the unconsciously creative nature. The truth is in their combination. Scientific data finds its ultimate meaning in a holistic artistic expression, and art, if it is to serve its purpose, must be based on deep scientific knowledge. This combination determined the romantic personality of Carus.
As already mentioned, Carus did not study painting, he was self-taught. His first works were directly related to his scientific studies - these were anatomical and botanical studios. And only gradually does interest in the landscape appear. But Carus truly found his path in art when he moved from Leipzig, where he graduated from university, to Dresden and met Caspar David Friedrich (in 1817). Frederick was the first to discover the specific language of the romantic landscape. Probably, his paintings cannot be called landscapes in the traditional sense of the word in which this genre was formed and existed before him in European art. This is not an image of a location - real or ideal - but, in the language of romanticism, a philosophical, spiritual contemplation in the forms of visible nature. Carus found a designation for this new kind of art - he proposed calling it not a landscape, but a “depiction of the life of the earth.” He so deeply accepted the principles of Friedrich’s art that there is still doubt about some paintings - whether they belong to the “teacher” or the “student”.
Fascinated by Friedrich, in his footsteps, Carus in 1819 went on a trip to the island of Rügen, where, like Friedrich, he wrote seascapes. The sea and sky in these canvases serve the artist, as if to give an idea of ​​the very infinity of nature. In the painting "Surf on Rügen" only a narrow strip of rocky shore and large, monotonously rising waves up to the horizon are shown. The landscape is striking in its majestic desolation; the artist wanted to convey nature as great, powerful and deaf, as it is in itself, and not as an unreflective person usually perceives it and adapts it to his needs. In the painting “Moonlit Night on Rügen” the artist removes the last support - the shore; we see the sea in a way that no human can see it at all - in the middle of a water desert, from above, like seagulls flying close; and we cannot take our eyes off the wavy ripples spread out below us, illuminated by the moon. The artist peers into the endless natural elements with intentness and expectation, as if he were peering into a person’s face.
The fact that nature, endowed with spirit, like man, can have its own “expression” consonant with human feelings, is a conviction expressed by Carus in his theoretical and philosophical work “Nine Letters on Landscape Painting.” Such expressions - sadness, peace, renewal, etc. - give the picture of nature the time of day, the season. The sensibility of a romantic artist, convinced of the inner kinship of nature and man, sees in a certain combination of natural motifs not an accident, but symbols of a spiritual state. Imbued with this mindset, we will understand, for example, the artist’s thought in the painting “Cemetery of the Oybin Monastery” (1828): the ruins of a church, graves under the snow - this is decay, numbness, non-existence; the mighty green spruce trees towering in the center of the composition are a premonition of the coming revival.

In Carus's work there are a number of paintings, directly dedicated to the topic spiritual kinship and silent secret dialogue between man and nature. In these paintings, a person is not naturally positioned in the lap of nature, like staffage in a classical landscape. He is always outside of her, looking at her from a window, from an opening, from a terrace, but he is united with the landscape in a different way - by empathy, a common spiritual state. Such is the “Lady on the Terrace” (1824), looking into the bluish dawn distance. This is one of the most famous paintings Carus "Moving in a barge across the Elbe" (1827). From the dark space of a covered barge, through the eyes of a young, elegant girl sitting here, we look at the river and the landscape shining in the distance on the opposite bank, dissolving in the sunlight with the silhouette of Dresden, and we are imbued with her state of joyful anticipation, an impulse from darkness to light, from everyday life to miracle. And finally, one of the most original paintings of Carus is “Bruhl's Terrace in Dresden” (1830). Twilight. Damp fog. Out of the fog itself, like a miraculous vision, emerges the pointed silhouette of the Dresden Hofkirche. In the foreground, near the parapet of the terrace, there are figures of tramps or wanderers: a hunched old man sitting, as if in a daze, a child pressed to his knees, a dog lying at their feet. A man is dreaming, and the city is immersed in fog, as if in a dream. At this hour, they seem to merge with each other in an unknown silent conversation, full of secret meaning.
A special theme woven into Carus’s paintings is the motif of art and creativity. The painting “Balcony in Naples” (1829-1830) is somewhat reminiscent of “Crossing the Elbe”: from the room, through the open balcony door, we see the sun-drenched city on the other side of the bay. It seems that only one thing is missing - a person looking into this distance; and it’s true that there is no man here, but there is his song - a violin placed at the very door. There is also no person in another painting by Carus, “The Artist’s Workshop in the Moonlight” (1826). The light squares of the window on the transparent curtain are crossed out by the dark silhouette of an easel and a mast. And there are no more contrasts, everything is immersed in enveloping darkness and peace. One can feel that unclear, vague, but intense spiritual state in which images are born while the artist’s mind and will are asleep. Few people were able to convey with such force the very mysterious atmosphere of creativity than this naturalist scientist, professor and philosopher, who was touched and transformed into an artist by the spiritual impulse of romanticism.

Franz von Stuck (German Franz von Stuck; February 23, 1863, Tettenweis - August 30, 1928, Munich) - German painter and sculptor.
The son of a village miller, Franz von Stuck studied at the Royal School of Arts and Crafts in Munich and then at the Munich Academy of Arts. Von Stuck was interested in new artistic techniques and genres and, together with Wilhelm Trübner, founded the Munich Secession in 1892.
Since 1895, Stuck has been a professor at the Academy of Arts, among his students were Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Joseph Hengge, Georg Kahrs, Paul Stollreiter and Heinrich Striffler. In 1906, Franz von Stuck received the title of nobility. Along with Franz von Lenbach and Friedrich August von Kaulbach, von Stuck is a prominent representative of the Munich school of fine art.
Inspired by the work of Arnold Böcklin, Stuck painted soaringly unreal paintings based on subjects from the world of fantasy and allegory, symbolic images, such as his “Sin” (1893) and “War” (1894). Many of his large-format works are distinguished by an ambiguous erotic atmosphere. Von Stuck's paintings, often depicting naked female and male bodies, received an unusually strong artistic perception among the public in the Victorian era with slightly “hysterical” features.

The most famous artist in Germany late XIX- at the beginning of the 20th century there was a landscape painter Hans Thoma. He painted naturalistically and simply, mainly the Black Forest - a forest area in southern Germany, with which he is associated whole line myths and legends of German folklore. Contemporaries called him the greatest German artist, and Adolf Hitler even considered Tom the greatest artist of all times. Dozens of streets and squares in German cities were named after him, and he received this honor during his lifetime.
After 1945, Hans Thom's fame began to rapidly fade, and today his paintings evoke a skeptical smile rather than delight, if anyone still remembers them at all.

Wilhelm Heinrich Otto Dix(German: Wilhelm Heinrich Otto Dix, December 2, 1891, Gera, Thuringia, German Empire - July 25, 1969, Singen, Baden, Germany) - German expressionist artist and graphic artist, author of emotionally intense paintings that can shock.
Avant-garde artist, in the 1920s he was associated with Dadaism and Expressionism. Along with Georg Gross, Dix was a representative of the so-called “new materiality”. Dix's canvases are distinguished by social and pacifist motifs and painful spiritual quests.
-
Death and war go hand in hand. These are two best friends. One prepares the field for the well-honed braid of the other. If we agree with the thesis that the history of mankind is the history of wars, then the latter is one of the important and influential means of human interaction. The phenomenon of war is reflected in ideological constructs, political doctrinaire, philosophical treatises and debates, and of course in the mirror of fine art.
For a long time, it was customary to portray death in war as heroic, pure, and symbolic. But then, sweeping away everything in its path, the chatter of machine guns, the thunder of thousands of guns, clouds of chlorine and caterpillar monsters, the First One burst into the history of mankind. World War. It completely changed the whole world, changed people’s attitudes towards the war itself and the perception of death in it. Naturally, the primary role in the creation and dissemination of new meanings on this matter was played (not counting the First World War itself, in which millions of people around the world were involved) media and art. Of course, the novels of Remarque and Hemingway immediately come to mind, which largely determined the attitude towards war in the mass consciousness of the modern “civilized world”. We will talk about another representative of the generation that witnessed the World War, but has nothing to do with literary creativity.
War and death through the eyes of the German expressionist artist Otto Dix... His painting still arouses a lot of controversy and is subject to the most original interpretations. The artist plans the military series of etchings, published in 1924 (several more works on the theme of war were written in the 1930s, for example the triptych “War” 1929-1932), while still at the front, making sketches in the endless trenches of the Western Front (on which there is “nothing new”, if the title is literally translated famous novel Remarque). Like many young men of his generation who, in Ernst Jünger’s apt expression, succumbed to the “intoxication of war,” Otto went to the front as a volunteer. He later attributes his decision to natural curiosity: “Obviously, I’m just too curious. I had to see it all - hunger, lice, dirt and other abominations. I had to experience these terrible depths of life myself, that’s why I went to war voluntarily.” Dix has seen enough of all this, drawn into the whirlpool of the “great war”, he fights for four long years, gets wounded and receives the Iron Cross. And this image is complemented by another interesting fact: He went through the entire war with a volume of Nietzsche and the Bible. At the front, he is guided not only by the military regulations, but also by Nietzsche’s instructions for artists: “Depicting terrible and controversial things is an instinct of the artist’s will and greatness; he should not be afraid of this.”
Chilling horror, inevitability and a sense of the constant presence of death - this is what characterizes the work of Dix’s military series. At the same time, death in his works is always disgusting and frightening in its ordinariness.
War and its companion - death in the universe of Otto Dix appear before us as an incredible cataclysm, an element that spares no one, turns consciousness upside down and plunges us into a state of dope and the unreality of what is happening. Death ceases to be an extraordinary event, loses its heroic aura and is subverted to the level of everyday life and appears before us in the most unsightly light.
In the Third Reich, Dix's work was considered "degenerate" and "degenerate". He will also be expelled from the Dresden Academy. The artist was destined to go to war again. At the age of 53, Otto Dix was drafted into the Volkssturm (people's militia) in 1945. But he did not have to participate in battles for long, just a few days. He will then be captured by French troops and will be released only in 1946. D. Zhitinev: "Otto Dix: Death and War"

Richard Müller (1874-1954) - professor at the Dresden Art Academy from 1900 to 1935.
With the Nazis coming to power, he was removed from office because... was married to American singer Lilian Sanderson, who did not renounce her American citizenship.

Sasha Schneider , Karl Alexander Schneider (German: Sascha Schneider, Karl Alexander Schneider, September 21, 1870, St. Petersburg - August 18, 1927, Swinemünde, now Swinoujscie) - German Art Nouveau artist, famous for his illustrations for the novels of Karl May. The early years of the future artist were spent in St. Petersburg. After the death of the father, the mother moved with the children to Dresden. In 1881 the Schneiders settled in Zurich. Karl Alexander studied at the gymnasium and then at the Academy of Fine Arts in Dresden. In 1903, he met Karl May and began illustrating his books. Since 1904 - teacher at an art school in Weimar. Because of his cohabitant's threats to reveal his homosexual inclinations, which were then persecuted under German law, he moved to Italy, where such inclinations were not considered crimes. Traveled, including around the Caucasus. Suffered from diabetes. Having become thirsty on a ship approaching Swinemünde, he drank a poisonous stain remover by mistake. He was buried in Loschwitz - now Dresden.

Oskar Zwintscher

Oscar Zwincher(German Oskar Zwintscher; May 2, 1870, Leipzig - February 12, 1916, Dresden) - German symbolist artist.
Son of music teacher Bruno Zwincher, brother of pianist Rudolf Zwincher. He received his artistic education at the Leipzig Academy of Arts (1887-1890) and - under the leadership of Leon Polet and Ferdinand Pauwels - at the Dresden Academy of Arts (1890-1892). After graduation within three years lives as a freelance artist in Meissen, receiving a scholarship from the Munkelch Foundation for Saxon artists. In 1898, he exhibited his works to the public for the first time, winning the chocolate magnate Ludwig Stollwerk Prize. In 1898, the series of his works “Seasons” was published, followed by the series “Bad Weather” in 1900. In 1904, he himself was already a member of the committee for awarding prizes from the “manufacturer of chocolate, cocoa and champagne, the company Stolwerk.” Since 1903, the artist has been a professor at the Dresden Academy of Arts.
Zwincher's canvases imitate the painting style of old German masters - Lucas Cranach the Elder, Hans Holbein the Younger and others. The German symbolists had a great influence on his creative work: Arnold Böcklin, Ludwig Richter, Moritz von Schwind. He painted his works carefully down to the smallest detail; was a principled opponent of impressionism. He was a close friend of the artist and sculptor Sascha Schneider, who created the sculpture of an ephebe with a torch, installed on the grave of O. Zwincher at the Loschwitz cemetery in Dresden.

Graphics, in which he was a virtuoso master and to which he, in his book “Painting and Drawing,” published in 1891, occupied great importance in Klinger’s work, published in 1891, independent meaning in displaying the outside world. At the same time, Klinger believed that graphics tend to convey the demonically dark aspects of life, adequately expressed in a linear and contrasting manner, which makes it possible to consider Klinger as one of the forerunners of the surrealists. The depiction of “cycles” of action with the depiction of fantastic-symbolist imaginary realities was compared by Klinger himself to piece of music(“opus”). Painting itself remained a realistically positive means of expression for the artist. Klinger was particularly influenced by Puvis de Chavannes, who created a series of allegorical, monumental works of wall painting in Paris. Klinger saw his goal in art as the unification of painting, plastic arts and architecture. Klinger's religious paintings show the master's influence from the Italian Renaissance.
“I live in myself and walk between the reflexes of my eyes: gas light – mirror – people.” Klinger, who wrote this sentence in his diary in 1883, absorbed everything around him with his eyes. Painting was, in his mind, a means of holding back the “external world.” Fantasy could only be expressed in drawings and engravings. In this sense, Klinger worked in both techniques, to which he later added the talent of a sculptor. The outside world and inner world excited him equally, and he always saw them as opposites.

Death and Beauty
An die Schonheit. Near the seashore, in a flowering meadow, tall trees are intertwined in lace patterns. Like dreams of a desert land, they rise to the sky and listen to the gentle sounds of the surf. There, on a jubilant sunny day, a Man came and saw that the world was beautiful. He knelt down and began to pray, covering his face with his hands. And tears flowed from his eyes, uncontrollable tears of delight and torment before the mystery of beauty. Anyone who adored nature, who surrendered with all the impulses of his heart and thought to the great charms of its incomprehensibility, will understand why Max Klinger ended the last series of his etchings with this reconciling chord: “On Death.”
Death…
None of the contemporary artists came to think about death more often and more concentratedly than Klinger. No one delved deeper into the silence of otherworldly fate that guards the horror of people.
Death. She knows no mercy. She is at the end of all roads. Her inexorable proximity equalizes all lots. Happy and suffering, wise and crazy. Before her are equally insignificant: a warrior tempted by the ghost of glory, and a ruler in gold and purple, dying like a slave at the foot of a magnificent throne, and a sailor thrown by a storm on the rocks, and a girl at work in her native field, and a child in a cradle near her mother. , carefreely asleep on a bench near the evening pond...
Death lurks everywhere. She has a thousand forms and symbols. It creeps up on a person when he least expects it and when he is tired of waiting - a merciless, silent death, sometimes mockingly evil, like a skeleton in a monastic robe, like a flock of ravens bursting into a hospital room, sometimes sadly quiet, like a white angel...
And the artist insists on prophetic images stubbornly, methodically, with the ruthless refinement of one who does not spare others because he does not spare himself. These engravings about death alternate before us, complete, inevitable, like visions of Durer’s “Melancholy” reading the word Vanitas in the sky, and from them comes poetry of insinuating sadness and silence, reminiscent of Verlaine’s lines:
Je suis un berceau
Qu"une main balance
Au fond definite"un caveau.
Silence, silence...
But does this mean that death is the refutation of life? Does this mean that people should give in to despair while waiting for the last hour?
No. We must overcome the sorrowful knowledge of the terrible, inevitable end. The artist tells us: “The forms of death are terrible, but not death itself.” No, because there is something stronger than the truth of death - the truth of beauty.
Beauty conquers death. In the rays of beauty, the spirit of man joins eternity. In beauty is his premonition about the incomprehensible connection of earthly existence - weak, temporary, accidental with that beginningless and enduring being, which he calls: the Universe.
This is how the meaning of this prayer is revealed to us. The same prayer sounds throughout Klinger’s work. That is why most of his works emanate such strict peace, such solemn reconciliation, despite the predominance of gloomy melodies in them.
(With)


wiki

Back into Nothingness, plate fifteen from A Life
Peeing Death (Der pinkelden Tod)
Untitled

Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach(German: Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach; February 21, 1851, Hadamar - December 15, 1913, Capri) - German artist, representative of symbolism and Art Nouveau style. He was also known as a public figure, the founder of the communal settlement Himmelhof in Ober St. Veit.
Life and art
Karl Diefenbach was born into the family of an artist and art teacher at the gymnasium, Leonard Diefenbach. He studied painting at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts and was initially under the creative influence of Arnold Böcklin and Franz von Stuck. The paintings created by Karl Diefenbach became famous even in his youth.
Having suffered from a severe form of typhus, the artist became disabled - his right hand remained crippled. Since Karl Diefenbach believed that only a return to a natural lifestyle close to nature and natural products could cure him, he fell under the influence of the famous German popularizers of this theory, Arnold Rikli and Eduard Balzer. In 1881, Diefenbach also broke with the official church. Dressed in a cassock and sandals, he preached his teachings in Munich.
The main ideas of Karl Diefenbach were the following: living in accordance with the laws of nature, rejection of monogamy, vegetarianism, rejection of any religion, more movement in the fresh air and reverence for the naked body. All this caused ridicule from his contemporaries, who called Diefenbach “the apostle of Kohlrabi.” After being taken under surveillance by the police, the artist leaves Munich and settles in an abandoned quarry. The young artist Hugo Höppener (“Fidus”) becomes his assistant. Their joint work is the large frieze Through Thorns to the Stars (Per aspera ad astra). In 1892, Diefenbach exhibited his works in Vienna. This exhibition was a stunning success and made his name famous, but due to fraud by the leadership of the Austrian Art Society, Diefenbach lost all his paintings. After this disaster, the artist leaves for Egypt, where he studies ancient Egyptian temples. Then, in order to return his paintings, he returned to Vienna in 1897, plans to publish the Humanitas magazine here and organizes a new large exhibition. The artist finds support among the intellectual elite of the Austrian capital, including the pacifist Bertha von Suttner and the publicist Michael Conrad. Diefenbach settled in the settlement of Himmelhof near Vienna, and about 20 of his students settled there with him. These included artists Konstantinos Parthenis and Gustav Gräser, as well as animal rights activist Magnus Schwantje.
In his “teaching” Karl Diefenbach was clearly inconsistent. In the Himmelhof colony, he made numerous concessions to himself, lived with two “wives” at the same time, and at the same time demanded modesty and complete submission from his students. He personally supervised the correspondence of each of them. After a year of existence, the commune went bankrupt and Diefenbach went to the island of Capri, where he became famous as a major artist, while in his homeland his work was consigned to oblivion. Died in Capri due to intestinal volvulus.

Karl Friedrich Lessing(German: Karl Friedrich Lessing; February 15, 1808, Breslau - June 5, 1880, Karlsruhe) - German artist of the romantic movement.

Fredinand Keller(1842-1922) - "Böcklin's Grave"

Wilhelm Scheuchzer "Der Alte Südfriedhof" 1830

Rudolf Wiegmann. Das Grab des Lederfabrikanten Söhlmann auf dem St.-Nicolai-Kirchhof in Hannover. In dem Aquarell von 1835

Franz Reinhold

Marie Egner "Alter Friedhof c1883-1884"

Peter Heinrich Happel

Kapelle im Mondschein by Fritz von Wille, 1912

Carl Strathmann (1866-1939)

Max Wislicenus (1861-1957)

Ferdinand Staeger (1880-1976)

Rudolf Schiestl(August 8, 1878, Würzburg - November 30, 1931, Nuremberg) - German painter, engraver, glassblower and one of the pioneers of expressionism. The engravings from the series "The Death of Basel" (circa 1910) are based on a medieval folk song from 1539, 8 engravings for 7 verses. The song tells about how a certain young man from Basel married an old woman who “visited” him on the third day, then he went to the cemetery and asked Death to take the grumpy woman. When he returned, his wife had already died. The young man harnessed the horses and took the dead old woman to the cemetery, where the grave was already ready, in which she was supposed to shut up forever. After that, he returned home and took himself a young wife, who beat him on the third day. Well, he prayed to Death: “It would be better if it were the old one!”

These are more than pretty pictures, they are a reflection of reality. In the works of great artists you can see how the world and the consciousness of people changed.

Art is also an attempt to create an alternative reality where you can hide from the horrors of your time, or a desire to change the world. The art of the 20th century rightfully occupies a special place in history. The people who lived and worked in those times experienced social upheavals, wars, and unprecedented developments in science; and all this found its mark on their canvases. 20th century artists took part in creating the modern vision of the world.

Some names are still pronounced with aspiration, while others are unfairly forgotten. Someone was so contradictory creative path, that we still cannot give it an unambiguous assessment. This review is dedicated to the 20 greatest artists of the 20th century. Camille Pizarro- French painter. An outstanding representative of impressionism. The artist’s work was influenced by John Constable, Camille Corot, Jean Francois Millet.
Born July 10, 1830 in St. Thomas, died November 13, 1903 in Paris.

Hermitage at Pontoise, 1868

Opera passage in Paris, 1898

Sunset at Varengeville, 1899

Edgar Degas - French artist, one of the greatest impressionists. Degas' work was influenced by Japanese graphics. Born on July 19, 1834 in Paris, he died on September 27, 1917 in Paris.

Absinthe, 1876

Star, 1877

Woman combing her hair, 1885

Paul Cezanne - French artist, one of the greatest representatives of post-impressionism. In his work he strove to reveal the harmony and balance of nature. His work had a tremendous influence on the worldview of artists of the 20th century.
Born January 19, 1839 in Aix-en-Provence, France, died October 22, 1906 in Aix-en-Provence.

Gamblers, 1893

Modern Olympia, 1873

Still life with skulls, 1900

Claude Monet- an outstanding French painter. One of the founders of impressionism. In his works, Monet sought to convey the richness and richness of the surrounding world. Its late period is characterized by decorativeism and
The late period of Monet’s work was characterized by decorativeism, an increasing dissolution of object forms in sophisticated combinations of color spots.
Born November 14, 1840 in Paris, died December 5, 1926 in Jverny.

Welk Cliff at Pourville, 1882

After Lunch, 1873-1876

Etretat, sunset, 1883

Arkhip Kuindzhi - famous Russian artist, master of landscape painting. Lost his parents early. WITH early years A love for painting began to manifest itself. The work of Arkhip Kuindzhi had a huge influence on Nicholas Roerich.
Born on January 15, 1841 in Mariupol, died on July 11, 1910 in St. Petersburg.

"Volga", 1890-1895

"North", 1879

"View of the Kremlin from Zamoskvorechye", 1882

Pierre Auguste Renoir - French artist, graphic artist, sculptor, one of the outstanding representatives of impressionism. He was also known as a master of secular portraiture. Auguste Rodin was the first impressionist to become popular among wealthy Parisians.
Born on February 25, 1841 in Limoges, France, died on December 2, 1919 in Paris.

Pont des Arts in Paris, 1867

Ball at the Moulin de la Galette, 1876

Jeanne Samary, 1877

Paul Gauguin- French artist, sculptor, ceramicist, graphic artist. Along with Paul Cezanne and Vincent van Gogh, he is one of the most prominent representatives of post-impressionism. The artist lived in poverty because his paintings were not in demand.
Born June 7, 1848 in Paris, died May 8, 1903 on the island of Hiva Oa, French Polynesia.

Breton landscape, 1894

Breton village in snow, 1888

Are you jealous? 1892

Saints' Day, 1894

Wassily Kandinsky - Russian and German artist, poet, art theorist. Considered one of the leaders of the avant-garde of the 1st half of the 20th century. He is one of the founders of abstract art.
Born on November 22, 1866 in Moscow, died on December 13, 1944 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.

Couple riding on horseback, 1918

A colorful life, 1907

Moscow 1, 1916

In grey, 1919

Henri Matisse - one of the greatest French artists and sculptors. One of the founders of the Fauvist movement. In his work, he strived to convey emotions through color. In his work he was influenced by the Islamic culture of the Western Maghreb. Born on December 31, 1869 in the city of Le Cateau, he died on November 3, 1954 in the town of Cimiez.

Square in Saint-Tropez, 1904

Outline of Notre Dame at night, 1902

Woman with a Hat, 1905

Dance, 1909

Italian, 1919

Portrait of Delectorskaya, 1934

Nicholas Roerich- Russian artist, writer, scientist, mystic. During his life he painted more than 7,000 paintings. One of prominent figures culture of the 20th century, founder of the “Peace through Culture” movement.
Born on October 27, 1874 in St. Petersburg, died on December 13, 1947 in the city of Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, India.

Overseas guests, 1901

The Great Spirit of the Himalayas, 1923

Message from Shambhala, 1933

Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin - Russian artist, graphic artist, theorist, writer, teacher. He was one of the ideologists of the reorganization of art education in the USSR.
Born on November 5, 1878 in the city of Khvalynsk, Saratov province, died on February 15, 1939 in Leningrad.

“1918 in Petrograd”, 1920

"Boys at Play", 1911

Bathing the Red Horse, 1912

Portrait of Anna Akhmatova

Kazimir Malevich- Russian artist, founder of Suprematism - a movement in abstract art, teacher, art theorist and philosopher
Born on February 23, 1879 in Kyiv, died on May 15, 1935 in Moscow.

Rest (Society in Top Hat), 1908

"Peasant women with buckets", 1912-1913

Black Suprematist Square, 1915

Suprematist painting, 1916

On the boulevard, 1903

Pablo Picasso- Spanish artist, sculptor, sculptor, ceramic designer. One of the founders of Cubism. The work of Pablo Picasso had a significant influence on the development of painting in the 20th century. According to a survey of Time magazine readers
Born October 25, 1881 in Malaga, Spain, died April 8, 1973 in Mougins, France.

Girl on a ball, 1905

Portrait of Ambroise Vallors, 1910

Three Graces

Portrait of Olga

Dance, 1919

Woman with a flower, 1930

Amadeo Modigliani- Italian artist, sculptor. One of the brightest representatives of expressionism. During his lifetime he had only one exhibition in December 1917 in Paris. Born July 12, 1884 in Livorno, Italy, died January 24, 1920 from tuberculosis. World recognition received posthumously; received worldwide recognition posthumously.

Cellist, 1909

The couple, 1917

Joan Hebuterne, 1918

Mediterranean landscape, 1918

Diego Rivera- Mexican painter, muralist, politician. He was the husband of Frida Kahlo. Leon Trotsky found shelter in their house for a short time.
Born December 8, 1886 in Guanajuato, died December 21, 1957 in Mexico City.

Notre Dame de Paris in the rain, 1909

Woman at the Well, 1913

Union of Peasants and Workers, 1924

Detroit Industry, 1932

Marc Chagall- Russian and French painter, graphic artist, illustrator, theater artist. One of the greatest representatives of the avant-garde.
Born on June 24, 1887 in the city of Liozno, Mogilev province, died on March 28, 1985 in Saint-Paul-de-Provence.

Anyuta (Portrait of a Sister), 1910

Bride with a Fan, 1911

Me and the Village, 1911

Adam and Eve, 1912

Mark Rothko(present Mark Rothkovich) - American artist, one of the founders of abstract expressionism and the founder of color field painting.
The artist's first works were created in a realistic spirit, however, then by the mid-40s, Mark Rothko turned to surrealism. By 1947, a major turning point occurred in the work of Mark Rothko; he created his own style - abstract expressionism, in which he moved away from objective elements.
Born on September 25, 1903 in the city of Dvinsk (now Daugavpils), died on February 25, 1970 in New York.

Untitled

Number 7 or 11

Orange and yellow

Salvador Dali- painter, graphic artist, sculptor, writer, designer, director. Perhaps the most famous representative of surrealism and one of the greatest artists of the 20th century.
Designed by Chupa Chups.
Born May 11, 1904 in Figueres, Spain, died January 23, 1989 in Spain.

Temptation of Saint Anthony, 1946

Last Supper, 1955

Woman with a Head of Roses, 1935

My wife Gala, naked, looking at her body, 1945

Frida Kahlo - Mexican artist and graphic artist, one of the brightest representatives of surrealism.
Frida Kahlo began painting after a car accident, which left her bedridden for a year.
She was married to the famous Mexican communist artist Diego Rivera. Leon Trotsky found refuge in their house for a short time.
Born July 6, 1907 in Coyoacan, Mexico, died July 13, 1954 in Coyoacan.

Embrace of Universal Love, Earth, Me, Diego and Coatl, 1949

Moses (Core of Creation), 1945

Two Fridas, 1939

Andy Warhole(present Andrei Varhola) - American artist, designer, director, producer, publisher, writer, collector. The founder of pop art, is one of the most controversial personalities in the history of culture. Several films have been made based on the artist’s life.
Born on August 6, 1928 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, died in 1963 in New York.

Appearing in landscape and portrait.
In genre portrait the best inheritance Philippa Otto Runge(1777-1810), who worked in Hamburg, paid great attention to problems of color, author of the treatise " Color circle". In his works he built far-fetched, complex allegories, but he created truly living images by turning directly to nature. In his self-portrait, he combines the vigilance of an analyst and the rigor of an accurate drawing. In the painting "Portrait of Parents" the landscape is executed with amazing subtlety and care, in the background of which are the artist’s old parents, the wrinkled faces of anxious old people, in sharp contrast with the rosy-cheeked children, looking at the world with wide open eyes.

The main object is nature, in paintings Caspar David Friedrich(1774-1840). He admires the greatness of nature, and also thinks and worries about the rocky wastelands with their smooth outlines and the play of light and shadow, or the struggle of the German people against the Napoleonic conquest. The man in Friedrich's landscapes is a small, lonely figure, lost in the vast expanses of the world, or a passive observer contemplating the foggy distances.
Adolf Menzel(1815-1905) gave impetus to the flourishing of realism in German painting. An artist of broad designs, Menzel strives to embrace life in all its diversity, he introduced historical genre realistic method. In 1840, he created four hundred pen drawings to illustrate the Histories of Frederick the Great. What is especially attractive in illustrations is the authenticity in the depiction of the historical setting, costumes, and the ability to capture what is characteristic. Menzel also addresses this theme in painting, for example, the most lively of the series of paintings dedicated to Frederick II, depicting the refined society surrounding Frederick in his residence. The setting of the palace is masterfully depicted, with those gathered loosely grouped around the table.

During a trip to France, Menzel became acquainted with French art, which further strengthened the realistic orientation of his work. He creates one of the first Western European painting pictures of the life of the working class, industrial labor, where huge workshops, machine tools and workers’ furnaces illuminated by flames, their conditions of hard, exhausting labor, are accurately depicted. In the workshop, perched behind a sheet of iron, they hastily finish their meager breakfast.
Numerous preparatory drawings for paintings, made from life, meticulous drawings of details of costumes, furnishings, and lively sketches of people, landscapes, interiors, executed in charcoal and pencil, pen and brush, characterize Menzel as one of the largest, since the time of Dürer, draftsmen in Germany.

The tradition of realism in German painting continues Wilhelm Leibl(1844-1900). Interest in the life of working people, the problem of light and air environment and space, truthfully depicting the peasants of Bavarian villages, attracting with silver tonal painting.

German painting began its development during the period early Middle Ages influenced by classical art Ancient Rome and Byzantium.

During the period of Gothic dominance, painting turned to painting window panes, and for a long time was closely related to architecture.

Painting took a new direction in the 15th century under the influence of the Flemish school, which brilliantly developed thanks to the van Eyck brothers.

Michael Wolgemuth is recognized as the first significant master of Germany. He probably learned his craft from the works of Flemish painters. Albrecht Dürer, who later became the greatest artist in Germany, studied in his workshop in 1486-89. His paintings reveal the true grandeur of the Renaissance

The greatest artist, Mathis Niethardt, nicknamed Grunewald, worked simultaneously with Dürer. The coloristic richness of his painting also belongs to the highest achievements of national artistic culture.

On further development painting was influenced by the work of the outstanding portrait painter, master of mythological and religious scenes, Lucas Cranach the Elder, who possessed a virtuoso art of decorative solutions and a subtle sense of landscape.

His influence affected the work of a whole galaxy of artists in whose painting and graphics landscape played an important role and who are known as the “Danube School”.

The most outstanding representative of the Danube school of painting is Albrecht Altdorfer.

In the 17th century German artists, having borrowed the ideals of classicism from other national schools and trying to maintain them, they opened their own Academy of Arts. Before its opening in 1694, German artists, in order to receive professional training, had to go abroad - to Flanders, Italy, and Holland. That is why the influence of these national schools is so noticeable in the works of German painters.

The most gifted artists tried to defend their originality, although they could not completely abandon other people's models. German artists XVII centuries became a kind of prophets in a foreign fatherland. In Germany itself, national talents were not valued or supported; the artist was in a humiliating, dependent position. Characteristic feature German art XVII century as a whole constitutes inconsistency, first of all it is noted in the work of Joachim von Sandrart.

In the 18th century, national painting styles in Germany began to develop in parallel in various German states. Bavaria became one of the main centers of art. In the early period, the development of national painting proceeded within the framework of the Baroque; later it approached the styles of Rococo and Classicism. Anton Raphael Mengs, the largest German painter of the Classical era, had a greater influence on the painting of the 18th century and subsequent painting.

The first original and national German artist of modern times was Danzig native Daniel Chodowiecki, one of the main representatives of Enlightenment realism.

In the second half of the 19th century, artists who experienced disappointment both in realism and in imitation of old masters searched for new themes and ways to implement them.

Karl Blechen became known as one of the first German "industrial" artists to celebrate the emerging industrial power.

The greatest master mid-19th century there was a Berlin painter and graphic artist Adolf von Menzel.

Prized for his accurate and at the same time picturesque city views from the 19th century, Johann Philipp Eduard Gaertner.

At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, the brilliant talent of the famous German impressionist Lesser Ury emerged.

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner went down in the history of painting as the founder of one of the most notable phenomena artistic life the beginning of the twentieth century - expressionism.

You can buy reproductions of paintings by German painters in our online store.

"Germany Artists of Germany German artists (German artists)"

Germany Artists of Germany German artists (German artists) and painting of Germany

Germany is the official name of the Federal Republic of Germany.
The state of the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany, or Germany; German: Deutschland or Bundesrepublik Deutschland [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant]) is a state in Central Europe. Germany shares borders with Denmark, Poland, the Czech Republic, Austria, Switzerland, France, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands. In the north, the natural border is formed by the North and Baltic seas.
Germany - the Russian name of this country comes from the Germanic tribe.
Germany The capital of the Federal Republic of Germany is the city of Berlin.

Germany History of Germany Prehistory
In the Upper and Middle Paleolithic era, the territory of Germany was a place of migration of the most ancient hominids (Heidelberg man, Neanderthal man).
During the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic era, several developed Paleolithic cultures existed in Germany (Hamburg, Ahrensburg, Federmesser).
During the Neolithic era, the territory of Germany was occupied mainly by representatives of the western branch of the linear-band ceramics culture (Rössen culture and its descendant, the Michelsberg culture). During this period, dolmens were actively constructed in Germany. The Michelsberg culture is gradually replaced by the Funnel Beaker culture.
The Bronze Age is associated with the speakers of the ancient Indo-European languages, although initially these were, apparently, the ancestors not of the Germanic, but of the Celto-Italic peoples (the culture of spherical amphorae, the Baden culture, the culture of the fields of funerary urns, etc.). The ancestors of the Germans occupied mainly the northern part of Germany, but since the Iron Age they gradually ousted the Celts from Germany, partially assimilating them, especially in the south of Germany.

Germany History of Germany History of ancient Germany
Germany History of Germany (Germans) during the ancient era
Germanic tribes lived in the territory of Central Europe back in the first millennium BC; Tacitus gave a fairly detailed description of their structure and way of life at the end of the 1st century. Linguistic studies suggest that the separation of the Germanic peoples from the Balto-Slavs occurred approximately in the 8th-6th centuries BC.

The Germans (Germanic tribes) at that time were divided into several groups - between the Rhine, Main and Weser lived the Batavians, Bructeri, Hamavs, Chatti and Ubii; on the North Sea coast - Hawks, Angles, Warins, Frisians; from the middle and upper Elbe to the Oder - Marcomanni, Quads, Lombards and Semnons; between the Oder and the Vistula - the Vandals, Burgundians and Goths; in Scandinavia - swions, gauts.
Since the 2nd century AD. e. The Germans (Germanic tribes) are increasingly invading the Roman Empire. During this period, the Germans (Germanic tribes) gradually formed tribal alliances (Alemanni, Goths, Saxons, Franks).
Germany History of Germany History of ancient Germany
Germany History of Germany Great Migration
The Great Migration of Peoples is the conventional name for a set of ethnic movements in Europe in the 4th-7th centuries, mainly from the periphery of the Roman Empire to its territory.
At the end of the 4th century, the invasion of Asian nomadic peoples into Europe prompted the resettlement of the Germans (Germanic tribes). They settled the border lands of the Roman Empire, and soon began armed invasions of it. In the 5th century, the Germanic tribes of the Goths, Vandals and others created their own kingdoms on the territory of the collapsing Western Roman Empire. At the same time, on the territory of what is now Germany, the primitive communal system was largely preserved.
Germany History of Germany
Middle Ages Frankish state
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Frankish tribes played the most significant role among the Germanic tribes. In 481, Clovis I became the first king of the Salic Franks. Under King Clovis I and his descendants, Gaul was conquered, and from the Germans, the Alemanni and most of the Frankish tribes became part of the state. Later, Aquitaine, Provence, northern Italy, a small part of Spain were conquered, and the Thuringians, Bavarians, Saxons and other tribes were subjugated. By 800, all of Germany was part of the huge Frankish state.
In 800, the Frankish king Charlemagne was declared Roman Emperor. Until the year 800, the heir to the Roman Empire was Byzantium (since the Western Roman Empire had already ceased to exist and only the Eastern - Byzantium remained). The empire Charles restored was a continuation of the ancient Roman Empire, and Charles was considered the 68th emperor, the successor of the eastern line immediately after the deposition of Constantine VI in 797, and not the successor of Romulus Augustulus. In 843, the Frankish empire collapsed, although various kings (usually the kings of Italy) formally held the title of emperor intermittently until 924.

Germany History of Germany
Middle Ages Beginning of German statehood
The foundations of the German state were laid in the Treaty of Verdun, which was concluded between the grandchildren of Charlemagne in 843. This treaty divided the Frankish empire into three parts - the French (West Frankish Kingdom), which went to Charles the Bald, the Italian-Lorraine (Middle Kingdom), of which Charlemagne's eldest son Lothar became king, and the German, where power went to Louis the German.
Traditionally, the first German state is considered to be the East Frankish state. During the 10th century, the unofficial name “Reich of the Germans (Regnum Teutonicorum)” appeared, which after several centuries became generally accepted (in the form “Reich der Deutschen”).
In 870, most of the Kingdom of Lorraine was captured by the East Frankish king Louis the German. Thus, the East Frankish Kingdom united almost all the lands inhabited by the Germans. During the 9th-10th centuries there were wars with the Slavs, which led to the annexation of a number of Slavic lands.
Germany History of Germany

Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (Latin: Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Teutonicae, German: Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation) - public education, which existed from 962 to 1806 and united the territories of Central Europe. At its peak, the empire included Germany, which was its core, northern and central Italy, Switzerland, the Kingdom of Burgundy, the Netherlands, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Silesia, Alsace and Lorraine. Since 1134 it formally consisted of three kingdoms: Germany, Italy and Burgundy. From 1135 the kingdom of Bohemia became part of the empire; its official status within the empire was finally settled in 1212.

Germany History of Germany
History of the German State - Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
The empire was founded in 962 by the German king Otto I the Great and was seen as a direct continuation of the ancient Roman Empire and the Frankish empire of Charlemagne. The processes of formation of a single state in the empire throughout the history of its existence were never completed, and it remained a decentralized entity with a complex feudal hierarchical structure that united several hundred territorial-state entities. At the head of the empire was the emperor. The imperial title was not hereditary, but was assigned based on the results of election by a college of electors. The power of the emperor was never absolute and was limited to the highest aristocracy of Germany, and from the end of the 15th century - to the Reichstag, which represented the interests of the main classes of the empire.
Germany History of Germany
History of the German State - Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
The Holy Roman Empire lasted until 1806 and was eliminated during the Napoleonic Wars, when the Confederation of the Rhine was formed and the last Emperor, Franz II, abdicated.
Germany History of Germany
History of the German state - Germany in the era of the Napoleonic wars, the Confederation of the Rhine
By 1804, when Napoleon I became French Emperor, Germany remained a politically backward country. It retained feudal fragmentation, serfdom existed, and medieval legislation was in force everywhere. A number of German states had previously fought with revolutionary France with varying degrees of success.
In the fall of 1805, Napoleon's war began with a coalition that included Austria. Austria was defeated. The German Emperor Franz II, who just before this in 1804 also became the Emperor of the Austrian multinational state, left the German throne under pressure from Napoleon. In July 1806, the Holy Roman Empire was abolished and the Union of the Rhine was proclaimed in its place. Under Napoleon, the number of German principalities was significantly reduced due to their unification. Many cities also lost their independence, the number of which during their heyday was over eighty. By 1808, the Confederation of the Rhine included all German states except Austria, Prussia, Swedish Pomerania and Danish Holstein. Half of Prussia's territory was taken away from it and partially became part of the Confederation of the Rhine.
Serfdom was abolished in almost the entire Confederation of the Rhine. In most states of the Confederation of the Rhine, the Napoleonic Civil Code was introduced, which abolished feudal privileges and opened the way for the development of capitalism.
The Confederation of the Rhine took part in the Napoleonic Wars on the side of France. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1813, it virtually ceased to exist.

Germany History of Germany
History of the German State - German Confederation
German Confederation At the Congress of Vienna (October 1814 - June 9, 1815), on June 8, 1815, the German Confederation was formed from 38 German states under the leadership of Austria. The states of the union were completely independent. In 1848, a wave of liberal uprisings swept across all of Germany, including Austria, which were eventually suppressed.
German Confederation After the revolution of 1848, a conflict began to brew between Prussia, which was increasing its influence, and Austria for a dominant position both in the German Confederation and in Europe as a whole. The Austro-Prussian-Italian War of 1866, which ended in Prussian victory, led to the dissolution of the German Confederation. Prussia annexed the territories of some North German states that participated in the war on the side of Austria - thus the number of German states also decreased.
Germany History of Germany
History of the German State - North German Confederation and German Unification
On August 18, 1866, Prussia and 17 North German states (four more joined in the fall) united into the North German Confederation. In fact, it was a single state: it had one president (the Prussian king), chancellor, Reichstag and Bundesrat, a single army, coin, foreign policy department, post office and railway department.
The Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 led to the annexation of four southern German states and the formation of the German Empire on January 18, 1871.
Germany History of Germany
History of the German State - German Empire
The German Empire was a federal state that united 22 monarchies, 3 free cities and the land of Alsace-Lorraine. According to the constitution, the Prussian king was the emperor of the German Empire. He appointed the Reich Chancellor. The Reichstag was elected by universal suffrage. The empire had a single budget, imperial bank, army, coinage, foreign affairs department, post office and railway department.
The absence of customs borders in the German Empire, progressive economic legislation and French indemnity led to the rapid growth of the economy of the German Empire. Thanks to a well-thought-out system of secondary education and universities, science flourished and technology progressed. Strikes and legislative reforms carried out under the influence of the Social Democratic Party led to rising wages and easing social tensions.

Germany (German Empire) began to seize colonies late and was forced to look for ways to redistribute them. Germany entered into the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy. Thanks to huge military expenditures (up to half of the entire budget), by 1914 the German Empire had an army with the best weapons in the world.
Germany History of Germany
History of the German State - German Empire, World War I
On June 28, 1914, the assassination of the Austrian heir Franz Ferdinand in the city of Sarajevo was the reason for the outbreak of the First World War.
Military success accompanied the German Empire on the Eastern Front in 1915; during this year, the German Empire managed to advance deep into Russia and capture its territories such as Lithuania and Poland.
The German Empire failed to break the French army and the war in the west turned into a positional one, with heavy human and material losses. The forces of the German Empire were gradually depleted, and the entry of the United States into the war accelerated the predetermined outcome, which could no longer be influenced by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in the east.
On September 26, 1918, the Entente offensive began on the Western Front. Germany's allies were defeated and one after another signed a truce with the Entente (September 29, 1918 - Bulgaria, October 30 - Turkey, November 3 - Austria-Hungary). On October 5, the German government requested an armistice. It was concluded on November 11, 1918.

Germany History of Germany
History of the German State - Weimar Republic
The events of November 1918 in Germany are known as the November Revolution. On November 9, 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated the throne and fled the country. On November 10, 1918, a provisional government was established - the Council of People's Representatives. On November 11, a ceasefire was declared and hostilities ceased. On December 16, 1918, the so-called Imperial Congress of Soviets took place in Berlin.
As a result, numerous reforms were carried out in Germany, women received voting rights, and an eight-hour working day was introduced. The Spartacist uprising in January 1919 was suppressed by the Freikorps, and Communist leaders Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht were killed. Until mid-1919, all attempts to establish a socialist Soviet republic in Germany were suppressed. The last was the Bavarian Soviet Republic, which fell on May 2, 1919.

On January 19, elections to the national assembly took place. Elected deputies gathered for the first meeting not in riot-ridden Berlin, but in Weimar. The National Assembly elected Friedrich Ebert as Reich President and Philipp Scheidemann as Reich Chancellor. In accordance with the adopted German Constitution, Germany received parliamentary democracy and retained the name “Deutsches Reich” (“German Power”). The constitution provided for a strong Reich President, who was actually a replacement for the Kaiser and was even called ironically the “ersatz Kaiser,” and a qualified majority was required to change it.

On June 28, in accordance with the Treaty of Versailles, Germany lost a number of territories and its colonies. A ban was imposed on the unification of Germany and Austria. Germany and its allies were given full blame for starting the war. Germany was also forced to pay reparations. Significant restrictions were imposed on the German army.

The lack of democratic changes in the army, justice and administration, the Versailles Treaty, which was perceived in the country as a “shameful dictatorship,” as well as the widespread conspiracy theory blaming Jews and communists for the defeat in the war, fell heavily on the shoulders of the young German state, critically called “ a republic without republicans."
- Weimar Republic
In 1920, the Kapp Putsch took place and several political assassinations took place. In the Reichstag elections, extremist parties managed to significantly improve their performance. The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that the decision on the statehood of some border areas would be made through referendums. After two referendums, Schleswig was divided between Germany and Denmark. Northern Schleswig returned to Denmark, while Southern Schleswig remained with Germany. After the referendum on July 11, the districts of Allenstein and Marienwerder remained part of Prussia. On September 20, Eupen and Malmedy (near Aachen) retreated to Belgium.
Germany History of the German State - Weimar Republic
In March 1921, armed uprisings of communists and social democrats took place in Central Germany. In 1921 the Reichswehr was created. Upper Silesia, after a referendum accompanied by clashes with the use of force, was divided between Germany and Poland.

Germany History of the German State - Weimar Republic
In January 1923, French troops, in response to delays in paying reparations, occupied the Ruhr region, which marked the beginning of the so-called Ruhr conflict. The government supported the resistance of local residents to the occupiers. The following months were accompanied by hyperinflation, which was brought to an end only by the November monetary reform. Hyperinflation impoverished the population and increased the number of supporters of both communists and the far right.
Germany History of the German State - Weimar Republic
The leadership of the Comintern decided to carry out an armed uprising with the aim of seizing power by the German communists. The revolution was planned for October-November 1923, but was prevented by government action. Only the communists of Hamburg made an attempt to take control of the city on October 23. Their uprising was suppressed by troops.
Germany History of the German State - Weimar Republic
Bavaria has become a haven for far-right forces. There, Hitler tried to carry out the so-called Beer Hall Putsch on November 8, 1923, but failed.
In 1924, a period of relative stability began. Despite all the conflicts, democracy reaped the first fruits of its work. New money and loans that appeared in the country under the Dawes Plan marked the beginning of the “Golden Twenties” in Germany.
Germany History of the German State - Weimar Republic
In February 1925, Friedrich Ebert died and was succeeded as Reich President by Paul von Hindenburg.
The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Weimar Republic, Gustav Stresemann, together with his French colleague Aristide Briand, moved towards rapprochement between the two countries and the revision of the Treaty of Versailles, which was reflected in the Locarno Agreements concluded in 1925 and Germany's accession to the League of Nations in 1926.
Germany History of the German State - Weimar Republic
The global economic crisis of 1929 marked the beginning of the end of the Weimar Republic. In the summer of 1932, the number of unemployed in the country reached six million. Since 1930, the country has been led by cabinets of ministers appointed by the Reich President without taking into account the opinion of parliament.
Economic problems were accompanied by a radicalization of the political situation, which resulted in street clashes between the NSDAP and the KPD. In 1931, the right-wing forces of Germany united into the Harzburg Front; the NSDAP, after the elections to the Reichstag on July 31, 1932, became the largest party in parliament. On January 28, 1933, Reich Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher announced his resignation.
On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler became Reich Chancellor. This event marked the end of the Weimar Republic.
Germany History of Germany
History of the German State - Third Reich
The regime that existed in Germany under the Nazis is called the Third Reich. On February 1, 1933, the Reichstag was dissolved. The presidential decree of February 4, 1933 became the basis for the ban on opposition newspapers and public speeches. The Reichstag arson gave Hitler a reason to begin mass arrests. Due to a lack of prison space, concentration camps were created. Re-elections were called.
The NSDAP emerged victorious from the Reichstag elections (March 5, 1933). The votes cast for the communists were annulled. The new Reichstag, at its first meeting on March 23, retroactively approved Hitler's emergency powers.

Part of the German intelligentsia (German intelligentsia) fled abroad. All parties except the Nazi one were liquidated. However, activists of right-wing parties were not only not arrested, but many of them became part of the NSDAP. Trade unions were dissolved, and new ones were created in their place, completely controlled by the government. Strikes were prohibited, entrepreneurs were declared the Fuehrers of enterprises. Soon compulsory labor service was introduced.
Germany History of the German State - Third Reich
In 1934, Hitler physically eliminated part of the top of his party (“Night of the Long Knives”), as well as, taking advantage of the opportunity, some objectionable people who had nothing to do with the NSDAP.
Germany History of the German State - Third Reich
Thanks to the end of the Great Depression, the destruction of all opposition and criticism, the elimination of unemployment, propaganda that played on national feelings, and later - territorial acquisitions, Hitler increased his popularity. Moreover, he achieved major successes in economics. In particular, under Hitler, Germany came out on top in the world in the production of steel and aluminum.
Germany History of the German State - Third Reich
In 1935, after a plebiscite, the Saarland was returned to German control.
In 1936, the Anti-Comintern Pact was concluded between Germany and Japan. In 1937, Italy joined it, in 1939 - Hungary, Manchukuo and Spain.
On November 9, 1938, a pogrom of Jews was carried out in Germany, known as Kristallnacht. From this time on, mass arrests and extermination of Jews began in the Third Reich.
In March 1938, Austria was annexed to Germany, in October - the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia, and in March 1939, the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was created.
Germany History of Germany

On September 1, 1939, German troops (German troops, troops of the Third Reich) invaded Poland. Great Britain and France declared war on Germany. During 1939-1941, Germany defeated Poland, Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Greece, Yugoslavia, and Norway. In 1941, Germany (the Third Reich) started a war with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and occupied a significant part of its territory.
Germany History of the German State - Third Reich, World War II
With the outbreak of the Second World War and especially with the outbreak of hostilities against the USSR, due to the enormous military load and general mobilization, a labor shortage began to appear in Germany. In all occupied territories, the recruitment of civilian migrant workers was carried out. In Slavic territories, there was also a massive abduction of people to work in Germany (as slavery). In France, a forced recruitment of workers was carried out, whose position in Germany was intermediate between the position of civilians and slaves.
Germany History of the German State - Third Reich, World War II
A regime of intimidation was established in the occupied territories. Gradually, the mass extermination of Jews began, and in some areas, the partial extermination of the Slavic population (usually under the pretext of retaliation for the actions of the partisans). The number of concentration camps, death camps and prisoner of war camps grew in Germany and some occupied territories.
Cruelties against civilians caused the growth of the partisan movement in the territories of the occupied USSR, Poland, Yugoslavia and other countries occupied by the Nazis. Gradually guerrilla warfare also unfolded in the occupied territories of Greece and France. In the territories of occupied Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and annexed Luxembourg, the regime was softer, but there was anti-Nazi resistance there too. Separate underground organizations also operated in Germany itself.
Germany History of the German State - Third Reich, World War II
In 1944, food shortages began to be felt by German citizens. Aviation from the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition bombed German cities. Hamburg and Dresden were almost completely destroyed.
On July 20, 1944, the military carried out an unsuccessful attempt at an anti-Hitler coup with an attempt on Hitler's life.
Due to large losses of personnel of the German armed forces, the Volkssturm was created in October 1944, into which old men and young men were mobilized. Werewolf units were trained for future partisan and sabotage activities.
Germany History of the German State - World War II, end of the Third Reich
On May 8, 1945, the act of surrender of the German armed forces was signed.
On May 23, 1945, the Allies arrested the government of the German Empire and ended its state existence.

Germany History of Germany
Germany History of the German State
Post-war occupation of Germany (West Germany and East Germany)
After the termination of the state existence of Germany on May 23, 1945, the territory of the former Austria (divided into 4 zones of occupation), Alsace and Lorraine (returned to France), the Sudetenland (returned to Czechoslovakia), the region of Eupen and Malmedy (returned to Czechoslovakia) were separated from its territory. part of Belgium), the statehood of Luxembourg was restored, the territories of Poland annexed in 1939 (Posen, Wartaland, part of Pomerania) were separated, the Memel (Klaipeda) region was transferred to the Lithuanian SSR. East Prussia is divided between the USSR and Poland. The rest is divided into 4 occupation zones - Soviet, American, British and French. The USSR transferred part of its occupation zone east of the Oder and Neisse rivers to Poland.

Members of the anti-Hitler coalition, primarily the USA, USSR, Great Britain, and later France, first sought to implement a coordinated occupation policy. The main objectives of this policy were demilitarization and “denazification”.
History of Germany - Federal Republic of Germany
Subsequently, the political and economic unification of the American, British and French occupation zones into the so-called Trizonia took place, and since 1949 the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) was formed on this territory.
History of Germany - Federal Republic of Germany
Bonn became the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany. France tried to separate the Saar region from Germany, but in the end, according to the Luxembourg Treaty of 1956, the Saar was reunited with Germany.
History of Germany - Federal Republic of Germany
Thanks to the help of the Americans, the Marshall Plan achieved fast growth economy (German economic miracle), which lasted until 1965. To meet the need for cheap labor, Germany supported the influx of guest workers, mainly from Turkey.
History of Germany - Federal Republic of Germany
Until 1969, the country was ruled by the CDU party (usually in a bloc with the CSU and less often with the FDP). In the 1950s, a number of emergency laws were developed, many organizations were banned, including the Communist Party, and professions were banned. In 1955, Germany joined NATO.
History of Germany - Federal Republic of Germany
In 1969, the Social Democrats came to power in West Germany. They recognized the inviolability of post-war borders, weakened emergency legislation, and carried out a number of social reforms. Subsequently, Social Democrats and Christian Democrats alternated in power.
Germany Post-war occupation of Germany (West Germany and East Germany)

A month after the proclamation of the Federal Republic of Germany, on October 7, 1949, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) was proclaimed in the zone of Soviet occupation.
History of Germany - German Democratic Republic
Due to the fact that many territories of the USSR were completely destroyed by the war, the USSR removed cars and factory equipment from the Soviet occupation zone and collected reparations from the GDR. Only by 1950 did industrial production in the GDR reach the level of 1936. The events of June 17, 1953 in the GDR led to the fact that, instead of collecting reparations, the USSR began to provide economic assistance to the GDR.
History of Germany - German Democratic Republic
As proclaimed, citizens of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) had all democratic rights and freedoms. Although the Socialist Unity Party of Germany occupied a dominant position in East Germany (its leading role was enshrined in the Constitution), four other parties existed alongside it for decades.

History of Germany - German Democratic Republic
The pace of economic development of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) was lower than in Germany, and the lowest among the Warsaw Pact states. Nevertheless, the standard of living in the GDR remained the highest among Eastern European countries. And by the 1980s, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) had become a highly industrialized country with intensive agriculture. In terms of industrial output, the GDR ranked 6th in Europe.
Germany History of Germany
Germany History of the German State
Modern history Germany
The systemic and personnel crisis in the USSR made it possible to unite Germany into a single state.
Gorbachev's reforms in the USSR were received with caution by the authorities of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and with enthusiasm in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG).

In 1989, tensions began to increase in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). In the fall, the country's long-time leader Erich Honecker resigned from his post as the top party leader, and was replaced by the former leader of the Free German Youth League, Egon Krenz. However, he did not remain at the head of state for long, only a few weeks.
Modern history of Germany The unification of Germany into a single state
At the beginning of November, a grandiose demonstration began in Berlin, ending with the destruction of the Berlin Wall. This was the first step towards the unification of the two German states.
Modern history of Germany The unification of Germany into a single state
Soon, the German mark of the Federal Republic of Germany came into circulation on the territory of the GDR, and in August 1990, a Treaty establishing unity was signed between the two parties.
Modern history of Germany The unification of Germany into a single state
The final unification of West and East Germany into a single state, the Federal Republic of Germany, took place on October 3, 1990.

Germany Culture of Germany Painting of Germany
Germany Artists of Germany German artists (German artists)

The culture of Germany includes the culture of both the modern Federal Republic of Germany and the peoples that made up modern Germany before its unification: Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, etc. A broader interpretation of “German culture” also includes the culture of Austria, which is politically independent from Germany, but is inhabited by Germans and belongs to the same culture. German (Germanic) culture has been known since the 5th century BC. e.

German artists, paintings by German artists, German artists of the 19th century, German artists of the 20th century
German Renaissance artists, German 18th century artists, famous German artists
modern German artists, German Renaissance artists
German expressionist artists, famous German artists, great German artists
German great artist, German artist of the 15th and 16th centuries

Germany Culture of Germany (German culture)
Modern Germany is characterized by diversity and widespread culture. There is no centralization of cultural life and cultural values ​​in one or several cities - they are dispersed literally throughout the country: along with the famous Berlin, Munich, Weimar, Dresden or Cologne there are many small, not so widely known, but culturally significant places: Rothenburg-Obder -Tauber, Naumburg, Bayreuth, Celle, Wittenberg, Schleswig, etc.
Germany Culture of Germany (German culture)
By 2000, there were 4,570 museums in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), and their number is growing. They receive almost 100 million visits per year. The most famous museums - Dresden Art Gallery, Old and New Pinakothek in Munich, German Museum in Munich, Historical Museum in Berlin and many others.
Germany Culture of Germany (German culture)
In the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) there are also many palace museums (the most famous is Sans Souci in Potsdam) and castle museums.
Germany Culture of Germany (German culture)
Germany is the birthplace of many famous composers writers, poets, playwrights, philosophers and artists.
Germany The art of painting in Germany

Artist Albrecht Durer
To the most famous and important artists Germany can be attributed to Albrecht Dürer (21 May 1471, Nuremberg - 6 April 1528, Nuremberg).
Albrecht Durer - German painter and graphic artist, one of greatest masters Western European Renaissance art.
Albrecht Durer was born on May 21, 1471 in Nuremberg, in the family of the jeweler Alberecht Durer the Elder, who came to this German city from Hungary in the middle of the 15th century.
In the family of Albrecht Dürer Sr., together with Albrecht Dürer, 8 children grew up, of whom the future great artist was the third child and second son. His father, Alberecht Dürer Sr., was a goldsmith; he literally translated his Hungarian surname Aitoshi (Hungarian Ajtósi, from the name of the village of Aitosh, from the word ajtó - “door”) into German as Thürer; she subsequently began recording as Dürer.
At first, the father, Alberecht Durer Sr., tried to captivate his son jewelry making, but discovered his son’s talent as an artist.

At the age of 15, Albrecht Dürer was sent to study in the studio of the leading Nuremberg artist of the time, Michael Wolgemut. There Albrecht Dürer mastered not only painting, but also engraving on wood and copper. His studies in 1490 traditionally ended with a journey - for four years, young Albrecht Dürer traveled to a number of cities in Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands, continuing to improve in the fine arts and processing of materials.
In 1494, Albrecht Dürer returned to Nuremberg and soon married. Then, in the same year, he took a trip to Italy, where he became acquainted with the works of Mantegna, Polaiolo, Lorenzo di Credi and other masters. In 1495, Albrecht Dürer returned to his hometown of Nuremberg and over the next ten years created a significant part of his engravings, which have now become famous.
In 1505, Albrecht Dürer travels to Italy.
In 1520, Albrecht Dürer traveled to the Netherlands, where he fell ill with an unknown disease, which then tormented him for the rest of his life.
IN last years During his life, Albrecht Dürer paid a lot of attention to improving defensive fortifications, which was caused by the development of firearms. In his work “Guide to the Fortification of Cities, Castles and Gorges,” published in 1527, Albrecht Dürer describes, in particular, a fundamentally new type of fortification, which he called basteia.

German artists, paintings by German artists, German artists of the 19th century, German artists of the 20th century
German Renaissance artists, German 18th century artists, famous German artists
modern German artists, German Renaissance artists
German expressionist artists, famous German artists, great German artists
German great artist, German artist of the 15th and 16th centuries

German artists Albrecht Durer Durer's Magic Square
Albrecht Dürer was an innovator, he composed the first so-called magic square in Europe, depicted in his engraving “Melancholy”. The merit of Albrecht Dürer lies in the fact that he was able to fit the numbers from 1 to 16 into a drawn square in such a way that the sum 34 was obtained not only by adding the numbers vertically, horizontally and diagonally, but also in all four quarters, in the central quadrangle and even adding four corner cells. Dürer also managed to include in the table the year of creation of the engraving “Melancholy”.
Dürer's "Magic Square" remains a complex mystery to this day.
Albrecht Dürer was the first German artist to work simultaneously in both types of engraving - wood and copper.
Albrecht Dürer achieved extraordinary skill in wood engraving, reforming the traditional manner of work and using work techniques that had developed in metal engraving.
In the late 1490s, Albrecht Dürer created a number of excellent woodcuts, including one of his masterpieces - a series of woodcuts "Apocalypse" (1498), which are a successful combination of late Gothic artistic language and the stylistics of the Italian Renaissance. In 1513-1514, Albrecht Dürer created three graphic sheets that went down in art history under the title “Master Engravings”: “Knight, Death and the Devil”, “Saint Jerome in the Cell” and “Melancholy”. The engraving “Adam and Eve” (1504) is considered a masterpiece of engraving on metal by Durer.
Albrecht Dürer died on April 6, 1528 in his homeland in Nuremberg.

Artists of Germany Famous German (German) artists
Artist Philipp Otto Runge (1777-1810)
The artist Philipp Otto Runge can be called one of the most prominent representatives of romanticism in early German painting. half of the 19th century centuries.
The artist Philipp Otto Runge was born in Wolgast (a city in modern Poland) into the family of a shipowner. At eighteen, he came to Hamburg to study commerce, but felt an inclination towards painting and began taking private drawing lessons. In 1799-1801, Runge studied at the Academy of Arts in Copenhagen, then moved to Dresden, where he entered the local Academy of Arts and met the poet and thinker Johann Wolfgang Goethe.

German artists, paintings by German artists, German artists of the 19th century, German artists of the 20th century
German Renaissance artists, German 18th century artists, famous German artists
modern German artists, German Renaissance artists
German expressionist artists, famous German artists, great German artists
German great artist, German artist of the 15th and 16th centuries

Returning to Hamburg in 1803, Philipp Otto Runge was engaged in painting and at the same time served in the trading company of his older brother Daniel.
Most of the creative heritage of the German artist Philipp Otto Runge consists of portraits. His portraits are on display best museums peace.
In 1802, Philipp Otto Runge conceived and began to create a pictorial cycle depicting the times of day. Morning, afternoon, evening and night, replacing each other, were a symbol for the romantics and human life, and earthly history; they embodied the eternal law according to which everything in the world is born, grows, ages and goes into oblivion - in order to be reborn again. Runge deeply felt this universal unity, as well as the inner kinship different types art: he intended to exhibit “Seasons of Day” in a specially designed building, accompanying them with music and poetic text.
The artist Philipp Otto Runge did not live long enough to complete his creative plan. Of the four paintings, he completed only one, “Morning” (1808). She is naive and bright, like a fairy tale. A baby lying on a yellow-green meadow symbolizes the newborn day; a female figure against the background of a golden sky and lilac distances - the ancient Roman goddess of the dawn Aurora. In terms of freshness of colors and lightness of tonal transitions, this painting is far superior to the artist’s previous works.

German artists, paintings by German artists, German artists of the 19th century, German artists of the 20th century
German Renaissance artists, German 18th century artists, famous German artists
modern German artists, German Renaissance artists
German expressionist artists, famous German artists, great German artists
German great artist, German artist of the 15th and 16th centuries

Artists of Germany Contemporary German artists (German artists)
Painting is loved and appreciated in Germany
Many famous and emerging artists often and willingly come to Germany
In modern Germany, artists of a new generation are working, and among them there are many very talented artists
Germany In our gallery you can find and view paintings by artists living in Germany
Germany Artists of Germany German artists (German artists) and their work deserve the close attention of true art lovers
Germany Artists of Germany German artists (German artists) are valued for their talent and professionalism
Germany Artists of Germany German artists (German artists) love and willingly buy artists in all countries of the world

Germany Artists of Germany German artists (German artists) In our gallery you can find and order best works German artists and sculptors!